1, Isakhiwo seziteshi zikagesi wamanzi
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokuhlela iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwedamu, iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zohlobo lomfula, kanye neziteshi zokuphehla ugesi wohlobo lwe-diversion.
Isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi sohlobo lwedamu: Ukusebenzisa i-barrage ukuphakamisa izinga lamanzi emfuleni, ukuze kugxiliswe ikhanda lamanzi. Ivamise ukwakhiwa emihosheni yezintaba eziphakeme maphakathi nangaphezulu emifuleni, imvamisa iyisiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi esisekhanda eliphezulu. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuhlela indawo yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi etholakala ezansi nomfula eduze nesizinda sedamu, okuyisikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ngemuva kwedamu.
Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esiwuhlobo lombhede womfula: Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi lapho indawo yokuphehla ugesi, isango eligcina amanzi, kanye nedamu kuhlelwa ngokulandelana phezu komfula ukuze kugcinwe amanzi ngokuhlanganyela. Ivamise ukwakhiwa phakathi nendawo naphansi emifuleni, kuvamise ukuba yisiteshi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi agelezayo kakhulu.
Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esiphehla ugesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi esisebenzisa umzila wokuphambukisa ukuze sigxilise ukwehla kwengxenye yomfula ukuze sakhe inhloko yokuphehla ugesi. Ivamise ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezingenhla zemifula ngokugeleza okuphansi kanye nomthambeka omkhulu we-longitudinal womfula.
2. Ukwakhiwa kweZakhiwo zeHydroelectric Hub
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zephrojekthi yehabhu lesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zihlanganisa: izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokulahla amanzi, izakhiwo zokungena, izakhiwo zokuphambukisa kanye ne-tailrace, izakhiwo zamanzi asezingeni, ukuphehlwa kukagesi, uguquko, nezakhiwo zokusabalalisa, njll.
1. Izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi: Izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi zisetshenziselwa ukunqamula imifula, ukugxilisa amaconsi, nokwenza amadamu, njengamadamu, amasango, njll.
2. Izakhiwo zokukhulula amanzi: Izakhiwo zokukhulula amanzi zisetshenziselwa ukukhulula izikhukhula, noma ukukhulula amanzi ukuze asetshenziswe ezansi nomfula, noma ukukhulula amanzi ukuze kwehlise izinga lamanzi lamadamu, njenge-spillway, spillway tunnel, i-bottom outlet, njll.
3. Isakhiwo sokuthatha amanzi sesiteshi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi: Isakhiwo sokuthatha amanzi sesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sisetshenziselwa ukwethula amanzi emhubheni wokuphambukisa, njengendawo ejulile futhi engashoni ngokucindezelwa noma indawo evulekile ngaphandle kwengcindezi.
4. Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi kanye nezilandelanayo zeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi: Izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi eziteshini eziphehla ugesi zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi aphehla ugesi ukusuka edamini ukuya eyunithi yokuphehla amandla kagesi; Isakhiwo samanzi angemuva sisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphehla ugesi emiseleni yomfula ongezansi komfula. Izakhiwo ezivamile zihlanganisa iziteshi, imigudu, amapayipi okucindezela, njll., kanye nezakhiwo ezinqamulayo ezifana nemisele yamanzi, ama-culverts, ama-siphon ahlanekezelwe, njll.
5. Izakhiwo zamanzi ayisicaba zikagesi ngogesi: Izakhiwo zamanzi ayisicaba zikagesi zisetshenziselwa ukuzinzisa izinguquko ekugelezeni nasekucindezelweni (ukujula kwamanzi) okubangelwa izinguquko emthwalweni wesiteshi sokuphehla amandla emanzini endaweni ephambukisayo noma ezakhiweni zamanzi omsila, njengegumbi lokuhlinza esiteshini sokuphambukisa esicindezelwe kanye ne-forebay yokucindezela ekupheleni kwesiteshi sokuphambukisa esingacindezelwe.
6. Izakhiwo zokuphehla ugesi, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokusabalalisa: okuhlanganisa indlu enkulu yamandla (kuhlanganise nendawo yokufaka) yokufaka amayunithi ejeneretha ye-hydraulic turbine generator kanye nokulawula kwayo, isisetshenziswa sendlu yamandla asizayo, igceke le-transformer yokufaka ama-transformer, kanye ne-switchgear enamandla kakhulu yokufaka imishini yokusabalalisa amandla kagesi aphezulu.
