1, Uhlobo lwesakhiwo seziteshi zikagesi zamanzi
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlelwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zifaka phakathi iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zohlobo lwamadamu, iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zohlobo oluseceleni komfula, kanye neziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zohlobo lokuphambukisa.
Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sohlobo lwedamu: Sisebenzisa i-barrage ukuphakamisa izinga lamanzi emfuleni, ukuze kugxilwe ikhanda lamanzi. Ngokuvamile sakhiwe ezigodini eziphakeme zezintaba emaphakathi naphezulu emifuleni, ngokuvamile siyisiteshi sikagesi samanzi esiphakathi kuya phezulu. Indlela evame kakhulu yokubeka isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esitholakala phansi kwedamu eligcina amanzi eduze nendawo yedamu, okuyisiteshi sikagesi samanzi ngemuva kwedamu.
Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sohlobo lombhede womfula: Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi lapho isitshalo sikagesi, isango lokugcina amanzi, kanye nedamu kuhlelwe khona ngokulandelana ogwini lomfula ukuze kugcinwe amanzi ndawonye. Ngokuvamile sakhiwe phakathi naphansi kwemifula, ngokuvamile siyisiteshi sikagesi samanzi esiphansi, esigeleza kakhulu.
Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sohlobo lokuphambukisa: Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esisebenzisa isiteshi sokuphambukisa ukugxila ethonsini lengxenye yomfula ukuze sakhe inhloko yokuphehla ugesi. Ngokuvamile sakhiwa ezindaweni eziphakathi neziphezulu zemifula enomfula ophansi kanye nomthambeka omkhulu omude womfula.
2, Ukwakheka Kwezakhiwo Ze-Hydroelectric Hub
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zephrojekthi yesikhungo sikagesi wamanzi zifaka: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi, izakhiwo zokungenisa amanzi, izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi kanye nezakhiwo zomsele, izakhiwo zamanzi alinganayo, izakhiwo zokuphehla ugesi, izakhiwo zokuguqula kanye nezokusabalalisa amanzi, njll.
1. Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi: Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi zisetshenziselwa ukuvimba imifula, ukugxila kwamaconsi, bese kwakheka amadamu, njengamadamu, amasango, njll.
2. Izakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi: Izakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi zisetshenziselwa ukukhulula izikhukhula, noma ukukhulula amanzi ukuze asetshenziswe ngezansi komfula, noma ukukhulula amanzi ukuze kwehliswe izinga lamanzi emachibini, njengendawo yokuchitheka, umhubhe wokuchitheka, indawo yokuphuma engezansi, njll.
3. Isakhiwo sokungenisa amanzi esiteshini sikagesi: Isakhiwo sokungenisa amanzi esiteshini sikagesi sisetshenziselwa ukufaka amanzi emgudwini wokuphambukisa, njengokungena okujulile nokungajulile okunengcindezi noma ukungena okuvulekile ngaphandle kwengcindezi.
4. Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi kanye nezakhiwo zomzila wangemuva weziteshi zikagesi wamanzi: Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi zeziteshi zikagesi wamanzi zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi okuphehla ugesi esuka echibini aye kuyunithi yokukhiqiza i-turbine; Isakhiwo samanzi angemuva sisetshenziselwa ukukhupha amanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphehla ugesi aye emseleni womfula ongezansi. Izakhiwo ezivamile zifaka iziteshi, imigudu, amapayipi okucindezela, njll., kanye nezakhiwo ezinqamulayo njengemisele yamanzi, ama-culvert, ama-siphon aguquliwe, njll.
5. Izakhiwo zamanzi ayisicaba asebenza ngogesi: Izakhiwo zamanzi ayisicaba asebenza ngogesi asetshenziswa ukuqinisa izinguquko ekugelezeni nasekucindezelweni (ukujula kwamanzi) okubangelwa izinguquko emthwalweni wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi ezakhiweni zokuphambuka noma zamanzi angemuva, njengegumbi lokukhuphuka emgudwini wokuphambuka ocindezelwe kanye ne-pressure forebay ekugcineni komgudwini wokuphambuka ongenayo ingcindezi.
