Izitshalo zikagesi ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane zihlukaniswa kanjani? Ngokwezindinganiso zamanje, lezo ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphansi kuka-25000 kW zihlukaniswa njengezincane; Eziphakathi nendawo ezinomthamo ofakiwe ophakathi kuka-25000 kuya ku-250000 kW; Isikali esikhulu esinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kuka-250000 kW.
Iyini isimiso esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi?
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi (enekhanda lamanzi) ukushayela ukujikeleza kwemishini ye-hydraulic (i-turbine yamanzi), ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini. Uma olunye uhlobo lomshini (i-generator) luxhunywe ku-turbine yamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi njengoba lujikeleza, khona-ke amandla omshini aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi, ngandlela thile, inqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla omshini bese kuba amandla kagesi.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsizakusebenza ze-hydraulic kanye nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsizakusebenza ze-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuweni okugxilile, futhi kunezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile. Kodwa lezi zindlela ezintathu zokuthuthukisa nazo kudingeka zisebenze ezimweni ezithile zemvelo zesigaba somfula. Iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezakhiwe ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuthuthukisa zinezakhiwo zehabhu ezihlukene ngokuphelele kanye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo, ngakho-ke zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile.
Yiziphi izindinganiso ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlukanisa amaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwamanzi kanye nezindawo zokugcina ugesi kanye nezakhiwo zezolimo, zezimboni, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezihambisanayo?
Izindinganiso zokuhlela kanye nokuklama amaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwamanzi kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza ugesi ezikhishwe yi-Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, SDJ12-78, kufanele zilandelwe ngokuqinile, futhi ukuhlela kufanele kusekelwe kusayizi wephrojekthi (umthamo wedamu eliphelele, umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi).
5. Kuyini ukugeleza, ukugeleza okuphelele, kanye nokugeleza okujwayelekile konyaka?
Ukugeleza kubhekisela kumthamo wamanzi adlula emfuleni (noma isakhiwo se-hydraulic) ngeyunithi yesikhathi, evezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana; Ukugeleza okuphelele kubhekisela engqikithini yokugeleza kwamanzi okuphelele engxenyeni yomfula phakathi nonyaka wamanzi, ovezwa njengo-104m3 noma u-108m3; Ukugeleza okujwayelekile konyaka kubhekisela ekugelezeni okujwayelekile konyaka kwengxenye ewela umfula ebalwe ngokusekelwe ochungechungeni lwamanzi olukhona.
6. Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zamaphrojekthi amancane ezindawo zokukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi?
Iqukethe ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezine ezinkulu: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadamu), izakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi ezikhukhuleni (imigwaqo yokuchitheka kwamanzi noma amasango), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (iziteshi zokuphambukisa amanzi noma imigudu, okuhlanganisa imigoqo yokukhuphuka kwamanzi), kanye nezakhiwo zezitshalo zikagesi (okuhlanganisa iziteshi zamanzi angemuva kanye neziteshi zokukhulisa amanzi).
7. Siyini isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esigeleza amanzi? Yiziphi izici zaso?
Isiteshi sikagesi esingenalo idamu elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sikagesi sohlobo lwe-hydroff type. Lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi lukhethwa ngenxa yomthamo ofakiwe ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokugeleza komfula minyaka yonke kanye nenhloko yamanzi etholakala. Ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele unyaka wonke ngesilinganiso sesiqinisekiso esingu-80%. Ngokuvamile, ifinyelela ukusebenza okuvamile cishe izinsuku ezingu-180; Ngesikhathi sesomiso, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwehla kakhulu kube ngaphansi kuka-50%, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokungakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Kuvinjelwe ukugeleza kwemvelo komfula, futhi kukhona inani elikhulu lamanzi ashiywe ngesikhathi sezikhukhula.
8. Kuyini ukuphuma? Ungalinganisa kanjani ukuphuma kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi bese ubala ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwaso?
Esitshalweni sikagesi samanzi, amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yisethi yejeneretha yamanzi abizwa ngokuthi ukuphuma, kanti ukuphuma kwengxenye ethile yokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni kumelela izinsiza zikagesi zaleyo ngxenye. Ukuphuma kokugeleza kwamanzi amandla amanzi ngeyunithi ngayinye ngesikhathi.
N=9.81 QH
Kule fomula, u-Q izinga lokugeleza (m3/S); u-H ikhanda lamanzi (m); u-N umphumela wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi (W); i-coefficient yokusebenza kahle kwejeneretha kagesi wamanzi.
Ifomula elinganiselwe yokukhishwa kweziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi yi-
N=(6.0～8.0)QH
Ifomula yokukhiqizwa kukagesi minyaka yonke ithi
E=N· F
Kule fomula, u-N uwumphumela ojwayelekile; u-T uwumahora okusetshenziswa konyaka.
