Zihlukaniswa kanjani izizinda zikagesi ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane? Ngokwezindinganiso zamanje, labo abanamandla afakiwe angaphansi kuka-25000 kW bahlukaniswa njengabancane; Usayizi ophakathi namandla afakiwe angu-25000 kuya ku-250000 kW; Isikali esikhulu esinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-250000 kW.
Uyini umgomo oyisisekelo wokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi?
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla asebenza ngamanzi (anekhanda lamanzi) ukushayela ukujikeleza kwemishini esebenza ngogesi (injini yamanzi), ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini. Uma olunye uhlobo lwemishini (ijeneretha) ixhunywe ku-turbine yamanzi ukuze ikhiqize ugesi njengoba ijikeleza, khona-ke amandla emishini aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, ngomqondo othile, kuyinqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla asetshenziswayo bese abe amandla kagesi.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsiza zamanzi kanye nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zeziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi?
Izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsiza zama-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekwehleni okugxilile, futhi cishe kunezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile. Kodwa lezi zindlela ezintathu zokuthuthukisa nazo zidinga ukusebenza ezimweni ezithile zemvelo zesigaba somfula. Iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi ezakhiwe ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokuthuthukisa zinezakhiwo zehabhu ezihluke ngokuphelele kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha, ngakho-ke nazo zihlukaniswe zaba izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile.
Yiziphi izindinganiso ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amaphrojekthi wokongiwa kwamanzi kanye nehabhu lamandla kagesi kanye nezakhiwo ezihambisanayo zezolimo, zezimboni, nezindawo zokuhlala?
Izindinganiso zokuhlukaniswa kanye nokuklama kwamaphrojekthi wokongiwa kwamanzi kanye nehabhu lokuphehla amandla kagesi akhishwe yi-Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, i-SDJ12-78, kufanele ilandelwe ngokuqinile, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kufanele kusekelwe kubukhulu bephrojekthi (ingqikithi yevolumu ye-reservoir, umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi).
5. Kuyini ukugeleza, ukugeleza okuphelele, nokugeleza okumaphakathi konyaka?
Ukugeleza kubhekisela kumthamo wamanzi adlula emfuleni (noma isakhiwo se-hydraulic) ngeyunithi yesikhathi, evezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana; Isamba sokugeleza kwamanzi sisho isamba sokugeleza kwamanzi engxenyeni yomfula phakathi nonyaka we-hydrological, ovezwa njengo-104m3 noma 108m3; Ukugeleza okumaphakathi konyaka kubhekise ekugelezeni okumaphakathi konyaka kwesiphambano somfula esibalwa ngokusekelwe ochungechungeni olukhona lwe-hydrological.
6. Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zamaphrojekthi wehabhu lokuphehla ugesi omncane?
Ikakhulukazi inezingxenye ezine ezinkulu: izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi (amadamu), izakhiwo zokulahla amanzi ezikhukhula (umzila wokuchitheka noma amasango), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (amashaneli okuphambukisa amanzi noma imihubhe, okuhlanganisa nama-surge shafts), kanye nezakhiwo zokuphehla amandla (okuhlanganisa imigudu yamanzi angemuva kanye neziteshi zokuthuthukisa).
7. Yini isiteshi sikagesi esigelezayo? Yiziphi izici zayo?
Isiteshi sikagesi esingenadamu elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuthi yisiteshi samanzi sohlobo lwe-runoff. Lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi lukhethelwa umthamo ofakiwe ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sesilinganiso sonyaka sokugeleza komfula kanye nekhanda lamanzi okungenzeka litholakale. Ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele unyaka wonke ngezinga lesiqinisekiso esingu-80%., Ngokuvamile, ifinyelela kuphela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile cishe izinsuku eziyi-180; Ngenkathi eyomile, ukuphehlwa kukagesi kwehla kakhulu kuze kube ngaphansi kwama-50%, ngezinye izikhathi kungakwazi ngisho nokukhiqiza ugesi. Ivinjelwa ukugeleza kwemvelo komfula, futhi kunenani elikhulu lamanzi alahliwe phakathi nenkathi yezikhukhula.
8. Kuyini okukhiphayo? Ungalinganisa kanjani ukuphuma kwesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi nokubala ukukhiqizwa kwaso kwamandla?
Embonini yamandla kagesi ngamanzi, amandla kagesi akhiqizwa isethi yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi abizwa ngokuthi okukhiphayo, kuyilapho ukuphuma kwengxenye ethile yokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni kumelela izinsiza zikagesi zamanzi zaleso sigaba. Umphumela wokugeleza kwamanzi amandla amanzi ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye.
N=9.81 QH
Kufomula, u-Q izinga lokugeleza (m3/S); H inhloko yamanzi (m); I-N iwumphumela wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi (W); I-coefficient esebenzayo yejeneretha kagesi wamanzi.
Ifomula elinganiselwe yokukhishwa kweziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ithi
N=(6.0)8.0)QH
Ifomula yokuphehla amandla ngonyaka ithi
E=N· F
Kufomula, u-N uyisilinganiso sokuphumayo; T amahora okusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke.