6. Izakhiwo zokuphehla ugesi, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokusabalalisa: kufaka phakathi indlu enkulu yamandla (kufaka phakathi indawo yokufaka) yokufaka amayunithi ejeneretha ye-hydraulic turbine kanye nokulawula kwayo, indlu yamandla asekelayo yemishini esekelayo, igceke le-transformer lokufaka ama-transformer, kanye ne-switchgear enamandla aphezulu okufaka amadivayisi okusabalalisa amandla aphezulu.
7. Ezinye izakhiwo: njengemikhumbi, izihlahla, izinhlanzi, ukuvimba isihlabathi, ukuhlanzwa kwesihlabathi, njll.
Ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kwamadamu
Idamu libhekisela edamini elivimba imifula futhi livimbele amanzi, kanye nedamu elivimba amanzi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi, imifula, njll. Ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa, kungaba nezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa. Ubunjiniyela buhlukaniswe kakhulu ngalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
1. Idamu Lamandla Adonsela Phansi
Idamu elidonsela phansi yidamu elakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo noma itshe, elincike kakhulu esisindweni somzimba wedamu ukuze lihlale lizinzile.
Umgomo wokusebenza wamadamu adonsela phansi
Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezela kwamanzi kanye neminye imithwalo, amadamu adonsela phansi athembele kakhulu emandleni okulwa nokushelela akhiqizwa yisisindo sedamu ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zokuqina; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo okubangelwa yisisindo somzimba wedamu kusetshenziselwa ukulungisa ukucindezeleka kokudonsa okubangelwa ukucindezela kwamanzi, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla. Iphrofayili eyisisekelo yedamu elidonsela phansi ingunxantathu. Endizeni, i-axis yedamu ivame ukuqondile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze ivumelane nomhlaba, izimo zejoloji, noma ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokwakheka kwehabhu, ingahlelwa futhi njengomugqa ophukile noma i-arch ene-curve encane ebheke phezulu.
Izinzuzo zamadamu adonsela phansi
(1) Umsebenzi wokwakheka ucacile, indlela yokuklama ilula, futhi iphephile futhi ithembekile. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokuhluleka kwamadamu adonsela phansi liphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamadamu.
(2) Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zomhlaba kanye nezindawo. Amadamu adonsela phansi angakhiwa kunoma yisiphi isimo sesigodi somfula.
(3) Inkinga yokuchitheka kwezikhukhula esikhungweni kulula ukuyixazulula. Amadamu adonsela phansi angenziwa izakhiwo ezigcwele amanzi, noma imigodi yokukhipha amanzi ingafakwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene zomzimba wedamu. Ngokuvamile, asikho isidingo sokufaka enye indlela yokuchitheka noma umhubhe wokukhipha amanzi, futhi ukwakheka kwesikhungo kuncane.
(4) Ilungele ukuphambuka kokwakhiwa. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, umzimba wedamu ungasetshenziswa ukuphambuka, futhi ngokuvamile awudingi umhubhe owengeziwe wokuphambuka.
(5) Ukwakhiwa okulula.
Izinkinga zamadamu adonsela phansi
(1) Usayizi wesigaba esiphambene somzimba wedamu mkhulu, futhi kunenqwaba yezinto ezisetshenzisiwe.
(2) Ukucindezeleka komzimba kamama kuphansi, futhi amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele.
(3) Indawo enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi komzimba wedamu nesisekelo ibangela ingcindezi ephezulu yokuphakama phansi kwedamu, okungafaneleki ukuzinza.
