I-Hydropower inomlando omude wentuthuko kanye nochungechunge lwezimboni oluphelele
I-Hydropower ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo obusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic wamanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ingamandla ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kabanzi anezinzuzo eziningi, njengokuvuselelwa, ukukhishwa okuphansi, ukuzinza kanye nokulawula. Isimiso sokusebenza samandla kagesi sisekelwe emcabangweni olula: ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi ukushayela i-turbine, okube sekuphendulela ijeneretha ukuthi ikhiqize ugesi. Izinyathelo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi yilezi: ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi echibini noma emfuleni, okudinga umthombo wamanzi, ngokuvamile ichibi (idamu lokwenziwa) noma umfula wemvelo, ohlinzeka ngamandla; isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqondiswa kuma-blades we-turbine ngokusebenzisa umzila wokuphambukisa. Umzila wokuphambukisa ungalawula ukugeleza kwamanzi ukuze ulungise umthamo wokukhiqiza amandla; i-turbine igijima, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi kushaya izindwani ze-turbine ukuze ijikeleze. I-turbine ifana nesondo lomoya ekukhiqizeni amandla omoya; i-generator ikhiqiza ugesi, futhi ukusebenza kwe-turbine kuphendulela i-generator, ekhiqiza ugesi ngomgomo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic; ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi, ugesi okhiqizwayo udluliselwa kugridi yamandla bese uhlinzekwa emadolobheni, ezimbonini nasezindlini. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamandla kagesi. Ngokwemigomo yokusebenza eyahlukene kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa, ingahlukaniswa ibe ukuphehlwa kukagesi emfuleni, ukuphehlwa kwamandla echibi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla olwandle nolwandle, namandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. I-Hydropower inezinzuzo eziningi, kodwa futhi neminye imibi. Izinzuzo ngokuyinhloko yilezi: ugesi wamanzi ungumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. I-Hydropower incike ekuhambeni kwamanzi, ngakho-ke ivuseleleka futhi ngeke iphele; ingumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile. Amandla kagesi awakhiqizi amagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya, futhi anomthelela omncane emvelweni; kuyalawuleka. Iziteshi zikagesi we-Hydropower zingalungiswa ngokuvumelana nesidingo ukuze zinikeze amandla ayisisekelo athembekile. Okubi okuyinhloko yilezi: amaphrojekthi amakhulu aphehlwa ngamanzi angase abangele umonakalo endaweni ezungezile, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi ezifana nokufuduka kwabahlali kanye nokudliwa komhlaba; Ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi unqunyelwe ukutholakala kwemithombo yamanzi, futhi isomiso noma ukwehla kokugeleza kwamanzi kungase kuthinte umthamo wokuphehla ugesi.
Amandla kagesi, njengohlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo, anomlando omude. Ama-turbines amanzi akudala namasondo amanzi: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-2 BC, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izinjini zamanzi namasondo amanzi ukushayela imishini efana nezigayo namasaha. Le mishini isebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi ukuze isebenze. Ukufika kokuphehlwa kukagesi: Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izikhungo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ukuze baguqule amandla amanzi abe ugesi. Indawo yokuqala emhlabeni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi yakhiwa eWisconsin, eU.SA ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isikali samandla kagesi sakhula kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu. Imiklamo yamadamu adumile ihlanganisa iDamu iHoover e-United States kanye neDamu le-Three Gorges eChina. Inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obuphehlwa ngamanzi buye bathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa ukwethulwa kwezinjini zomoya, amajeneretha aphehla ugesi kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ezithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi.
I-Hydropower ingumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelekayo, futhi uchungechunge lwezimboni zayo luhlanganisa izixhumanisi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukusuka ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi kuya ekudlulisweni kwamandla. Isixhumanisi sokuqala ochungechungeni lwemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlela, ukugcinwa kanye nokusabalalisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amanzi angahlinzekwa ngokuzinzile kuma-turbines ukuze aphehle ugesi. Ukuphathwa komthombo wamanzi ngokuvamile kudinga imingcele yokuqapha efana nemvula, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi nezinga lamanzi ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo ezifanele. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi yesimanje nakho kugxile ekuzinzeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla okukhiqiza amandla angagcinwa ngisho nasezimeni ezimbi kakhulu njengesomiso. Amadamu namadamu yizinsiza ezibalulekile embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Amadamu ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa amazinga amanzi, ukudala ukucindezela kwamanzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi. Amadamu asetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi okwanele kungahlinzekwa ngesikhathi sokudingeka kakhulu. Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwamadamu kudingeka kubhekwe izimo zezwe, izici zokugeleza kwamanzi, nomthelela wemvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusimama. Ama-turbines ayizici ezibalulekile ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla kagesi. Lapho amanzi egeleza emaceleni e-turbine, amandla ayo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla omshini, okwenza i-turbine ijikeleze. Idizayini kanye nohlobo lwe-turbine kungakhethwa ngokusekelwe kwijubane, izinga lokugeleza, nokuphakama kokugeleza kwamanzi ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwamandla. Ngemva kokuba i-turbine ijikeleza, ishayela i-generator exhunyiwe ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Ijeneretha iyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile esiguqula amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, umgomo wokusebenza kwejeneretha ukunxenxa yamanje ngokusebenzisa inkambu yakazibuthe ejikelezayo ukuze ikhiqize amandla ashintshayo. Idizayini namandla ejeneretha kudingeka kunqunywe ngokusekelwe esidingweni samandla nezici zokugeleza kwamanzi. Ugesi okhiqizwa ijeneretha ungowamanje oshintshanayo, ngokuvamile odinga ukucutshungulwa ngesiteshi esincane. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yeziteshi ezincane ihlanganisa ukwenyusa (ukwenyuka kwamandla kagesi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwamandla) nokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo zamanje (ukuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC noma okuphambene nalokho) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zohlelo lokudluliswa kwamandla. Isixhumanisi sokugcina ukudluliswa kwamandla. Amandla aphehlwa yisiteshi sikagesi adluliselwa kubasebenzisi bakagesi emadolobheni, ezindaweni zezimboni noma ezindaweni zasemakhaya ngokusebenzisa izintambo zikagesi. Izintambo zokudlulisa kumele zihlelwe, ziklanywe futhi zinakekelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla adluliswa ngokuphepha nangempumelelo endaweni okuyiwa kuyo. Kwezinye izindawo, amandla angase adinge ukucutshungulwa futhi ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zama-voltage ahlukene namaza.
