Amanzi ayisisekelo sokuphila, ingqikithi yentuthuko, kanye nomthombo wempucuko. I-China inezinsiza eziningi zamandla kagesi, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni ngokwengqikithi yezinsiza. Kusukela ekupheleni kukaJuni 2022, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla kagesi ojwayelekile e-China usufinyelele kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-358. Umbiko weNgqungquthela Kazwelonke yama-20 yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseChina waveza izidingo "zokuxhumanisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo" kanye "nokuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo yemvelo kuzo zonke izici, izifunda, nezinqubo", oveze isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi. Umbhali uxoxa nge-paradigm entsha yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi ngokombono wokwakhiwa kwempucuko yezemvelo.
Isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi
I-China inendathane yemithombo yamandla kagesi, enamandla okuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe amakhilowathi ayizigidi ezingama-687 kanye nesilinganiso saminyaka yonke sikagesi esiphehlwa ngama-kilowatt ama-trillion amathathu, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni. Izici ezivelele zamandla kagesi ukuvuselelwa kabusha nokuhlanzeka. Isazi esidumile samandla kagesi uPan Jiazheng sake sathi, “Inqobo nje uma ilanga lingacishwa, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi angazalwa kabusha minyaka yonke.” Ukuhlanzeka kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi awakhiqizi igesi ekhishwayo, izinsalela zemfucuza, noma amanzi angcolile, futhi cishe awakhiphi isikhutha, okuyisivumelwano esivamile emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe. I-Ajenda 21 eyamukelwa engqungqutheleni yase-Rio de Janeiro ka-1992 kanye nombhalo wentuthuko esimeme owamukelwa engqungqutheleni yaseGoli ka-2002 konke kuhlanganisa ngokusobala ugesi wamanzi njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Ngo-2018, i-International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) yafunda indawo yegesi ebamba ukushisa yamadamu acishe abe ngu-500 emhlabeni wonke, futhi yathola ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngehora nge-kilowatt kagesi ovela ku-hydropower kuwo wonke umjikelezo wayo wokuphila bekungamagremu angu-18 kuphela, aphansi kunalawo avela emoyeni nase-photovoltaic amandla okukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi abuye abe yimbuyiselo ende kunazo zonke esebenza futhi ephakeme kakhulu ekutshalweni kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala emhlabeni jikelele esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi sesineminyaka engaphezu kwe-150 sisebenza, kanti nesiteshi sikagesi sokuqala esakhiwa e-Shilongba e-China naso sesineminyaka eyi-110 sisebenza. Ngokombono wembuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali, izinga lokubuya kwe-investimenti lamandla kagesi ngesikhathi sobunjiniyela liphezulu njengoba lifinyelela ku-168%. Ngenxa yalokhu, amazwe athuthukile emhlabeni wonke abeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Uma umnotho uthuthuke kakhulu, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla kagesi likhuphuka futhi libe ngcono isimo semvelo ezweni.
Ukuze kubhekwane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, amazwe amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele ahlongoze izinhlelo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Indlela evamile yokuqalisa iwukuthuthukisa ngamandla imithombo yamandla emisha efana namandla omoya namandla elanga, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha, ikakhulukazi amandla omoya kanye nelanga, kugridi yamandla kuzoba nomthelela ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwesistimu yamandla ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuphumula, nokungaqiniseki. Njengomthombo wamandla omgogodla, i-hydropower inezinzuzo zokulawula okuguquguqukayo "kwezilawuli zamandla kagesi". Amanye amazwe amise kabusha umsebenzi wokuphehlwa ngamanzi. I-Australia ichaza amandla kagesi njengensika yezinhlelo zamandla ezithembekile zesikhathi esizayo; I-United States iphakamisa isu lokuthuthukisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi; ISwitzerland, Norway, namanye amazwe anamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsiza ezintsha zokuthuthukisa, umkhuba ovamile uwukuphakamisa amadamu amadala, ukwandisa umthamo, nokwandisa umthamo ofakiwe. Ezinye iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziphinde zifake amayunithi ahlehlayo noma ziwaguqule abe amayunithi aguqukayo esivinini, okwenza yonke imizamo yokusebenzisa amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha kugridi.