9. Kuyini umkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe? Iyini injongo yawo?
Umphumela ojwayelekile ongakhiqizwa yisiteshi sikagesi samanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside, okuhambisana nesilinganiso sesiqinisekiso sokuklama, ubizwa ngokuthi umphumela oqinisekisiwe wesiteshi sikagesi samanzi. Umphumela oqinisekisiwe weziteshi zikagesi zamanzi uyisibonakaliso esibalulekile, futhi uyisisekelo esibalulekile sokunquma umthamo ofakiwe weziteshi zikagesi zamanzi esigabeni sokuhlela nokuklama.
10. Angakanani amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe?
Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokusebenza komthwalo ogcwele wejeneretha kagesi sibekwe phakathi nonyaka. Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi, futhi amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka eziteshi zamandla kagesi amancane ayadingeka ukuze afinyelele emahoreni angaphezu kuka-3000.
11. Iyini imithethonqubo yansuku zonke, imithethonqubo yamasonto onke, imithethonqubo yaminyaka yonke, kanye nemithethonqubo yeminyaka eminingi?
Ukulawulwa kwansuku zonke kubhekisela ekusatshalalisweni kabusha kokugeleza kwamanzi phakathi nosuku nobusuku, ngomjikelezo wokulawulwa wamahora angu-24. Ukulawulwa kwamasonto onke: Umjikelezo wokulawulwa uyisonto elilodwa (izinsuku ezingu-7). Umthetho waminyaka yonke: Ukwahlukaniswa kabusha kokugeleza kwamanzi phakathi nonyaka. Uma amanzi eshiywa ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, ingxenye kuphela yamanzi asele agcinwe ngesikhathi sezikhukhula engalawulwa, okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho waminyaka yonke ongaphelele (noma umthetho wesizini); Umthetho wamanzi asele ongasabalalisa ngokugcwele amanzi angenayo phakathi nonyaka ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahla amanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho waminyaka yonke. Umthetho waminyaka eminingi: Uma ivolumu yesitsha esikhulu ngokwanele, amanzi asele angagcinwa esitsheni iminyaka eminingi, bese amanzi asele angasetshenziswa ukuvala igebe. Umthetho waminyaka yonke, osetshenziswa kuphela eminyakeni eminingana eyomile, ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho waminyaka eminingi.
12. Kuyini ukwehla nokuthambekela komfula?
Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kobuso bamanzi bezingxenye ezimbili eziwela umfula osetshenzisiwe ubizwa ngokuthi i-drop; Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kobuso bamanzi bezingxenye ezimbili eziwela umfula kanye ne-estuary ubizwa ngokuthi i-total drop. I-drop ngeyunithi ubude ibizwa ngokuthi i-slope.
13. Ingakanani imvula, isikhathi semvula, ubukhali bemvula, indawo yemvula, nendawo yemvula enkulu?
Imvula yinani eliphelele lamanzi eliwela endaweni ethile noma endaweni ethile phakathi nesikhathi esithile, elivezwa ngamamilimitha. Ubude bemvula bubhekisela esikhathini semvula. Ukuqina kwemvula kubhekisela enanini lemvula ngeyunithi ngayinye, elivezwa ngamamilimitha ngehora. Indawo yemvula ibhekisela endaweni evundlile embozwe yimvula, evezwa ngamakhilomitha angu-2. Isikhungo semvula sibhekisela endaweni encane yendawo lapho imvula igcwele khona.
14. Iyini izinga lesiqinisekiso sokuklama iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi? Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka?
Izinga lesiqinisekiso sokuklama isiteshi sikagesi samanzi libhekisela kumaphesenti enani lamahora okusebenza ajwayelekile phakathi neminyaka eminingi yokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa namahora okusebenza aphelele; Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka libhekisela kumaphesenti eminyaka yomsebenzi ojwayelekile wokukhiqizwa kukagesi phakathi nenani leminyaka yokusebenza.
Iyini inhloso yokulungiselela incwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama?
Inhloso yokulungiselela incwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi ukunquma iphrojekthi yokwakha eyisisekelo futhi isebenze njengesisekelo sokulungiselela imibhalo yokuklama yokuqala. Kungenye yezinqubo zokwakha eziyisisekelo futhi kungenye yezindlela iziphathimandla ezifanele zokufeza umthethonqubo wezomnotho omkhulu.
Yini okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwencwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama?
Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwencwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama kuhlanganisa izici eziyisishiyagalombili:
Kufanele ifake konke okuqukethwe umbiko wokuhlela izindawo zamanzi kanye nocwaningo lokuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini. Iyahambisana nomklamo wokuqala, kanti umehluko kuphela ekujuleni kwenkinga yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziya nokuchaza izimo zobunjiniyela ze-geological kanye ne-hydrogeological zezindawo zokwakha ngaphakathi kwe-watershed, kungenziwa iqoqo lemephu elingu-1/500000 (1/200000 noma 1/100000), ngomsebenzi omncane wokuhlola i-geological. Cacisa izimo ze-geological, ukujula okutholakalayo kwedwala elingaphansi komhlaba, ukujula kwesendlalelo sembozo somfula, kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu ze-geological endaweni yomklamo oqokiwe.