(4) Umthamo womzimba wedamu mkhulu, futhi ngenxa yokushisa okumanzi kanye nokuqina kokhonkolo ngesikhathi sokwakha, kuzovela ukucindezeleka kwezinga lokushisa elibi kanye nokuncipha kokhonkolo. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula izinga lokushisa lapho kuthululwa ukhonkolo.
2. Idamu Lase-Arch
Idamu le-arch liyisakhiwo segobolondo lesikhala esinamathele edwaleni elingaphansi, lakha isimo se-arch esiqondile endizeni ebheke phezulu, futhi iphrofayili yalo yomqhele we-arch iveza isimo se-curve esiqondile noma esiqondile ebheke phezulu.
Isimiso sokusebenza samadamu e-arch
Isakhiwo sedamu le-arch sinemiphumela ye-arch kanye ne-beam, futhi umthwalo eliwuthwalayo ucindezelwa kancane emabhange womabili ngesenzo se-arch, kuyilapho enye ingxenye idluliselwa edwaleni elingaphansi kwedamu ngesenzo semishayo eqondile.
Izici zamadamu e-arch
(1) Izici ezizinzile. Ukuqina kwamadamu e-arch kuncike kakhulu emandleni okusabela emaphethelweni e-arch kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, ngokungafani namadamu adonsela phansi athembele esisindweni sawo ukuze alondoloze ukuqina. Ngakho-ke, amadamu e-arch anezidingo eziphezulu zendawo kanye nezimo ze-geological zesiza sedamu, kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokwelashwa kwesisekelo.
(2) Izici zesakhiwo. Amadamu e-arch angaphansi kwezakhiwo eziqinile ezingaguquki, ezinomthamo omkhulu wokulayisha ngokweqile kanye nokuphepha okuphezulu. Lapho imithwalo yangaphandle ikhuphuka noma ingxenye yedamu ibhekana nokuqhekeka kwendawo, izenzo ze-arch kanye nemisebe yomzimba wedamu zizozilungisa, okubangela ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kwengcindezi emzimbeni wedamu. Idamu le-arch liyisakhiwo sendawo yonke, esinomzimba olula futhi oqinile. Umkhuba wobunjiniyela ukhombisile ukuthi ukumelana kwalo nokuzamazama komhlaba nakho kunamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba i-arch iyisakhiwo sokusunduza esithwala kakhulu ingcindezi ye-axial, umzuzu wokugoba ngaphakathi kwe-arch mncane kakhulu, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi kuyafana, okusiza ekusebenziseni amandla ezinto. Ngokombono wezomnotho, amadamu e-arch awuhlobo lwedamu oluphakeme kakhulu.
(3) Izici zomthwalo. Umzimba wedamu eliyi-arch awunazo izihlanganisi zokunwebeka ezihlala njalo, futhi izinguquko zokushisa kanye nokuguquguquka kwedwala eliyi-bedrock kunomthelela omkhulu ekucindezelekeni komzimba wedamu. Lapho uklama, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuguquguquka kwedwala eliyi-bedrock bese ufaka izinga lokushisa njengomthwalo oyinhloko.
Ngenxa yephrofayili encane kanye nesimo sejometri esiyinkimbinkimbi sedamu le-arch, ikhwalithi yokwakha, amandla ezinto zedamu, kanye nezidingo zokungangeni kwamanzi kuqinile kunezamanzi adonsela phansi.
3. Idamu elinjengedwala lomhlaba
Amadamu asebenzisa idwala lomhlaba abhekisela kumadamu enziwe ngezinto zasendaweni ezifana nomhlabathi namatshe, futhi ayilona uhlobo lwedamu oludala kunawo wonke emlandweni. Amadamu asebenzisa idwala lomhlaba uhlobo lokwakhiwa kwamadamu olusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi oluthuthuka ngokushesha emhlabeni.
Izizathu zokusetshenziswa kabanzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamadamu omhlaba
(1) Kungenzeka ukuthola izinto zokwakha endaweni naseduze, kongiwe isimende esiningi, ukhuni, nensimbi, futhi kuncishiswe umthamo wokuthutha wangaphandle endaweni yokwakha. Cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi kanye netshe lungasetshenziswa ukwakha amadamu.