Imithombo ecebile yamandla kagesi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla amanzi owanele
I-China iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni eliphehla ugesi ngamanzi elinemithombo yamanzi amaningi kanye nemiklamo emikhulu yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Imboni yaseShayina ephehla ugesi ngamanzi idlala indima enkulu ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo sikagesi wasekhaya, ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwamandla. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi emphakathini kuyinkomba yezomnotho ebalulekile ekhombisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezweni noma esifundeni futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekulinganiseni imisebenzi yezomnotho, ukuphakelwa kukagesi nomthelela kwezemvelo. Ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe yiNational Energy Administration, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezwe lami kukhombise ukukhula okuzinzile. Ekupheleni kuka-2022, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezwe lami sekufinyelele ku-863.72 billion kWh, okuwukunyuka ngama-kWh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-324.4 ukusuka ngo-2021, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka ngo-3.9%.
Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-China Electricity Council, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okukhulu kakhulu ezweni lami kusembonini yesibili, kulandelwa imboni yemfundo ephakeme. Imboni eyinhloko isebenzise ugesi ongu-114.6 kWh, nokunyuke ngo-10.4% kunonyaka odlule. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezolimo, ukudoba, nokufuywa kwezilwane kunyuke ngo-6.3%, 12.6%, no-16.3% ngokulandelana. Ukugqugquzelwa okuphelele kwesu lokuvuselela izindawo zasemakhaya kanye nokwenza ngcono okubonakalayo kwezimo zikagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kwamazinga okufakwa kukagesi eminyakeni yamuva kuqhubekisele phambili ukukhula okusheshayo kokusetshenziswa kukagesi embonini yokuqala. Imboni yesibili isebenzise i-5.70 trillion kWh kagesi, okukhuphuke ngo-1.2% kunonyaka odlule. Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwaminyaka yonke ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nemishini ekhiqiza imishini kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angu-2.8, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukagesi minyaka yonke kwemishini kagesi nemishini yokukhiqiza, ukukhiqizwa kwemithi, ezokuxhumana ngekhompyutha nezinye izimboni zokukhiqiza imishini kagesi kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-5; ukusetshenziswa kukagesi embonini yezimoto ezintsha zamandla kunyuke kakhulu ngama-71.1%. Ukusetshenziswa kukagesi embonini yemfundo ephakeme bekuyi-1.49 trillion kWh, nokunyuke ngo-4.4% kunonyaka odlule. Okwesine, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kubahlali basemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya bekuyi-1.34 trillion kWh, nokunyuke ngo-13.8% kunonyaka odlule.
Amaphrojekthi kagesi waseShayina asatshalaliswa ezweni lonke, okuhlanganisa iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kanye nemiklamo esabalalisiwe yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Amaphrojekthi kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi adumile ahlanganisa i-Three Gorges Power Station, okungesinye seziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi e-China nasemhlabeni, esisendaweni ye-Three Gorges enhla noMfula i-Yangtze. Inamandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi futhi ihlinzeka ngogesi ezimbonini nasemadolobheni; I-Xiangjiaba Power Station, i-Xiangjiaba Power Station itholakala eSifundazweni saseSichuan futhi ingesinye seziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Itholakala eMfuleni i-Jinsha futhi inikeza ugesi esifundeni; I-Sailimu Lake Power Station, iSailimu Lake Power Station itholakala esifundeni esizimelayo sase-Xinjiang Uygur futhi singeminye yemiklamo ebalulekile yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi entshonalanga yeChina. Itholakala echibini laseSailimu futhi inomsebenzi obalulekile wokuphakelwa kwamandla. Ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe yiNational Bureau of Statistics, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi kwezwe lami kukhule kancane unyaka nonyaka. Ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2022, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ezweni lami kwase kuyizigidigidi eziyi-1,352.195 kWh, okuwukunyuka ngo-0.99% unyaka nonyaka. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2023, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ezweni lami bekungamabhiliyoni angama-718.74 kWh, ukwehla kancane kusukela esikhathini esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-0.16%. Isizathu esikhulu bekuwukuthi ngenxa yethonya lesimo sezulu, imvula ngo-2023 yehla kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-19-2024