Qoqa idatha ye-hydrological, uhlaziye futhi ubale, bese ukhetha amapharamitha ayinhloko e-hydrological.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa. Qoqa amamephu e-topographic angu-1/50000 kanye no-1/10000 endawo yesakhiwo; imephu ye-topographic engu-1/1000 kuya ku-1/500 endawo yefektri endaweni yokwakha.
Yenza izibalo zokulawula amanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi. Ukukhetha nokubala amazinga ahlukahlukene amanzi kanye nezinhloko; Izibalo zebhalansi kagesi kanye namandla zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside; Ukukhetha kokuqala kwamandla afakiwe, imodeli yeyunithi, kanye nezintambo zikagesi eziyinhloko.
Qhathanisa futhi ukhethe izinhlobo zezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kanye nezakhiwo ze-hub, bese wenza izibalo ze-hydraulic, zesakhiwo kanye nokuzinza, kanye nokubala inani lobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlolwa kwezomnotho, ukubonakaliswa kwesidingo kanye nokuhlolwa kokucabanga kwezomnotho kokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlolwa komthelela wemvelo, ukulinganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela, kanye nohlelo lokusetshenziswa kobunjiniyela lwephrojekthi.
17. Kuyini isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela? Ukulinganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela kanye nesibikezelo sobunjiniyela?
Isilinganiso sobunjiniyela siyidokhumenti yobuchwepheshe nezomnotho elungiselela zonke izimali zokwakha ezidingekayo kuphrojekthi ngendlela yemali. Isilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuklama sokuqala siyisici esibalulekile sombhalo wokuklama wokuqala kanye nesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola ukuqonda kwezomnotho. Isabelomali esiphelele esivunyiwe siqashelwa umbuso njengesibonakaliso esibalulekile sokutshalwa kwezimali okuyisisekelo kokwakha, futhi siyisisekelo sokulungiselela izinhlelo zokwakha eziyisisekelo kanye nemiklamo yokubhida. Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela yinani lokutshalwa kwezimali elenziwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokutadisha ukuthi kungenzeka yini. Isabelomali sobunjiniyela yinani lokutshalwa kwezimali elenziwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokwakha.
Kungani sidinga ukulungiselela umklamo wenhlangano yokwakha?
Umklamo wenhlangano yokwakha ungomunye wezisekelo eziyinhloko zokulungiselela izilinganiso zobunjiniyela. Umsebenzi oyisisekelo kakhulu ukubala amanani eyunithi ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezahlukahlukene njengendlela yokwakha enqunyiwe, ibanga lokuhamba, kanye nohlelo lokwakha, kanye nokuhlanganisa ithebula lokulinganisa lobunjiniyela beyunithi.
19. Yini okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wenhlangano yokwakha?
Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wenhlangano yokwakha ukwakheka kokwakhiwa okuphelele, inqubekela phambili yokwakha, ukuphambukisa ukwakhiwa, uhlelo lokuvimbela, ezokuthutha zangaphandle, imithombo yezinto zokwakha, uhlelo lokwakha kanye nezindlela zokwakha, njll.
Zingaki izigaba zokuklama ezikhona kumaphrojekthi okwakha amanje okulondolozwa kwamanzi kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla angaphansi kwamanzi?
Ngokwezidingo zoMnyango Wezinsizakusebenza Zamanzi, kufanele kube nokuhlela indawo yamanzi; Isiphakamiso sephrojekthi; Ucwaningo lokungenzeka; Umklamo wokuqala; Umklamo wethenda; Izigaba eziyisithupha okuhlanganisa nomklamo wokudweba wokwakha.
21. Yiziphi izinkomba eziyinhloko zomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi ngamanzi?
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi ye-kilowatt kuwukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo nge-kilowatt ngayinye yamandla afakiwe.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kagesi kweyunithi kubhekisela ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
Izindleko zikagesi yimali ekhokhwa nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
Amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe ayisilinganiso sezinga lokusetshenziswa kwemishini yesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi.
Intengo kagesi iyintengo nge-kilowatt ngehora kagesi othengiswa kugridi.
Ungabala kanjani izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi zibalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi ye-kilowatt= ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi/umthamo ophelele wokufakwa kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kagesi kweyunithi = ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi/ukukhiqiza ugesi okuvamile ngonyaka kweziteshi zikagesi wamanzi
Amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe= isilinganiso sokukhiqiza ugesi wonyaka/isamba somthamo ofakiwe
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-24-2024