(2) Iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene zezwe, i-geological, kanye nesimo sezulu. Ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezulu ezinzima, izimo ze-geological zobunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba ezinamandla kakhulu, amadamu anjengedwala lomhlaba empeleni ayiwona kuphela uhlobo lwedamu olungenzeka.
(3) Ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokwakha enamandla amakhulu, enemisebenzi eminingi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu kukhulise ukuqina kwamadamu asemadwaleni omhlaba, kunciphisa ingxenye enqamula amadamu asemadwaleni omhlaba, kwasheshisa inqubekela phambili yokwakha, kunciphisa izindleko, futhi kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwamadamu asemadwaleni omhlaba aphezulu.
(4) Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori ye-geotechnical mechanics, izindlela zokuhlola, kanye namasu okusebenzisa amakhompyutha, izinga lokuhlaziya nokubala lithuthukisiwe, inqubekela phambili yokuklama isheshisiwe, futhi ukuphepha nokuthembeka komklamo wedamu kuqinisekiswe ngokwengeziwe.
(5) Intuthuko ephelele yobuchwepheshe bokuklama nokwakha yokusekela amaphrojekthi obunjiniyela njengemithambeka ephakeme, izakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okugeleza kwamanzi ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamadamu amadwala omhlaba nakho kudlale indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa nokukhuthazwa kwamadamu amadwala omhlaba.
4. Idamu laseRockfill
Idamu le-Rockfill ngokuvamile libhekisela ohlotsheni lwedamu elakhiwe ngezindlela ezifana nokuphonsa, ukugcwalisa, nokugingqa izinto zamatshe. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokugcwalisa amatshe iyangena, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinto ezifana nenhlabathi, ukhonkolo, noma ukhonkolo we-asphalt njengezinto ezingangenisi amanzi.
Izici Zamadamu E-Rockfill
(1) Izici zesakhiwo. Ubuningi be-rockfill ehlanganisiwe buphakeme, amandla okusika aphezulu, futhi umthambeka wedamu ungenziwa ube mncane kakhulu. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokusindisa inani lokugcwalisa ledamu, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ububanzi bephansi ledamu. Ubude bezakhiwo zokuhambisa amanzi kanye nokukhipha amanzi bungancishiswa ngokufanayo, futhi ukwakheka kwehabhu kuncane, okunciphisa kakhulu inani lobunjiniyela.
(2) Izici zokwakha. Ngokwesimo sokucindezeleka sengxenye ngayinye yomzimba wedamu, umzimba wokugcwalisa amatshe ungahlukaniswa ngezindawo ezahlukene, futhi izidingo ezahlukene zezinto zamatshe kanye nokuqina kwendawo ngayinye kungahlangatshezwana nazo. Izinto zamatshe ezimbiwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi esikhungweni zingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele nangokufanele, kunciphisa izindleko. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu okugcwalisa amatshe abhekene nokhonkolo akuthintwa kakhulu yizimo zezulu ezifana nenkathi yemvula kanye nokubanda okukhulu, futhi kungenziwa ngendlela elinganiselayo nejwayelekile.
(3) Izici zokusebenza nokugcinwa. Ukuguquguquka kokulungiswa kwendawo yokugcwala amatshe ehlanganisiwe kuncane kakhulu.
isiteshi sokupompa
1, Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zobunjiniyela besiteshi sokupompa
Iphrojekthi yesiteshi sokupompa ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa amakamelo okupompa, amapayipi, izakhiwo zokungena kwamanzi nezokuphuma, kanye neziteshi ezincane, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni. Iyunithi equkethe iphampu yamanzi, idivayisi yokudlulisa, kanye neyunithi yamandla ifakiwe egumbini lokupompa, kanye nemishini yokusiza kanye nemishini kagesi. Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zokungena kwamanzi nezokuphuma zifaka phakathi izindawo zokungenisa amanzi kanye nokuphambukisa amanzi, kanye namachibi okungena nawokuphuma (noma imibhoshongo yamanzi).