7. Ezinye izakhiwo: njengemikhumbi, izihlahla, izinhlanzi, ukuvinjwa kwesihlabathi, ukukhuculula isihlabathi, njll.
Ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwamadamu
Idamu lisho idamu elivalela imifula futhi livimbe amanzi, kanye nedamu elivimba amanzi emachibini, emifuleni, njll. Ngokwemibandela yokuhlukanisa ngezigaba, kungaba nezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa. Ubunjiniyela buhlukaniswe kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
1. I-Gravity Dam
Idamu lamandla adonsela phansi idamu elakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo noma itshe, elithembele kakhulu esisindweni somzimba wedamu ukuze ligcine uzinzo.
Isimiso sokusebenza samadamu adonsela phansi
Ngaphansi kwesenzo somfutho wamanzi neminye imithwalo, amadamu adonsela phansi ngokuyinhloko athembele emandleni okulwa nokushelela akhiqizwa isisindo sedamu ngokwalo ukuze ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuzinza; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingcindezi ecindezelayo ekhiqizwa isisindo somzimba wedamu isetshenziselwa ukuqeda ingcindezi ebangelwa ukucindezela kwamanzi, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla. Iphrofayili eyisisekelo yedamu lamandla adonsela phansi inonxantathu. Endizeni, i-eksisi yedamu ngokuvamile iqondile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze ivumelane nesimo sezwe, izimo ze-geological, noma ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesakhiwo sehabhu, ingase futhi ihlelwe njengomugqa ophukile noma i-arch ene-curvature encane ebheke phezulu.
Izinzuzo zamadamu adonsela phansi
(1) Umsebenzi wesakhiwo ucacile, indlela yokuklama ilula, futhi iphephile futhi inokwethenjelwa. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokuhluleka kwamadamu adonsela phansi liphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamadamu.
(2) Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuqinile endaweni kanye nezimo zejoloji. Amadamu adonsela phansi angakhiwa kunoma yisiphi isimo sesigodi somfula.
(3) Inkinga yokukhishwa kwezikhukhula endaweni yesikhungo kulula ukuyixazulula. Amadamu adonsela phansi angenziwa izakhiwo ezichichimayo, noma izimbobo zokudonsa amanzi zingasethwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene zomzimba wedamu. Ngokuvamile, asikho isidingo sokufaka omunye umhubhe wokuchitheka noma wokudonsa amanzi, futhi nesakhiwo sehabhu sihlangene.
(4) Ilungele ukuphambukisa ukwakhiwa. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, umzimba wedamu ungasetshenziselwa ukuphambukisa, futhi ngokuvamile awukho umhubhe owengeziwe odingekayo.
(5) Ukwakhiwa okulula.
Ububi bamadamu adonsela phansi
(1) Usayizi wengxenye enqamulayo yedamu likhulu, futhi kunenani elikhulu lempahla esetshenzisiwe.
(2) Ukucindezeleka komzimba wedamu kuphansi, futhi amandla aphathekayo awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele.
(3) Indawo enkulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwedamu nesisekelo ibangela umfutho ophakeme wokuphakama phansi kwedamu, okungekuhle ekuzinzeni.
(4) Umthamo womzimba wedamu mkhulu, futhi ngenxa yokushisa kokufakwa kwamanzi kanye nokuqina kokhonkolo ngesikhathi sokwakha, kuzokwenziwa izinga lokushisa elibi kanye nezingcindezi zokushwabana. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula izinga lokushisa ziyadingeka lapho uthela ukhonkolo.
2. I-Arch Dam
Idamu le-arch liyisakhiwo segobolondo lendawo eligxiliswe phezu kwedwala, lenza ukwakheka kwe-arch eyi-convex endizeni maqondana nomfula, futhi iphrofayili yalo yomqhele we-arch iveza umumo wejika ome mpo noma oyi-convex ngasenhla nomfula.
Umgomo wokusebenza wamadamu ama-arch
Isakhiwo sedamu le-arch sinakho kokubili i-arch kanye ne-beam imiphumela, futhi umthwalo eliwuthwalayo ucindezelwa kancane ubheke kuwo womabili amabhange ngokusebenza kwe-arch, kuyilapho enye ingxenye idluliselwa endaweni engaphansi kwedamu ngokusebenza kwemishayo eqondile.
Izici zamadamu e-arch
(1) Izici ezizinzile. Ukuzinza kwamadamu angama-arch kuncike kakhulu emandleni okusabela emaphethelweni e-arch nhlangothi zombili, ngokungafani namadamu adonsela phansi athembele esisindweni sakho ukuze agcine ukuzinza. Ngakho-ke, amadamu ama-arch anezidingo eziphezulu zendawo kanye nezimo ze-geological zesizinda sedamu, kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokwelashwa kwesisekelo.