Impucuko yezemvelo ihola ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwamandla amanzi
Akukho ukungabaza mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kokuphehlwa ngamanzi, futhi udaba olubalulekile ukuthi ungawathuthukisa kanjani kangcono amandla asele aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwanoma iyiphi insiza kungase kulethe izinkinga zemvelo, kodwa ukubonakaliswa namazinga omthelela ayahluka. Isibonelo, amandla enuzi adinga ukubhekana nodaba lwemfucuza yenuzi; Inani elincane lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla omoya linomthelela omncane endaweni ezungezile, kodwa uma lithuthukiswe ngezinga elikhulu, lizoshintsha amaphethini okujikeleza komkhathi ezindaweni zendawo, okuthinta isimo sezulu kanye nokufuduka kwezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Imithelela yezemvelo neyemvelo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi ikhona ngokuyikho, okunomthelela omuhle kanye nongemuhle; Eminye imithelela isobala, eminye isobala, eminye eyesikhashana, kanti eminye eyesikhathi eside. Asikwazi ukwenza ihaba ngemiphumela emibi yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi, futhi ngeke siyizibe imiphumela engase iyibangele. Kumelwe senze ukuqapha kwendawo ezungezile, ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo, ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuphikisana okuphelele, futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokuphendula kahle kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela emibi ibe sezingeni elamukelekayo. Hlobo luni lwesikali se-spatiotemporal okufanele sisetshenziswe ukuhlola umthelela wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngamanzi endaweni ezungezile enkathini entsha, futhi izinsiza zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi kufanele zithuthukiswe kanjani ngokwesayensi nangokunengqondo? Lona ngumbuzo obalulekile okufanele uphendulwe.
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi emhlabeni wonke ukufakazele ukuthi ukugeleza kwemifula emazweni athuthukile kulethe izinzuzo eziphelele kwezomnotho, ezenhlalo, kanye nezemvelo. Izisekelo zamandla kagesi ahlanzekile e-China - Umfula i-Lancang, umfula i-Hongshui, uMfula i-Jinsha, umfula i-Yalong, umfula i-Dadu, umfula i-Wujiang, umfula i-Qingjiang, i-Yellow River, njll. - zisebenzisa ngokuningilizayo nangokuhlelekile izinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo nokubuyisela, ezinciphisa ngempumelelo umthelela wamaphrojekthi kagesi ngamanzi endaweni ezungezile. Ngokujula kwemiqondo yezemvelo, imithetho nemithethonqubo efanele eShayina izoba nengqondo ngokwengeziwe, izindlela zokuphatha zizoba ngokwesayensi futhi ziphelele, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela imvelo buzoqhubeka nokuthuthuka.
Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngamanzi kuye kwasebenzisa imiqondo emisha ngokugcwele, kwalandela izidingo ezintsha “zomugqa obomvu wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, umugqa ophansi wekhwalithi yezemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ku-inthanethi, kanye nohlu olubi lokufinyelela kwemvelo”, futhi kuzuzwe izidingo zokuvikelwa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kokuvikela. Ukuqalisa ngempela umqondo wempucuko yezemvelo nokuhola ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamandla Amanzi Kusiza Ukwakhiwa Kwempucuko Yemvelo
Imiphumela emibi yokuthuthukiswa kukagesi ngamanzi endaweni ezungezile emifuleni ibonakala kakhulu ezicini ezimbili: eyodwa iyinhlabathi, okuwukunqwabelana kwamadamu; Olunye uhlobo lwezinhlanzi zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingavamile.
Mayelana nezinkinga zenhlabathi, kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile lapho kwakhiwa amadamu namadamu emifuleni anenhlabathi eningi. Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo eziningi ukuze kuncishiswe inzika engena echibini futhi kunwetshwe ukuphila kwayo. Isibonelo, ngokwenza umsebenzi omuhle wokongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi enhla nomfula, amadamu anganciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka komfula ngokusebenzisa ukuhlela kwesayensi, ukulawulwa kwamanzi nenhlabathi, ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi nokukhipha, kanye nezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene. Uma inkinga ye-sediment ingaxazululeki, amadamu akufanele akhiwe. Kusukela eziteshini zikagesi ezakhiwe njengamanje, kungabonakala ukuthi yonke inkinga yenhlabathi echibini ingaxazululwa ngazo zombili izinyathelo zobunjiniyela nezingezona ezobunjiniyela.