Amapayipi esiteshi sokupompa ahlanganisa amapayipi okungena nawokuphuma. Ipayipi lokungena lixhumanisa umthombo wamanzi nokungena kwepompo yamanzi, kanti ipayipi lokuphuma liyipayipi elixhumanisa indawo yokuphuma yepompo yamanzi kanye nonqenqema lokuphuma.
Ngemva kokuba isiteshi sokupompa sesiqalile ukusebenza, ukugeleza kwamanzi kungangena empompini yamanzi ngesakhiwo sokungenisa kanye nepayipi lokungenisa. Ngemva kokucindezelwa yipompo yamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuzothunyelwa echibini lokukhipha amanzi (noma embhoshongweni wamanzi) noma kunethiwekhi yamapayipi, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe injongo yokuphakamisa noma yokuthutha amanzi.
2, Ukuhlelwa kwesikhungo sesiteshi sokupompa
Ukuhlelwa kwesikhungo sobunjiniyela besiteshi sokupompa kuwukucabangela ngokuphelele izimo nezidingo ezahlukahlukene, ukunquma izinhlobo zezakhiwo, ukuhlela ngokufanele izikhundla zazo, nokuphatha ubudlelwano bazo. Ukuhlelwa kwesikhungo kucatshangelwa kakhulu ngokusekelwe emisebenzini eyenziwa yisiteshi sokupompa. Iziteshi ezahlukene zokupompa kufanele zibe namalungiselelo ahlukene emisebenzi yazo eyinhloko, njengezindawo zokupompa, amapayipi okungena nawokuphuma, kanye nezakhiwo zokungena nezokuphuma.
Izakhiwo ezisizayo ezifanayo njengezindawo zokudonsa amanzi kanye namasango okulawula kufanele zihambisane nephrojekthi eyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kucatshangelwa izidingo zokusetshenziswa okuphelele, uma kunezidingo zemigwaqo, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, kanye nokuhamba kwezinhlanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo yesiteshi, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlelwa kwamabhuloho emigwaqo, izingidi zemikhumbi, izindlela zezinhlanzi, njll. kanye nephrojekthi eyinhloko kufanele bucatshangelwe.
Ngokwemisebenzi ehlukene eyenziwa yiziteshi zokupompa, ukuhlelwa kwezikhungo zokupompa ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana ezijwayelekile, njengeziteshi zokupompa zokunisela, iziteshi zokupompa amanzi, kanye neziteshi zokunisela ezihlanganisiwe.
Isango lamanzi liyisakhiwo se-hydraulic esinekhanda eliphansi esisebenzisa amasango ukugcina amanzi nokulawula ukuphuma kwawo. Ngokuvamile lakhiwa ogwini lwemifula, imisele, amachibi kanye namachibi.
1, Ukuhlukaniswa kwamasango amanzi asetshenziswa njalo
Ukuhlukaniswa ngemisebenzi eyenziwa ngamasango amanzi
1. Isango lokulawula: elakhiwe emfuleni noma emseleni ukuvimba izikhukhula, ukulawula amazinga amanzi, noma ukulawula ukugeleza kokukhipha amanzi. Isango lokulawula elisemseleni womfula laziwa nangokuthi isango lokuvimba umfula.
2. Isango lokungenisa: Lakhiwe osebeni lomfula, ichibi, noma ichibi ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi. Isango lokungenisa laziwa nangokuthi isango lokungenisa noma isango eliyinhloko yomsele.
3. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula: Ngokuvamile lakhiwa ohlangothini olulodwa lomfula, lisetshenziselwa ukuphambukisa izikhukhula ezingaphezu kwamandla okuphephile okukhipha amanzi angaphansi komfula ziye endaweni yokuphambukisa izikhukhula (indawo yokugcina izikhukhula noma yokugcina izikhukhula) noma endaweni yokuchitheka. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula lidlula emanzini kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, futhi ngemva kwesikhukhula, amanzi agcinwa futhi akhishwe emseleni womfula ukusuka lapha.
4. Isango lokukhipha amanzi: livame ukwakhiwa eceleni kwemifula ukuze kususwe amanzi agcwele ayingozi ezitshalweni ezindaweni ezingaphakathi noma eziphansi. Isango lokukhipha amanzi nalo libheke ngakwesobunxele. Lapho izinga lamanzi lomfula liphakeme kunelechibi elingaphakathi noma umgodi, isango lokukhipha amanzi livimba amanzi kakhulu ukuvimbela umfula ukuthi ungagcwali izindawo zasemapulazini noma ezakhiweni zokuhlala; Uma izinga lamanzi lomfula liphansi kunelechibi elingaphakathi noma umgodi, isango lokukhipha amanzi lisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvimba amanzi nokuwakhipha.
5. Isango Lolwandle: elakhiwe eduze komfula wolwandle, livaliwe ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwamanzi aphezulu ukuvimbela amanzi olwandle ukuthi abuyele emuva; Ukuvula isango ukuze kukhishwe amanzi lapho kugeleza amanzi phansi kunesici sokuvimba amanzi ngezindlela ezimbili. Amasango okugeleza kwamanzi afana namasango okukhipha amanzi, kodwa asebenza kaningi. Lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle olungaphandle kuphakeme kunalawo asemfuleni ongaphakathi, vala isango ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi olwandle ukuthi abuyele emfuleni ongaphakathi; Lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle oluvulekile kuphansi kunamanzi olwandle olwandle olungaphakathi, vula isango ukuze kukhishwe amanzi.
6. Isango lokuhlanza isihlabathi (isango lokukhipha isihlabathi): Lakhiwe phezu komfula onodaka, lisetshenziselwa ukukhipha indle ebekwe phambi kwesango lokungena, isango lokulawula, noma uhlelo lwesiteshi.
7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amasango okukhipha iqhwa kanye namasango okulahla indle amiselwe ukususa amabhlogo eqhwa, izinto ezintantayo, njll.
Ngokwesakhiwo segumbi lesango, lingahlukaniswa ngohlobo oluvulekile, uhlobo lodonga lwesifuba, kanye nohlobo lwe-culvert, njll.
1. Uhlobo oluvulekile: Ubuso bokugeleza kwamanzi ngesango abuvimbekile, futhi amandla okukhipha amanzi makhulu.
2. Uhlobo lodonga lwebele: Kukhona udonga lwebele ngaphezu kwesango, olunganciphisa amandla esangweni ngesikhathi sokuvimba amanzi futhi lwandise ubukhulu bokuvimba kwamanzi.
3. Uhlobo lwe-Culvert: Ngaphambi kwesango, kunomzimba womhubhe ocindezelwe noma ongacindezelwe, kanti ingxenye ephezulu yomhubhe imbozwe ngenhlabathi egcwalisayo. Isetshenziswa kakhulu emasangweni amancane amanzi.
Ngokusho kobukhulu bokugeleza kwesango, ingahlukaniswa ibe izinhlobo ezintathu: enkulu, ephakathi nendawo, kanye nencane.
Amasango amanzi amakhulu anesilinganiso sokugeleza esingaphezu kuka-1000m3/s;
Isango lamanzi eliphakathi nendawo elinomthamo ongu-100-1000m3/s;
Amapayipi amancane anomthamo ongaphansi kuka-100m3/s.
