Amandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi anomlando omude wentuthuko kanye nochungechunge oluphelele lwezimboni
I-Hydropower ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo obusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic amanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ingamandla ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kabanzi anezinzuzo eziningi, njengokuvuselelwa, ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya, ukuzinza kanye nokulawulwa. Isimiso sokusebenza samandla e-hydro sisekelwe emcabangweni olula: ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi ukushayela i-turbine, bese iphendula i-generator ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Izinyathelo zokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-hydro yilezi: ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi kusuka echibini noma emfuleni, okudinga umthombo wamanzi, ngokuvamile i-reservoir (i-artificial reservoir) noma umfula wemvelo, ohlinzeka ngamandla; isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqondiswa ezinsikeni ze-turbine ngesiteshi sokuphambukiswa. Isiteshi sokuphambukiswa singalawula ukugeleza kwamanzi ukulungisa amandla okuphehla ugesi; i-turbine iyasebenza, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi kushaya izinsikeni ze-turbine ukuze ijikeleze. I-turbine ifana nesondo lomoya ekukhiqizeni ugesi womoya; i-generator ikhiqiza ugesi, futhi ukusebenza kwe-turbine kuphendula i-generator, ekhiqiza ugesi ngesimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic; ukudluliswa kwamandla, ugesi okhiqizwayo udluliselwa kugridi yamandla futhi unikezwe emadolobheni, ezimbonini nasemakhaya. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamandla e-hydropower. Ngokwezimiso zokusebenza ezahlukene kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa, ingahlukaniswa ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla omfula, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla edamu, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla olwandle kanye nolwandle, kanye namandla amancane olwandle. Amandla olwandle anezinzuzo eziningi, kodwa futhi nezinye izinkinga. Izinzuzo ngokuyinhloko yilezi: amandla olwandle angumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Amandla olwandle athembele ekujikelezeni kwamanzi, ngakho-ke avuseleleka futhi ngeke aphele; angumthombo wamandla ohlanzekile. Amandla olwandle awakhiqizi amagesi okushisa ukushisa kanye nokungcola komoya, futhi awathinti kakhulu imvelo; ayalawuleka. Iziteshi zamandla olwandle zingalungiswa ngokwesidingo ukuze zinikeze amandla omthwalo ayisisekelo athembekile. Izinzuzo ezinkulu yilezi: amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi olwandle angabangela umonakalo ohlelweni lwemvelo, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi njengokufuduka kwabantu abahlala khona kanye nokuthathwa komhlaba; amandla olwandle anqunyelwe ukutholakala kwemithombo yamanzi, futhi isomiso noma ukwehla kokugeleza kwamanzi kungathinta amandla okukhiqiza amandla.
Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, njengohlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo, anomlando omude. Ama-turbine amanzi okuqala namasondo amanzi: Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-2 BC, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ama-turbine amanzi namasondo amanzi ukushayela imishini efana nezigayo kanye nemishini yokusaha. Le mishini isebenzisa amandla okuhamba kwamanzi ukuze isebenze. Ukufika kokukhiqizwa kwamandla: Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izitshalo zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi. Isitshalo samandla kagesi kagesi esithengiswayo sokuqala emhlabeni sakhiwa eWisconsin, e-USA ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu okugcina amanzi: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ubukhulu bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi banda kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu okugcina amanzi. Amaphrojekthi amadamu adumile afaka iDamu laseHoover e-United States kanye neDamu laseThree Gorges eShayina. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi buthuthukiswa njalo, okuhlanganisa nokwethulwa kwama-turbine, ama-generator e-turbine kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ezithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi.
I-Hydropower ingumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelekayo, futhi uchungechunge lwayo lwezimboni luhlanganisa izixhumanisi eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi kuya ekudlulisweni kwamandla. Isixhumanisi sokuqala ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla amanzi ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlela, ukugcinwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokugeleza kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi anganikezwa ngokuzinzile kuma-turbine ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokuvamile kudinga ukuqapha imingcele efana nemvula, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lamanzi ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo ezifanele. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi yanamuhla kugxile nasekuzinzeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okukhiqiza amandla angagcinwa ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu njengesomiso. Amadamu namadamu ayizikhungo ezibalulekile ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla amanzi. Amadamu avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa amazinga amanzi, ukudala ingcindezi yamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela andise amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi. Amadamu asetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi okwanele kunganikezwa ngesikhathi sokufunwa okukhulu. Ukuklama nokwakhiwa kwamadamu kudinga ukucabangela izimo ze-geological, izici zokugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nokusimama. Ama-turbine ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla amanzi. Uma amanzi egeleza ngama-blades e-turbine, amandla awo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla omshini, okwenza i-turbine ijikeleze. Umklamo kanye nohlobo lwe-turbine kungakhethwa ngokusekelwe kwisivinini, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nokuphakama kokugeleza kwamanzi ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu. Ngemva kokuba i-turbine ijikelezile, iqhuba i-generator exhunyiwe ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. I-generator iyithuluzi elibalulekile eliguqula amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, isimiso sokusebenza se-generator ukuvusa ugesi ngensimu kazibuthe ejikelezayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi oshintshanayo. Umklamo kanye nomthamo we-generator kudingeka kunqunywe ngokusekelwe ekudingweni kwamandla kanye nezici zokugeleza kwamanzi. Ugesi okhiqizwa yi-generator ugesi oshintshanayo, ovame ukudinga ukucutshungulwa nge-substation. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yeziteshi ezishintshanayo ifaka phakathi ukukhuphuka (ukwandisa i-voltage ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwamandla) kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo zamanje (ukuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC noma okuphambene nalokho) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesistimu yokudlulisa amandla. Isixhumanisi sokugcina ukudluliselwa kwamandla. Amandla akhiqizwa yisiteshi samandla adluliselwa kubasebenzisi bamandla emadolobheni, ezindaweni zezimboni noma ezindaweni zasemakhaya ngemigqa yokudlulisa. Imigqa yokudlulisa amandla idinga ukuhlelwa, iklanywe futhi igcinwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla adluliselwa ngokuphephile nangendlela efanele endaweni oya kuyo. Kwezinye izindawo, amandla angadinga futhi ukucutshungulwa futhi ngeziteshi ezincane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zama-voltage nama-frequency ahlukene.