9. Kuyini okukhipha okuqinisekisiwe? Iyini inhloso yawo?
Isilinganiso esiphumayo esingakhiqizwa isiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi phakathi nesikhathi eside sokusebenza, esihambisana nezinga lesiqinisekiso sokuklama, sibizwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa okuqinisekisiwe kwesiteshi sikagesi. Umphumela oqinisekisiwe weziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuyinkomba ebalulekile, futhi kuyisisekelo esibalulekile sokunquma umthamo ofakiwe weziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi esigabeni sokuhlela nokuklama.
10. Athini amahora wonyaka wokusebenzisa umthamo ofakiwe?
Isilinganiso sesikhathi sokusebenza komthwalo ogcwele wejeneretha kagesi osebenza ngamanzi esimiswe phakathi nonyaka. Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi amahora okusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke eziteshini ezincane eziphehlwa ngamanzi adingekayo ukuze afinyelele amahora angaphezu kuka-3000.
11. Iyini imithethonqubo yansuku zonke, izimiso zamasonto onke, izimiso zonyaka, kanye nemithethonqubo yeminyaka eminingi?
Umthethonqubo wansuku zonke ubhekisela ekusabalaleni kabusha kokugeleza phakathi kosuku nobusuku, ngomjikelezo wokulawula wamahora angu-24. Umthethonqubo wamasonto onke: Umjikelezo wokulawula isonto elilodwa (izinsuku eziyi-7). Umthethonqubo waminyaka yonke: Ukusabalalisa kabusha kwamanzi phakathi nonyaka. Uma amanzi eshiywe ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, ingxenye kuphela yamanzi amaningi agcinwe ngesikhathi sezikhukhula engalawulwa, okubizwa ngokuthi umthethonqubo wonyaka ongaphelele (noma umthethonqubo wesizini); Umthetho wokugeleza kwamanzi ongasabalalisa kabusha ngokugcwele amanzi angenayo phakathi nonyaka ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahlwa kwamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wonyaka. Umthetho weminyaka eminingi: Uma umthamo wechibi usumkhulu ngokwanele, amanzi engeziwe angagcinwa iminyaka eminingi, bese amanzi ayinsalela asetshenziselwe ukuvala isikhalazo. Umthethonqubo wonyaka, osetshenziswa kuphela eminyakeni embalwa eyomile, ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho weminyaka eminingi.
12. Liyini ithonsi kanye nokugeleza komfula?
Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwezindawo zamanzi zezingxenye ezimbili eziphambanayo zengxenye yomfula osetshenzisiwe ubizwa ngokuthi ithonsi; Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwezindawo zamanzi zezingxenye ezimbili eziphambanayo zomthombo womfula kanye nechweba lechweba ubizwa ngokuthi ithoni eliphelele. Ukwehla ngobude beyunithi kubizwa ngokuthi umthambeka.
13. Iyini imvula, ubude besikhathi bemvula, amandla emvula, indawo yemvula, isikhungo sesiphepho?
Imvula iyinani eliphelele lamanzi eliwela endaweni ethile noma endaweni ethile phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi, evezwa ngamamilimitha. Ubude besikhathi bemvula busho ubude besikhathi bemvula. Amandla emvula asho inani lemvula endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye, elivezwa ngamamilimitha ngehora. Indawo enemvula ibhekisela endaweni evundlile embozwe imvula, evezwe nge-km2. Isikhungo semvula sisho indawo encane yendawo lapho imvula igxile khona.
14. Iyini isilinganiso sesiqinisekiso sokuklama seziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi? Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka?
Izinga lesiqinisekiso somklamo wesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi libhekisela kumaphesenti yenani lamahora okusebenza avamile phakathi neminyaka eminingi yokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nesamba samahora okusebenza; Izinga lesiqinisekiso sonyaka libhekisela ephesentini leminyaka yomsebenzi ojwayelekile wokuphehlwa kukagesi phakathi nenani eliphelele leminyaka yokusebenza.
Iyini inhloso yokulungisa incwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama?
Inhloso yokulungisa ibhuku lomsebenzi wokuklama iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ukunquma iphrojekthi eyisisekelo yokwakha futhi isebenze njengesisekelo sokulungiselela imibhalo yokuqala yokuklama. Ingenye yezinqubo eziyisisekelo zokwakha futhi ingenye yezindlela zeziphathimandla ezinekhono ukwenza umthethonqubo wezomnotho omkhulu.
Yikuphi okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwencwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama?
Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwencwadi yomsebenzi wokuklama kuhlanganisa izici eziyisishiyagalombili:
Kufanele ifake konke okuqukethwe yi-watershed planning kanye nombiko wocwaningo lokungenzeka. Ihambisana nomklamo wokuqala, kunomehluko kuphela ekujuleni kwenkinga yocwaningo.