(2) Izici zesakhiwo. Amadamu ama-Arch ayingxenye yezakhiwo ezihleleke kakhulu ezinganqunyelwe, ezinamandla okulayisha ngokweqile nokuphepha okuphezulu. Lapho imithwalo yangaphandle ikhuphuka noma ingxenye yedamu ithola ukuqhekeka kwendawo, izenzo ze-arch kanye ne-beam yomzimba wedamu zizozilungisa ngokwazo, kubangele ukwabiwa kabusha kwengcindezi emzimbeni wedamu. Idamu le-arch liyisakhiwo esiphelele sendawo, esinomzimba ongasindi futhi oqinile. Umkhuba wobunjiniyela ubonise ukuthi ukumelana kwayo nokuzamazama komhlaba nakho kunamandla. Ukwengeza, njengoba i-arch iwuhlaka lwe-thrust oluthwala ngokuyinhloko ukucindezela kwe-axial, umzuzu wokugoba ngaphakathi kwe-arch mncane ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi kufana ngokuqhathaniswa, okulungele ukusebenzisa amandla wento. Ngokombono wezomnotho, amadamu ama-arch awuhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwedamu.
(3) Izici zokulayisha. Umzimba wedamu le-arch awunawo amalunga okunweba unomphela, futhi ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa nokuguqulwa kwe-bedrock kunomthelela omkhulu ekucindezelekeni komzimba wedamu. Lapho uklama, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuguqulwa kwe-bedrock futhi kufaka phakathi izinga lokushisa njengomthwalo oyinhloko.
Ngenxa yephrofayili emincane kanye nokuma kwejiyomethri eyinkimbinkimbi yedamu eliyi-arch, ikhwalithi yokwakhiwa, amandla wempahla yedamu, kanye nezidingo zokunqanda ukugeleza kwamanzi ziqinile kunezo zamadamu adonsela phansi.
3. Idamu ledwala lomhlaba
Amadamu angamadwala omhlaba abhekisela emadamu enziwe ngezinto zasendaweni njengenhlabathi namatshe, futhi awuhlobo lwamadamu amadala kakhulu emlandweni. Amadamu angamadwala omhlaba awuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu nolukhula ngokushesha lokwakhiwa kwamadamu emhlabeni.
Izizathu zokusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kwamadamu omhlaba wamadwala
(1) Kungenzeka ukuthola izinto ezisetshenziswa endaweni kanye naseduze, konga inani elikhulu likasimende, ukhuni, nensimbi, futhi kuncishiswe umthamo wokuthutha wangaphandle esizeni sokwakha. Cishe noma iyiphi impahla yomhlaba namatshe ingasetshenziswa ukwakha amadamu.
(2) Iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zezwe, i geological, kanye nezimo zezulu. Ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinzima, izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zegeological engineering, kanye nezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba okushubile, amadamu angamadwala empeleni awukuphela kohlobo lwedamu olungenzeka.
(3) Ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokwakha emikhulu, esebenza ngezinto eziningi, kanye nesebenza kahle kakhulu kuye kwakhulisa ukuminyana kwamadamu amadwala omhlaba, kwanciphisa ingxenye enqamulayo yamadamu angamadwala, kwasheshisa inqubekelaphambili yokwakhiwa, kwanciphisa izindleko, futhi kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwedamu elinamadwala amakhulu.
(4) Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori ye-geotechnical mechanics, izindlela zokuhlola, nezindlela zokubala, izinga lokuhlaziya nokubala selithuthukisiwe, inqubekelaphambili yokuklama isheshisiwe, futhi ukuphepha nokuthembeka kokwakhiwa kwedamu sekuqinisekisiwe ngokwengeziwe.
(5) Ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe bokuklama nokwakha ukuze kusekelwe amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela njengemithambeka ephakeme, izakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokushabalaliswa kwamandla okugeleza kwamanzi ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokuvimbela ukuguguleka kwamadamu amadwala omhlaba nakho kudlale indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwamadamu omhlaba.
4. Idamu lokugcwalisa idwala
Idamu lokugcwalisa i-Rockfill ngokuvamile libhekisela ohlotsheni lwedamu elakhiwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezinjengokujikijela, ukugcwalisa, nokugingqika kwezinto zamatshe. Ngenxa yokuthi i-rockfill iyangeneka, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinto ezifana nenhlabathi, ukhonkolo, noma ukhonkolo we-asphalt njengezinto ezingenakunyakaziswa.