Imithombo ecebile yamandla kagesi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi okwanele
IShayina iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elikhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi elinemithombo yamanzi eminingi kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi ngamanzi. Imboni kagesi ngamanzi yaseShayina idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo samandla asekhaya, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, kanye nokuthuthukisa isakhiwo samandla. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi emphakathini kuyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sezomnotho esibonisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezweni noma esifundeni futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganiseni imisebenzi yezomnotho, ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi kanye nomthelela emvelweni. Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-National Energy Administration, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphelele ezweni lami kubonise ukukhula okuzinzile. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphelele ezweni lami kwakungama-863.72 billion kWh, ukwanda kwama-324.4 billion kWh kusukela ngo-2021, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka kwama-3.9%.
Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-China Electricity Council, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okukhulu ezweni lami kusembonini yesibili, kulandelwe yimboni yezemfundo ephakeme. Imboni eyinhloko isebenzise ugesi ongu-114.6 billion kWh, okuwukwenyuka kuka-10.4% kunonyaka odlule. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezolimo, ukudoba, kanye nokufuya kukhuphuke ngo-6.3%, 12.6%, kanye no-16.3% ngokulandelana. Ukukhuthazwa okuphelele kwesu lokuvuselela izindawo zasemakhaya kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwezimo zikagesi zasemakhaya kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamazinga kagesi eminyakeni yamuva nje kuholele ekukhuleni okusheshayo kokusetshenziswa kukagesi embonini eyinhloko. Imboni yesibili isebenzise ugesi ongu-5.70 trillion kWh, okwenyuka ngo-1.2% kunonyaka odlule. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwaminyaka yonke kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nemishini kukhuphuke ngo-2.8%, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwaminyaka yonke kokukhiqiza imishini kagesi kanye nemishini, ukukhiqiza imithi, ukuxhumana kwamakhompyutha kanye nezinye izimboni zokukhiqiza imishini kagesi kukhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-5%; ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kokukhiqiza izimoto ezintsha zamandla kukhuphuke kakhulu ngo-71.1%. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi embonini yezemfundo ephakeme bekuyi-1.49 trillion kWh, okuwukwenyuka ngo-4.4% kunonyaka odlule. Okwesine, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni nasemakhaya bekuyi-1.34 trillion kWh, okuwukwenyuka ngo-13.8% kunonyaka odlule.
Amaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi aseShayina asatshalaliswa kulo lonke izwe, okuhlanganisa iziteshi ezinkulu zamanzi, iziteshi ezincane zamanzi kanye namaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi asatshalaliswa. Amaphrojekthi adumile kagesi wamanzi afaka phakathi iThree Gorges Power Station, okungenye yeziteshi ezinkulu zamanzi eShayina nasemhlabeni jikelele, etholakala endaweni yeThree Gorges ezindaweni eziphezulu zoMfula iYangtze. Inamandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi futhi inikeza ugesi ezimbonini nasemadolobheni; Isiteshi Sikagesi saseXiangjiaba, Isiteshi Sikagesi saseXiangjiaba sitholakala eSifundazweni saseSichuan futhi singenye yeziteshi ezinkulu zamanzi eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina. Sitholakala eMfuleni iJinsha futhi sinikeza ugesi esifundeni; Isiteshi Sikagesi saseSailimu Lake, Isiteshi Sikagesi saseSailimu Lake sitholakala eSifundeni Esizimele saseXinjiang Uygur futhi singenye yezinhlelo ezibalulekile zamanzi entshonalanga yeShayina. Sitholakala eLake Sailimu futhi sinomsebenzi omkhulu wokuphakelwa kukagesi. Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yiNational Bureau of Statistics, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamanzi ezweni lami kuye kwanda kancane kancane unyaka nonyaka. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamanzi ezweni lami kwakungama-kWh ayizigidigidi eziyi-1,352.195, okuwukwenyuka okungu-0.99% unyaka nonyaka. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2023, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamanzi ezweni lami kwakungama-kWh ayizigidigidi eziyi-718.74, ukwehla okuncane kusukela esikhathini esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka okungu-0.16%. Isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwukuthi ngenxa yethonya lesimo sezulu, imvula ngo-2023 yehle kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 19-2024