Ukuhlaziya nokuchaza izimo zobunjiniyela bokwakheka komhlaba kanye ne-hydrogeological yezindawo zokwakha ngaphakathi kwendawo yamanzi, iqoqo lemephu engu-1/500000 (1/200000 noma 1/100000) lingenziwa, ngenani elincane kuphela lomsebenzi wokuhlola umhlaba. Cacisa izimo zokwakheka komhlaba, ukujula okutholakalayo kwedwala, ukujula kongqimba lwekhava yomfula, kanye nezindaba ezinkulu zokwakheka komhlaba endaweni yesikimu esimisiwe.
Qoqa idatha ye-hydrological, hlaziya futhi ubale, bese ukhetha imingcele eyinhloko ye-hydrological.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa. Qoqa amabalazwe angu-1/50000 kanye ne-1/10000 wendawo yesakhiwo; 1/1000 kuya ku-1/500 imephu yesimo sendawo yendawo yefekthri esakhiweni.
Yenza izibalo ze-hydrological kanye ne-runoff regulation. Ukukhethwa nokubalwa kwamazinga ahlukahlukene amanzi namakhanda; Izibalo zebhalansi kagesi namandla wesikhathi eside; Ukukhethwa kokuqala komthamo ofakiwe, imodeli yeyunithi, nezintambo eziyinhloko zikagesi.
Qhathanisa futhi ukhethe izinhlobo zezakhiwo zama-hydraulic kanye nezakhiwo zehabhu, futhi uqhube izibalo ze-hydraulic, structural kanye nokuzinza, kanye nezibalo zobuningi bobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlolwa komnotho, ukuboniswa kwesidingo kanye nokuhlola ukuhluzeka komnotho kokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela.
Ukuhlolwa komthelela kwezemvelo, isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela, kanye nohlelo lokuqaliswa kobunjiniyela lwephrojekthi.
17. Siyini isilinganiso sokutshala izimali kwezobunjiniyela? Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela kanye nesibikezelo sobunjiniyela?
Isilinganiso sobunjiniyela siyidokhumenti yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho elungiselela zonke izimali zokwakha ezidingekayo zephrojekthi ngendlela yemali. Isilinganiso esijwayelekile somklamo wokuqala siyingxenye ebalulekile yombhalo wokuqala wokuklama kanye nesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola ukuhluzeka kwezomnotho. Isamba sesabelomali esigunyaziwe sibonwa nguhulumeni njengenkomba ebalulekile yokutshalwa kwezimali kwezokwakha, futhi siyisisekelo sokulungiselela amasu okwakha ayisisekelo kanye nemiklamo yokubhida. Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobunjiniyela yinani elitshaliwe elenziwe phakathi nesigaba socwaningo lokungenzeka. Isabelomali sobunjiniyela inani lemali etshaliwe phakathi nesigaba sokwakha.
Kungani kudingeka silungise umklamo wenhlangano yokwakha?
Idizayini yenhlangano yokwakha ingenye yesisekelo esiyinhloko sokulungiselela izilinganiso zobunjiniyela. Kuwumsebenzi oyisisekelo kakhulu ukubala amanani amayunithi ngokusekelwe ezimeni ezihlukahlukene ezifana nendlela yokwakha enqunyiwe, ibanga lezokuthutha, nohlelo lokwakha, kanye nokuhlanganisa ithebula lesilinganiso sobunjiniyela beyunithi.
19. Yikuphi okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wenhlangano yokwakha?
Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wenhlangano yokwakha yisakhiwo sonke sokwakha, inqubekelaphambili yokwakha, ukuphambukisa ukwakhiwa, uhlelo lokucabela, ezokuthutha zangaphandle, imithombo yezinto zokwakha, uhlelo lokwakha nezindlela zokwakha, njll.
Zingaki izigaba zokuklama ezikhona kumaphrojekthi ayisisekelo wokongiwa kwamanzi kanye nakumaphrojekthi aphehlwa ngamanzi?
Ngokwezidingo zoMnyango Wezamanzi, kufanele kube nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zamanzi; Isiphakamiso sephrojekthi; Ucwaningo lokungenzeka; Idizayini yokuqala; Umklamo wamathenda; Izigaba eziyisithupha ezihlanganisa ukwakhiwa komdwebo wokwakha.
21. Yiziphi izinkomba zezomnotho eziyinhloko zeziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi?
I-unit kilowatt investment iyi-investment edingekayo nge-kilowatt ngayinye yomthamo ofakiwe.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi kagesi kubhekisela ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo ngehora ngalinye le-kilowatt likagesi.
Izindleko zikagesi yimali ekhokhwa nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
Amahora okusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke omthamo ofakiwe ayisilinganiso sezinga lokusetshenziswa kwemishini yesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Intengo kagesi iyinani nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi odayiselwa igridi.
Indlela yokubala izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zibalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
Iyunithi ye-kilowatt investment=inani lokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi/inani elifakiwe lomthamo wesiteshi sikagesi
Utshalomali lweyunithi kagesi=inani lokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi/isilinganiso sonyaka sokuphehlwa kukagesi eziteshini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi
Amahora okusebenzisa onyaka womthamo ofakiwe=isilinganiso sonyaka sokukhiqiza amandla/inani lomthamo ofakiwe
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-24-2024
