Iconsi lamanzi lingasetshenziswa kanjani kabusha izikhathi ezingu-19? Isihloko sembula izimfihlakalo zokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi
Sekuyisikhathi eside, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi kube yindlela ebalulekile yokuhlinzeka ngogesi. Umfula ugeleza izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, uqukethe amandla amakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi emvelo abe ugesi kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi. Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi empeleni inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla.
1, Iyini isiteshi samandla sokugcina izinto esipompiwe?
Iziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi ezipompiwe njengamanje ziyindlela yokugcina amandla enamandla aphezulu evuthiwe kakhulu futhi ezinzile. Ngokwakha noma ukusebenzisa amadamu amabili akhona, kwakheka ithonsi, bese ugesi owengeziwe ovela ohlelweni lwamandla ngezikhathi zomthwalo ophansi uphonswa ezindaweni eziphakeme ukuze ugcinwe. Ngesikhathi somthwalo ophakeme, ugesi ukhiqizwa ngokukhulula amanzi, aziwa ngokuthi “ibhange lamandla amakhulu”
Iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi ziyizikhungo ezisebenzisa amandla okugeleza kwamanzi ukuze zikhiqize ugesi. Ngokuvamile zakhiwa ezindaweni eziphakeme emifuleni, zisebenzisa amadamu ukuvimba ukugeleza kwamanzi bese zakha izindawo zokugcina amanzi, ezibe seziguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa ama-turbine amanzi kanye nama-generator.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwesiteshi esisodwa sikagesi wamanzi akuphezulu ngoba ngemva kokuba amanzi egeleza esiteshini sikagesi wamanzi, kusekhona amandla amaningi e-kinetic asele angasetshenziswa. Uma iziteshi eziningi zikagesi wamanzi zingaxhunywa ngochungechunge ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lwe-cascade, ithonsi lamanzi lingasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningi ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zeziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kukagesi? Eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi nakho kunomthelela obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wendawo kanye nomphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi kungaqhubekisela phambili ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yendawo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi kudinga inani elikhulu labasebenzi, izinsizakusebenza ezibonakalayo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, okunikeza amathuba emisebenzi yendawo kanye nesidingo semakethe, kuqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kweziteshi zezimboni ezihlobene, futhi kwandisa imali engenayo yendawo. Isibonelo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele kwephrojekthi yeSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseWudongde cishe kungama-yuan ayizigidigidi eziyi-120, okungaqhubekisela phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlobene nesifunda kusuka kuma-yuan ayizigidigidi eziyi-100 kuya kuma-yuan ayizigidigidi eziyi-125. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, isilinganiso sokwanda kwamathuba emisebenzi ngonyaka singaba ngabantu abangaba ngu-70000, okwakha amandla amasha okukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho wendawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi kungathuthukisa imvelo yendawo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi kagesi akufanele kulandele amazinga aqinile emvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi kuqhube nokuvuselelwa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuzalisa nokukhulula izinhlanzi ezingavamile, ukuthuthukisa izindawo zemifula, nokukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, selokhu kwasungulwa iSiteshi Samandla kagesi saseWudongde, kukhishwe izinhlanzi ezingavamile ezingaphezu kuka-780000 njengenhlanzi ehlukanisiwe, ufudu olumhlophe, i-loach ende ethambile, kanye ne-bass carp. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi kagesi kudinga nokuthutha kanye nokuthutha kabusha kwabokufika, okunikeza izimo zokuphila ezingcono kanye namathuba okuthuthukiswa kwabantu bendawo. Isibonelo, iSifunda saseQiaojia yindawo yeSiteshi Samandla kagesi saseBaihetan, okubandakanya ukuthutha kanye nokuthutha kabusha kwabantu abangu-48563. ISifunda saseQiaojia siguqule indawo yokuhlala kabusha yaba yindawo yesimanje yokuhlala kabusha emadolobheni, ingqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe kanye nezindawo zesevisi yomphakathi, futhi sathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nenjabulo yabantu bokufika.
Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi asigcini nje ngokuba yisiteshi sikagesi, kodwa futhi siyisitshalo esizuzisayo. Asigcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngamandla ahlanzekile ezweni, kodwa futhi siletha intuthuko eluhlaza endaweni yakini. Lesi yisimo esizuzisa wonke umuntu okufanele sibongwe futhi sifundwe.
2, Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi
Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokudonsa amanzi aqinile zifaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwedamu, ukuphambukisa amanzi, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Yakha idamu engxenyeni yomfula enethonsi elikhulu, sungula idamu lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa izinga lamanzi, ufake i-turbine yamanzi ngaphandle kwedamu, bese amanzi avela edamini ageleza ngomzila wokuhambisa amanzi (isiteshi sokuphambukisa) aye e-turbine yamanzi engxenyeni engezansi yedamu. Amanzi aqhuba i-turbine ukuthi ijikeleze futhi iqhube i-generator ukuze ikhiqize ugesi, bese egeleza ngomzila wokuhamba ngezinyawo uye emfuleni ongezansi. Lena yindlela yokwakha idamu nokwakha idamu lokuphehla ugesi.
Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wamanzi phakathi kobuso bamanzi bedamu elingaphakathi kwedamu kanye nobuso bokuphuma be-hydraulic turbine ngaphandle kwedamu, inani elikhulu lamanzi edamini lingasetshenziswa emsebenzini ngamandla amakhulu angasetshenziswa, okungafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi. Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esasungulwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwehla okugxilile ekwakhiweni kwedamu sibizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sohlobo lwedamu, ikakhulukazi esakhiwe yiziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zohlobo lwedamu kanye neziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zohlobo lwedamu eliseceleni komfula.
Ukusungula ichibi lokugcina amanzi nokuphakamisa izinga lamanzi ezindaweni eziphezulu zomfula, ukufaka i-turbine yamanzi ezindaweni ezingezansi, nokuphambukisa amanzi esuka echibini elingaphezulu komfula aye e-turbine yamanzi engezansi ngomzila wokuphambukisa. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqhuba i-turbine ukuthi ijikeleze futhi iqhube i-generator ukuze ikhiqize ugesi, bese idlula ngomzila wokuhamba ngezinyawo iye ezindaweni eziphansi zomfula. Umzila wokuphambukisa uzoba mude futhi udlule entabeni, okuyindlela yokuphambukisa amanzi nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wamanzi H0 phakathi kobuso bedamu elingaphezulu komfula kanye nobuso be-turbine outlet obuphansi, inani elikhulu lamanzi edamini lisebenza ngamandla amakhulu angasetshenziswa, okungafinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo yamanzi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa indlela yokuguqula amanzi egxile kakhulu zibizwa ngokuthi iziteshi zamandla kagesi zohlobo lwe-diversion, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa iziteshi zamandla kagesi zohlobo lwe-pressure diversion kanye neziteshi zamandla kagesi zohlobo lwe-non-pressure diversion.
3. Ungafinyelela kanjani “ukusetshenziswa kabusha kweconsi lamanzi izikhathi ezingu-19”?
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi iNanshan Hydropower Station yaqedwa ngokusemthethweni futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka-30 Okthoba 2019, etholakala endaweni yokuhlangana kweYanyuan County kanye neButuo County eLiangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseSichuan. Umthamo ophelele wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi ungama-megawatts angu-102000, okuyiphrojekthi yamandla kagesi wamanzi esebenzisa ngokuphelele imithombo yamanzi yemvelo, amandla omoya, kanye namandla elanga. Futhi into ekhangayo kakhulu ukuthi lesi siteshi sikagesi wamanzi asikhiqizi ugesi kuphela, kodwa futhi sifeza ukusebenza kahle kwemithombo yamanzi ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe. Sisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ithonsi lamanzi izikhathi ezingu-19, sakha amahora engeziwe angu-34.1 billion kilowatt kagesi, sakha izimangaliso eziningi emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamanzi.
Okokuqala, iSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseNanshan sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ahlanganisiwe obuhamba phambili emhlabeni, obusebenzisa ngokuphelele imithombo yamanzi yemvelo, amandla omoya, kanye namandla elanga, futhi bufinyelele ukwenziwa ngcono okuhlelekile kanye nokubambisana ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe intuthuko esimeme.
Okwesibili, isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sethula ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu njengokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye ne-Intanethi Yezinto ukuphatha kahle izici ezahlukahlukene njengemingcele yeyunithi, izinga lamanzi, ikhanda, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi. Isibonelo, ngokusungula ubuchwepheshe bokulandelela nokulawula umfutho wekhanda ozenzakalelayo njalo, iyunithi yokuphehla i-turbine yamanzi ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, ifinyelela umgomo wokwenza ngcono nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa kwekhanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho izinga lamanzi edamu liphansi, iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi zisungula uhlelo lokuphatha olunamandla lwedamu ukuze linciphise izinga lokwehla kwezinga lamanzi, lithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa kabusha, futhi likhuphule ngempumelelo amandla okukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo omuhle kakhulu weNanshan Hydropower Station nawo ubalulekile. Yamukela i-PM water turbine (i-Pelton Michel turbine), ebonakala ngokuthi lapho amanzi efafazwa ku-impeller, indawo enqamulayo ye-nozzle kanye nesivinini sokugeleza kuya ku-impeller kungalungiswa ngokujikeleza, ukuze kuhambisane nesiqondiso nesivinini se-water spray nesiqondiso sokujikelezisa kanye nesivinini se-impeller, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengobuchwepheshe bokufafaza amanzi obunamaphoyinti amaningi kanye nokwengezwa kwezingxenye ezijikelezayo sekwamukelwe, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Okokugcina, iSiteshi sikagesi iNanshan samukela ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokugcina amandla. Isethi yezindawo zokukhipha amanzi eziphuthumayo zengezwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Ngedamu lokugcina amanzi, izinsiza zamanzi zingahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kufezwe imisebenzi eminingi njengokukhiqizwa kwamanzi kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zamanzi ngokonga nangokuphephile.
Sekukonke, isizathu sokuthi iNanshan Hydropower Station ifinyelele umgomo “wokusebenzisa kabusha ithonsi lamanzi izikhathi ezingu-19” kungenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ahlanganisiwe obuhamba phambili emhlabeni, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, izindlela zokuphatha eziphumelelayo, umklamo omuhle kakhulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuhlukile. Lokhu akulethi nje kuphela imibono emisha namamodeli okuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamandla kagesi, kodwa futhi kunikeza imiboniso ezuzisayo kanye nogqozi lwentuthuko esimeme yemboni yamandla yaseShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-14-2023