2, Ukwakheka kwamasango amanzi
Isango lamanzi lihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezintathu: ingxenye yokuxhumanisa engenhla komfula, igumbi lesango, kanye nengxenye yokuxhumanisa engezansi komfula,
Ingxenye yokuxhumanisa engenhla komfula: Ingxenye yokuxhumanisa engenhla komfula isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kahle aye egumbini lesango, ivikele amabhange kanye nogu lomfula ekugugulekeni, futhi kanye negumbi, kwakha umugqa ongaphansi komhlaba ongangeni amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kogu lomfula kanye nesisekelo sesango ngaphansi kogu lomfula. Ngokuvamile, ihlanganisa izindonga zamaphiko angenhla komfula, imibhede, imisele engenhla yomfula engangeni amanzi, kanye nokuvikelwa kogu lomfula kuzo zombili izinhlangothi.
Igumbi lesango: Liyingxenye eyinhloko yesango lamanzi, futhi umsebenzi walo ukulawula izinga lamanzi nokugeleza kwawo, kanye nokuvimbela ukuvuza nokuguguleka kwamanzi.
Isakhiwo sesigaba segumbi lesango sihlanganisa: isango, i-gate pier, i-side pier (udonga lwase-shore), ipuleti elingezansi, udonga lwesifuba, ibhuloho lokusebenza, ibhuloho lethrafikhi, i-hoist, njll.
Isango lisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza kwesango; Isango libekwe epuletini elingezansi lesango, limboze umgodi futhi lisekelwe yi-pier yesango. Isango lihlukaniswe isango lokulungisa kanye nesango lenkonzo.
Isango lokusebenza lisetshenziselwa ukuvimba amanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile nokulawula ukugeleza kokukhipha amanzi;
Isango lokulungisa lisetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokulungisa.
I-gate pier isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa imbobo ye-bay nokusekela isango, udonga lwesifuba, ibhuloho lokusebenza, kanye nebhuloho lomgwaqo.
I-gate pier idlulisela ingcindezi yamanzi ethwalwa yisango, udonga lwesifuba, kanye namandla okugcina amanzi e-gate pier uqobo iye epuletini elingezansi;
Udonga lwesifuba lufakwe ngaphezu kwesango lokusebenza ukusiza ukugcina amanzi nokunciphisa kakhulu usayizi wesango.
Udonga lwebele lungenziwa futhi lube uhlobo oluhambayo, futhi uma kuhlangatshezwana nezikhukhula ezinkulu, udonga lwebele lungavulwa ukuze kwandiswe ukugeleza kokuphuma kwamanzi.
Ipuleti elingezansi liyisisekelo segumbi, elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa isisindo nomthwalo wesakhiwo esingaphezulu segumbi esisekelweni. Igumbi elakhelwe esisekelweni esithambile liqiniswa kakhulu ukungqubuzana phakathi kwepuleti elingezansi nesisekelo, kanti ipuleti elingezansi liphinde libe nemisebenzi yokulwa nokuvuza kanye nokulwa nokungcola.
Amabhuloho okusebenza kanye namabhuloho omgwaqo asetshenziselwa ukufaka imishini yokuphakamisa, ukusebenzisa amasango, nokuxhuma ithrafikhi enqamula umgwaqo.
Ingxenye yokuxhumanisa phansi: esetshenziselwa ukususa amandla asele okugeleza kwamanzi adlula esangweni, iqondisa ukusabalala okufanayo kokugeleza kwamanzi aphuma esangweni, ilungise ukusatshalaliswa kwejubane lokugeleza futhi yehlise ijubane lokugeleza, futhi ivimbele ukuguguleka phansi ngemva kokugeleza kwamanzi aphuma esangweni.
Ngokuvamile, ihlanganisa ichibi lokuzola, i-apron, i-apron, isiteshi sokuvimbela ukukhuhla esingezansi komfula, izindonga zamaphiko ezingezansi komfula, kanye nokuvikelwa kokuthambeka ezinhlangothini zombili.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-21-2023