Izimpawu zamadamu e-Rockfill
(1) Izici zesakhiwo. Ukuminyana kwe-rockfill ehlanganisiwe kuphezulu, amandla okugunda aphakeme, futhi umthambeka wedamu ungenziwa umqansa uma kuqhathaniswa. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokusindisa inani lokugcwalisa idamu, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ububanzi bephansi ledamu. Ubude bezakhiwo zokuhambisa amanzi kanye nokukhipha amanzi bungancishiswa ngokuhambisanayo, futhi ukwakheka kwehabhu kuhlangene, okuqhubeka kwehlisa ubungako bobunjiniyela.
(2) Izici zokwakha. Ngokwesimo sokucindezeleka sengxenye ngayinye yomzimba wedamu, umzimba we-rockfill ungahlukaniswa ube yizindawo ezihlukene, futhi izidingo ezihlukene zezinto zamatshe kanye nokubumbana kwendawo ngayinye kungahlangatshezwana nazo. Izinto ezenziwe ngamatshe ezibiwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokudonsa amanzi kuhabhu zingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele futhi ngokunengqondo, ukunciphisa izindleko. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu e-rockfill abhekene nokhonkolo akuthintwa kancane izimo zezulu njengenkathi yemvula kanye namakhaza ashubile, futhi kungenziwa ngendlela elinganiselayo nevamile.
(3) Izici zokusebenza nokugcinwa. I-deformation ye-settlement ye-rockfill ehlanganisiwe incane kakhulu.
isiteshi sokumpompa
1. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zobunjiniyela besiteshi sephampu
Iphrojekthi yesiteshi sokumpompa ngokuyinhloko iqukethe amagumbi okumpompa, amapayipi, izindawo zokungena amanzi kanye nezakhiwo zokuphuma, kanye neziteshi ezincane, njengoba kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni. Iyunithi ehlanganisa iphampu yamanzi, idivayisi yokudlulisa, kanye neyunithi yamandla ifakwe egunjini lokumpompa, kanye nezinto ezisizayo nezisetshenziswa zikagesi. Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zokungena nokuphuma kwamanzi zihlanganisa izindawo zokungena kwamanzi kanye nokuphambukisa, kanye namachibi okungena nokuphuma (noma imibhoshongo yamanzi).
Amapayipi esiteshi sephampu ahlanganisa amapayipi angenayo naphumayo. Ipayipi lokungena lixhuma umthombo wamanzi nendawo yokungena yepompo yamanzi, kuyilapho ipayipi lokuphuma liyipayipi elixhuma ukuphuma kwepompo yamanzi kanye nonqenqema lokuphuma.
Ngemva kokuqaliswa kwesiteshi sepompo, ukugeleza kwamanzi kungangena empompini yamanzi ngesakhiwo sokungena kanye nepayipi lokungena. Ngemva kokucindezelwa iphampu yamanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuzothunyelwa echibini lokuphuma (noma umbhoshongo wamanzi) noma inethiwekhi yamapayipi, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe inhloso yokuphakamisa noma ukuthutha amanzi.
2. Ukwakheka kwehabhu lesiteshi sephampu
Isakhiwo sehabhu yobunjiniyela besiteshi sokupompa siwukucabangela ngokucophelela izimo nezimfuneko ezihlukahlukene, ukunquma izinhlobo zezakhiwo, ukuhlela ngokunengqondo ukuma kwazo okuhlobene, nokusingatha ukuhlobana kwazo. Ukuhlelwa kwehabhu kucatshangelwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusekelwe emisebenzini eyenziwa yisiteshi sokupompa. Iziteshi zokumpompa ezihlukene kufanele zibe nezinhlelo ezihlukene zemisebenzi yazo eyinhloko, njengamakamelo okumpompa, amapayipi angenisayo naphumayo, kanye nezakhiwo zokungena nezintuba.
Izakhiwo ezisizayo ezihambisanayo njengamakholvethi namasango okulawula kufanele ahambisane nephrojekthi enkulu. Ukwengeza, uma kucatshangelwa izidingo zokusetshenziswa okuphelele, uma kunezidingo zemigwaqo, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, kanye nephasishi yezinhlanzi ngaphakathi kwendawo yesiteshi, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlelwa kwamabhuloho omgwaqo, izingidi zemikhumbi, izindlela zezinhlanzi, njll. kanye nephrojekthi enkulu kufanele kubhekwe.