Mayelana nezindaba zokongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezingavamile, indawo ezihlala kuzo ithintwa ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi. Izinhlobo zomhlaba njengezitshalo ezingavamile zingafuduka futhi zivikelwe; Izinhlobo zasemanzini, njengezinhlanzi, ezinye zinemikhuba yokufuduka. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu kuphazamisa imigudu yawo yokufuduka, okungase kuholele ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo noma kuthinte izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kufanele kuphathwe ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngesimo esithile. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile, njengezinhlanzi ezivamile, zinganxeshezelwa ngezinyathelo zokwanda. Izinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu kufanele zivikelwe izinyathelo ezikhethekile. Uma sikhuluma ngendlela eqondile, ezinye zezilwane zasemanzini ezingavamile manje zibhekene nezimo ezisengozini, futhi amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi akuwona imbangela enkulu, kodwa umphumela wokudoba isikhathi eside, ukuwohloka kwezinga lamanzi, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo yamanzi emlandweni. Uma inani lohlobo oluthile lincipha ngezinga elithile futhi lingakwazi ukuzala, nakanjani liyonyamalala kancane kancane. Kuyadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene njengokukhiqiza kabusha nokukhululwa ukuze kusindiswe izinhlobo ezingavamile.
Umthelela kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi endaweni ezungezile kufanele ubonwe kakhulu, futhi izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuqedwe imiphumela emibi. Kufanele sibhekane nalolu daba futhi siluqonde ngendlela ehlelekile, ngokomlando, ngokufanele, nangokungakhethi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kokuphehlwa kwamanzi akugcini nje ukuvikela ukuphepha kwemifula, kodwa futhi kufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yezemvelo.
Okubalulekile Kwezemvelo Kufeza I-Paradigm Entsha Yokuthuthukiswa Kogesi Wamanzi
Kusukela kuNgqungquthela Kazwelonke ye-18 yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseShayina, imboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ibambelele emqondweni “wokubheka abantu, ukubeka phambili imvelo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuluhlaza”, kancane kancane yakha ipharadigm entsha yokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ohlelweni lokuhlela ubunjiniyela, ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokusebenza, ukwenza ucwaningo, ukuklama kohlelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwepulani ekukhululweni kokugeleza kwemvelo, ukuhlela imvelo, ukuvikelwa kwendawo yezinhlanzi, ukubuyiselwa kokuxhumana kwemifula, nokwanda nokukhululwa kwezinhlanzi kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umthelela wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amanzi, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokusebenza ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini emifuleni. Emadamu aphezulu kanye namadamu amakhulu, uma kunenkinga yokuphuma kwamanzi asezingeni eliphansi lokushisa, izindlela zobunjiniyela besakhiwo sokungenisa amanzi anezingqimba ngokuvamile ziyamukelwa ukuze ziyixazulule. Isibonelo, amadamu aphakeme namadamu amakhulu anjenge-Jinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, ne-Huangdeng konke kukhethe ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifana nezicabha zamapulangwe ezipakishwe, izindonga ezibambile ngaphambili, nezindonga zamakhethini angangeni amanzi ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamanzi. Lezi zinyathelo seziphenduke izinqubo zemboni, zakha amazinga emboni kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe.
Kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezifudukayo emifuleni, futhi izindlela ezifana nezinhlelo zokuthutha izinhlanzi, amakheshi ezinhlanzi, kanye “nemizila yezinhlanzi + nezinyusi zezinhlanzi” nazo ziyimikhuba evamile yezinhlanzi ezidlulayo. Indlela yokudoba yesiteshi sikagesi i-Zangmu isetshenziswe kahle kakhulu eminyakeni eminingi yokuqapha nokuhlola. Hhayi kuphela amaphrojekthi amasha wokwakha, kodwa nokuvuselelwa kweminye imisebenzi emidala, nokwengezwa kwezindawo ezidlula izinhlanzi. Iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Fengman Hydropower Station yengeze izicupho zezinhlanzi, izindawo zokuqoqwa kwezinhlanzi, namakheshi ezinhlanzi, okuvula uMfula i-Songhua ovimba ukufuduka kwezinhlanzi.
Mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa izinhlanzi nokukhishwa kwazo, sekusungulwe uhlelo lobuchwepheshe lokuhlela, ukuklama, ukwakhiwa, ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwemishini nezinsiza, kanye nokuqapha nokuhlola umphumela wokukhululwa kweziteshi zokuzalanisa nokukhulula izinhlanzi. Ukuvikelwa kwezindawo zezinhlanzi nobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela nakho kuye kwenza intuthuko enkulu. Njengamanje, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okusebenzayo kanye nezinyathelo zokubuyisela sezithathwe ezizindeni ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emfuleni. Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kwenani lokuvikelwa nokubuyiselwa kwendawo ezungezile kuye kwafinyelelwa ngokulingisa amamodeli okufaneleka kwendawo yemvelo ngaphambi nangemuva kokulimala kwendawo. Kusukela ngowezi-2012 kuya kowezi-2016, i-Three Gorges Hydropower Station yaqhubeka nokwenza izivivinyo zokuhlela imvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzalaniswa “kwezinhlanzi ezine ezidumile zasekhaya”. Kusukela lapho, ukuthunyelwa okuhlanganyelwe kwezemvelo kwe-Xiluodu, i-Xiangjiaba, kanye ne-Three Gorges Hydropower Station iye yasetshenziswa kanyekanye unyaka nonyaka. Eminyakeni eminingi yokulawulwa kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinsiza zezokudoba, inani lokuzala “lezinhlanzi ezine ezidumile zasekhaya” libonise ukukhula unyaka nonyaka, lapho inani lokuzala “lezinhlanzi ezine ezidumile zasekhaya” esigabeni soMfula i-Yidu ezansi nomfula iGezhouba lenyuke lisuka ezigidini ezingama-25 ngo-2012 laya ezigidini ezi-3 ngo-2019.
Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi lezi zindlela ezihlelekile ezingenhla zenze ipharadigm entsha yokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi enkathini entsha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi akukwazi nje ukudambisa noma ngisho nokuqeda imiphumela emibi endaweni yemvelo emifula, kodwa futhi kukhuthaze kangcono ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ngokuthuthukiswa okuhle kwemvelo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Indawo yamanje yokugcina amanzi esizinda samandla kagesi inendawo ewumhlaba engcono kakhulu kunezinye izindawo zasendaweni. Iziteshi zikagesi ezifana ne-Ertan neLongyangxia azizona nje kuphela izindawo ezikhanga izivakashi ezidumile, kodwa futhi zivikelwe futhi zibuyiselwe ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwesimo sezulu sendawo, ukukhula kwezitshalo, amaketanga amade ezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Impucuko yezemvelo iyinhloso entsha yokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu ngemuva kwempucuko yezimboni. Ukwakhiwa kwempucuko yezemvelo kuhlobene nenhlalakahle yabantu kanye nekusasa lesizwe. Njengoba sibhekene nesimo esinzima sokuqinisa imingcele yezinsiza, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo, kufanele sisungule umqondo wempucuko yemvelo ehlonipha, evumelana, futhi evikela imvelo.
Njengamanje, izwe landa utshalomali olusebenzayo futhi lisheshisa ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu. Inqwaba yemiklamo ephehlwa ngamanzi izokwandisa umfutho wawo wokusebenza, isheshise inqubekelaphambili yomsebenzi, futhi ilwele ukuhlangabezana nemibandela yokugunyazwa kanye nokuqala phakathi nesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Eyi-14. Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-14 Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Kazwelonke Nezenhlalakahle lwe-People's Republic of China kanye Nohlaka Lwezinjongo Zombono ka-2035 zibeka ngokucacile phambili ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi amakhulu afana noSitimela iSichuan Tibet Railway, umzila omusha wasolwandle osentshonalanga, inethiwekhi kazwelonke yamanzi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kukagesi emanzini ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Yarlungto, izikhungo ezinkulu zokuvikela ezempilo yomphakathi, i-ecoration ye-Zangbo yomphakathi ukwesekwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi okukhulu, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele, ukudluliswa kwamandla kanye negesi Inqwaba yemiklamo emikhulu enezisekelo eziqinile, imisebenzi eyengeziwe, kanye nezinzuzo zesikhathi eside, njengokuhamba emngceleni, eduze nomfula, kanye nasogwini. Sazi kahle ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla kudinga amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kukagesi ngamanzi kufanele futhi kuqinisekise ukuphepha kwemvelo. Kuphela ngokugcizelela kakhulu ukuvikela indawo ezungezile kungenziwa ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwamandla amanzi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yezemvelo.
Umbono omusha wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi uzoqhubekisela phambili ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokuphehlwa ngamanzi esikhathini esisha. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, sizothuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amasha, sisheshise isivinini soguquko lwamandla eShayina, sakhe uhlelo olusha lwamandla oluhlanzekile, olunekhabhoni ephansi, oluphephile futhi olusebenzayo, kancane kancane sandise ingxenye yamandla amasha ohlelweni olusha lwamandla, sakhe iShayina enhle, futhi sinikele ngamandla ezisebenzi zikagesi ngamanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-15-2023