Ngokwemisebenzi eyahlukene eyenziwa iziteshi zokumpompa, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokumpompa ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile, njengeziteshi zokumpompa ngenkasa, iziteshi zokumpompa amanzi, kanye neziteshi zokuhlanganisa zokunisela amanzi.
Isango lamanzi liyisakhiwo se-hydraulic ekhanda eliphansi elisebenzisa amasango ukugcina amanzi nokulawula ukukhishwa. Ivamise ukwakhiwa osebeni lwemifula, imisele, amadamu namachibi.
1, Ukwahlukaniswa kwamasango amanzi asetshenziswa kakhulu
Ukuhlukaniswa ngemisebenzi eyenziwa ngamasango amanzi
1. Isango lokulawula: elakhelwe emfuleni noma emseleni ukuze livimbe izikhukhula, lilawule amazinga amanzi, noma lilawule ukugeleza kokukhishwa. Isango lokulawula elitholakala esiteshini somfula liyaziwa nangokuthi isango elivimba umfula.
2. Isango Lokungena: Lakhiwe osebeni lomfula, ichibi, noma ichibi ukuze lilawule ukugeleza kwamanzi. Isango lokungena laziwa nangokuthi isango lokungena noma isango lekhanda lomsele.
3. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula: Imvamisa elakhiwe ohlangothini olulodwa lomfula, lisetshenziselwa ukukhipha izikhukhula ezingaphezu kwamandla aphephile omfula owela ezansi nomfula endaweni ephambukisa izikhukhula (indawo yokugcina izikhukhula noma indawo yokuvalela) noma umzila ochithekile. Isango lokuphambukisa izikhukhula lidlula emanzini nhlangothi zombili, futhi ngemva kwesikhukhula, amanzi agcinwa futhi akhishelwe emseleni womfula ukusuka lapha.
4. Isango lokudonsa amanzi: imvamisa ukwakhiwa osebeni lwemifula ukususa ukugcwala kwamanzi okuyingozi ezitshalweni ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe noma eziphansi. Isango lokudonsa amanzi liphinde libe kabili. Lapho izinga lamanzi omfula liphakeme kunalelo echibini elingaphakathi noma ukucindezeleka, isango lokudonsa amanzi livala ngokuyinhloko amanzi ukuvimbela umfula ukuthi ungagcwali indawo yasemapulazini noma izakhiwo zokuhlala; Lapho izinga lamanzi omfula liphansi kunalelo lechibi elingaphakathi noma ukucindezeleka, isango lokudonsa amanzi lisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukugeleza kwamanzi nokukhipha amanzi.
5. Isango leTidal: elakhiwe eduze kwesizalo solwandle, elivalwa ngesikhathi samagagasi amakhulu ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi olwandle ukuthi abuyele emuva; Ukuvula isango lokukhulula amanzi emanzini aphansi kunesici sokuvinjwa kwamanzi okuphindwe kabili. Amasango e-Tidal afana namasango e-drainage, kodwa asebenza kaningi. Lapho amagagasi olwandle olungaphandle ephakeme kunalawo asemfuleni ongaphakathi, vala isango ukuze uvimbele amanzi olwandle ukuthi angabuyeli emfuleni ongaphakathi; Lapho igagasi olwandle oluvulekile liphansi kunamanzi omfula olwandle olungaphakathi, vula isango ukuze uvule amanzi.
6. Isango lokugezwa kwesihlabathi (isango lokulahla isihlabathi): Lakhelwe phezu komfula onodaka, lisetshenziselwa ukukhipha inzika efakwe ngaphambi kwesango lokungena, isango lokulawula, noma isistimu yesiteshi.
7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamasango okukhipha i-ice kanye namasango okuthuthwa kwendle amiselwe ukususa amabhlokhi eqhwa, izinto ezintantayo, njll.
Ngokwesimo sesakhiwo segumbi lesango, lingahlukaniswa ngohlobo oluvulekile, uhlobo lodonga lwebele, nohlobo lwe-culvert, njll.
1. Uhlobo oluvulekile: Ingaphezulu lokugeleza kwamanzi ngesango alivimbekile, futhi umthamo wokukhipha mkhulu.
2. Uhlobo lodonga lwamabele: Kukhona udonga lwebele ngaphezu kwesango, olunganciphisa amandla esangweni ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kwamanzi futhi lwandise amplitude yokuvinjwa kwamanzi.
3. Uhlobo lwe-Clvert: Ngaphambi kwesango, kunomzimba womhubhe onokucindezela noma ongacindezelwe, futhi phezulu komhubhe kumbozwe inhlabathi yokugcwalisa. Ikakhulu isetshenziselwa amasango amanzi amancane.
Ngokusho kobukhulu bokugeleza kwesango, ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinhlobo ezintathu: ezinkulu, eziphakathi, nezincane.
Amasango amakhulu amanzi anezinga lokugeleza elingaphezu kuka-1000m3/s;
Isango lamanzi eliphakathi nendawo elinomthamo we-100-1000m3/s;
Imisele emincane enomthamo ongaphansi kuka-100m3/s.
2. Ukwakheka kwamasango amanzi
Isango lamanzi ikakhulukazi lihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu: isigaba sokuxhuma phezulu nomfula, igumbi lesango, kanye nesigaba sokuxhuma esingezansi,
Ingxenye yokuxhumana ekhuphuka nomfula: Ingxenye yokuxhumana ekhuphuka nomfula isetshenziselwa ukuqondisa amanzi ageleza kahle angene ekamelweni lesango, ukuvikela kokubili usebe nosebe lomfula ekugugulekeni, futhi kanye negumbi, kwakha umkhonto ongaphansi komhlaba ovimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza okunqanda ukuvuleka kwawo womabili amabhange kanye nesisekelo sesango ngaphansi kokugeleza. Ngokuvamile, kuhlanganisa izindonga zamaphiko ezikhuphuka nomfula, okokulala, imisele evimbela ukuguguleka ekhuphuka nomfula, nokuvikelwa kwemithambeka nhlangothi zombili.
Igumbi lesango: Iyingxenye eyinhloko yesango lamanzi, futhi umsebenzi walo ukulawula izinga lamanzi nokugeleza, kanye nokuvimbela ukugeleza nokuguguleka.
Isakhiwo sesigaba segumbi lesango sihlanganisa: isango, i-gate pier, i-side pier (udonga logu), ipuleti eliphansi, udonga lwamabele, ibhuloho elisebenzayo, ibhuloho lethrafikhi, i-hoist, njll.
Isango lisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza kwesango; Isango libekwe epuleti elingezansi lesango, livule i-orifice futhi lisekelwe yi-pier yesango. Isango lihlukaniswe isango lesondlo kanye nesango lenkonzo.
Isango elisebenzayo lisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile nokulawula ukugeleza kokukhishwa;
Isango lokulungisa lisetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokulungiswa.
I-gate pier isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa i-bay hole futhi isekele isango, udonga lwamabele, ibhuloho elisebenzayo, kanye nebhuloho lomgwaqo.
Isigxobo sesango sidlulisa umfutho wamanzi othwalwa isango, udonga lwamabele, namandla okugcina amanzi omgodi wesango ngokwawo epuleti elingaphansi;
Udonga lwebele lufakwe ngaphezu kwesango elisebenzayo ukusiza ukugcina amanzi nokunciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu besango.
Udonga lwebele lungenziwa futhi uhlobo olunyakazayo, futhi lapho uhlangabezana nezikhukhula eziyinhlekelele, udonga lwebele lungavulwa ukuze kwandiswe ukugeleza kokukhishwa.
Ipuleti eliphansi liyisisekelo segumbi, elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa isisindo nomthwalo wesakhiwo esingaphezulu segumbi kusisekelo. Igumbi elakhelwe phezu kwesisekelo esithambile liqiniswa ngokuyinhloko ukungqubuzana phakathi kwepuleti eliphansi kanye nesisekelo, futhi ipuleti eliphansi nalo linemisebenzi yokulwa nokubola kanye ne-anti-scour.
Amabhuloho okusebenza kanye namabhuloho omgwaqo asetshenziselwa ukufaka izinto zokuphakamisa, ukusebenzisa amasango, nokuxhuma i-cross-strait traffic.
Ingxenye yokuxhumanisa ephansi komfula: isetshenziselwa ukuqeda amandla asele okugeleza kwamanzi adlula esangweni, iqondise ukusabalalisa okufanayo kokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesango, ukulungisa ukusabalalisa kwesivinini sokugeleza nokunciphisa isivinini sokugeleza, nokuvimbela ukuguguleka komfula ngemva kokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesango.
Ngokuvamile, kuhlanganisa ichibi elithulile, iphinifa, iphinifa, isiteshi esilwa nomfula ongezansi, izindonga zamaphiko angezansi, kanye nokuvikelwa komthambeka nhlangothi zombili.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-21-2023
