Iconsi lamanzi lingasetshenziswa kanjani kabusha izikhathi eziyi-19? Isihloko sembula izimfihlakalo zokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Isikhathi eside, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi bekuyindlela ebalulekile yokuphakelwa kukagesi. Umfula ugeleza izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, uqukethe amandla amakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi emvelo kugesi kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi. Inqubo yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi empeleni iyinqubo yokuguqula amandla.
1, Siyini isiteshi samandla esipompa esigciniwe?
Iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo njengamanje ziyindlela yokugcina amandla esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ezinzile kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwakha noma ukusebenzisa amachibi amabili akhona, kwakheka ukwehla, futhi ugesi osele ovela ohlelweni lwamandla ngezikhathi zomthwalo ophansi umpontshelwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ukuze ugcinwe. Ngezikhathi zomthwalo omkhulu, ugesi ukhiqizwa ngokukhipha amanzi, aziwa ngokuthi “ibhange lamandla amakhulu”
Iziteshi zokuphehla amandla kagesi yizikhungo ezisebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Avame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezimpophoma eziphakeme emifuleni, kusetshenziswa amadamu ukuvimba ukugeleza kwamanzi futhi akhe amadamu, abe eseguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa izinjini zamanzi namajeneretha.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kukagesi esiteshini esisodwa sokuphehla ugesi awekho phezulu ngoba ngemva kokuba amanzi egeleza esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi, kusekhona amandla amaningi e-kinetic asele angakasetshenziswa. Uma iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zingaxhunywa ngochungechunge ukuze zenze isistimu ye-cascade, iconsi lamanzi lingenziwa lisebenze izikhathi eziningi ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kwamandla.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zeziteshi zikagesi ngaphandle kokuphehla ugesi? Eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi nakho kunomthelela obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wendawo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kungaqhuba ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yendawo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kudinga inani elikhulu labasebenzi, izinsizakusebenza, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezimali, okuhlinzeka ngamathuba omsebenzi wendawo kanye nesidingo sezimakethe, okuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwamaketanga ezimboni ahlobene, futhi kwandise imali engenayo yendawo. Isibonelo, isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi ye-Wudongde Hydropower Station ilinganiselwa ku-120 billion yuan, engaqhuba ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlobene kwesifunda kwamabhiliyoni ayi-100 kuya kumayuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-125. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, isilinganiso sokunyuka kwemisebenzi ngonyaka silinganiselwa kubantu abayizi-70000, okwakha amandla amasha okuthuthukisa umnotho wendawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kungathuthukisa indawo ezungezile yemvelo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi akufanele nje kulandele izindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo, kodwa futhi kwenziwe ukubuyisela nokuvikela imvelo, ukuzalanisa nokukhulula izinhlanzi ezingavamile, kuthuthukiswe izindawo zemifula, futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Isibonelo, selokhu kwasungulwa i-Wudongde Hydropower Station, ngaphezu kuka-780000 izinhlanzi ezithosiwe eziyivelakancane njenge-split belly fish, ufudu olumhlophe, i-long thin loach, kanye ne-bass carp sekukhululiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi kudinga ukufuduswa kanye nokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabokufika, okuhlinzeka ngezimo ezingcono zokuhlala kanye namathuba entuthuko kubantu bendawo. Isibonelo, i-Qiaojia County iyindawo ye-Baihetan Hydropower Station, ehlanganisa ukuthuthwa nokuhlala kabusha kwabantu abangu-48563. I-Qiaojia County iguqule indawo okuhlaliswa kuyo kabusha yaba indawo yesimanje yokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabantu basemadolobheni, ingqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe nezindawo zesevisi yomphakathi, futhi yathuthukisa izinga lempilo nenjabulo yabantu bokufika.
Isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi asisona nje isizinda sikagesi, kodwa futhi siyisikhungo esihlomulayo. Ayinikezi nje kuphela amandla ahlanzekile ezweni, kodwa futhi iletha intuthuko eluhlaza endaweni yangakini. Lesi yisimo sokunqoba esidinga ukubonga nokufunda.
2. Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ngamanzi
Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokudonsa okugxilile zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, ukuphambukisa amanzi, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Yakha idamu engxenyeni yomfula enethonsi elikhulu, sungula indawo yokugcina amanzi futhi ukhuphule izinga lamanzi, ufake umshini ophehla amanzi ngaphandle kwedamu, futhi amanzi asuka edamini ageleze egunjini lokudlulisa amanzi (i-diversion channel) eya enjinini yamanzi engxenyeni engezansi yedamu. Amanzi ashayela i-turbine ukuthi ijikeleze futhi ishayele ijeneretha ukuze ikhiqize ugesi, bese igeleza kumzila we-tailrace ukuya emfuleni ongezansi. Lena yindlela yokwakha idamu nokwakha indawo yokugcina ugesi.
Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wezinga lamanzi phakathi kwendawo yamanzi echibini elingaphakathi kwedamu kanye nendawo yokuphuma ye-hydraulic turbine ngaphandle kwedamu, amanzi amaningi echibini angase asetshenziselwe ukusebenza ngamandla amakhulu angaba namandla, angafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi. Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esasungulwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokwehla okugxilile ekwakhiweni kwamadamu sibizwa ngesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esifana nedamu, ikakhulukazi esihlanganisa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwedamu kanye neziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zohlobo lwemifula.
Ukumisa indawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nokukhuphula izinga lamanzi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu komfula, ukufaka i-turbine yamanzi ezindaweni eziphansi, nokuphambukisa amanzi asuka esizindeni esingaphezulu komfula aye enjinini yamanzi aphansi ngokusebenzisa umzila wokuphambukisa. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqhuba i-turbine ukuthi ijikeleze futhi ishayele ijeneretha ukuze ikhiqize ugesi, bese idlula kumzila we-tailrace iye ezindaweni eziphansi zomfula. Umzila wokuphambukisa uzoba mude futhi udlule entabeni, okuyindlela yokuphambukisa amanzi kanye nokuphehla ugesi.
Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wezinga lamanzi u-H0 phakathi kwendawo yedamu ekhuphuka nomfula kanye nendawo yokukhipha umoya ophehla umfula ongaphansi komfula, amanzi amaningi echibini asebenza ngamandla amakhulu, angafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi osebenza ngamanzi ezisebenzisa inhloko egxilile yendlela yokuphambukisa amanzi zibizwa ngokuthi iziteshi zamandla kagesi ohlobo lwe-diversion, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi wohlobo lwe-press diversion kanye neziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwe-non pressure diversion.
3, Ungayithola kanjani "izikhathi eziyi-19 zokusetshenziswa kabusha kweconsi lamanzi"?
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-Nanshan Hydropower Station saqedwa ngokusemthethweni futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 30, 2019, esitholakala lapho kuhlangana khona i-Yanyuan County kanye ne-Butuo County e-Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Isifundazwe sase-Sichuan. Isamba esifakiwe somthamo wesiteshi sikagesi ngamamegawathi ayi-102000, okuwumklamo wamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi osebenzisa ngokugcwele imithombo yamanzi emvelo, amandla omoya, namandla elanga. Futhi into edonsa amehlo kakhulu ukuthi lesi siteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi asigcini nje ngokuphehla ugesi, kodwa futhi sifinyelela ukusebenza kahle kokugcina kwemithombo yamanzi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe. Isebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe iconsi lamanzi izikhathi ezingu-19, idala amahora engeziwe kagesi we-kilowatt angu-34.1, okwenza izimangaliso eziningi emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi.
Okokuqala, i-Nanshan Hydropower Station yamukela ubuchwepheshe bokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi okuyi-hybrid ehamba phambili emhlabeni, obusebenzisa ngokugcwele imithombo yamanzi emvelo, amandla omoya, namandla elanga, futhi sizuza ukuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile nokusebenzisana ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ngaleyo ndlela sizuze intuthuko esimeme.
Okwesibili, isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi sethula ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu njengokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye Ne-inthanethi Yezinto ukuze uphathe kahle izici ezihlukahlukene ezifana namapharamitha amayunithi, izinga lamanzi, ikhanda, nokugeleza kwamanzi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi. Isibonelo, ngokusungula ingcindezi yekhanda eqhubekayo yokulandelela kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula, iyunithi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, ukufeza umgomo wokuthuthukisa nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa kwekhanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho izinga lamanzi echibini liphansi, iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zisungula uhlelo lokuphatha oluguquguqukayo lwechibi ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokwehla kwezinga lamanzi, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokugaywa kabusha, nokwandisa ngempumelelo umthamo wokuphehla ugesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo omuhle kakhulu weNanshan Hydropower Station nawo ubalulekile. Yamukela i-PM water turbine (i-Pelton Michel turbine), ebonakala ngokuthi uma amanzi efafazwa ku-impeller, indawo enqamula ingxenye ye-nozzle kanye nezinga lokugeleza eliya ku-impeller lingalungiswa ngokuzungezisa, ukuze lihambisane nesiqondiso kanye nesivinini sesifutho samanzi nesiqondiso sokuzungeza kanye nesivinini se-impeller, ukukhulisa amandla okukhiqiza amandla. Ukwengeza, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nobuchwepheshe bokufafaza amanzi wamaphuzu amaningi kanye nokwengezwa kwezingxenye ezijikelezayo sekwemukelwe, okwenza ngcono kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kwamandla.
Ekugcineni, iNanshan Hydropower Station nayo yamukela ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obukhethekile. Iqoqo lezinsiza zokudonsa amanzi ezingeni eliphuthumayo lengeziwe endaweni yokubeka amanzi. Ngokusebenzisa indawo yokugcina amanzi, imithombo yamanzi ingahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezihlukene, ifeze imisebenzi eminingi njengokukhiqizwa kwamanzi nokudluliswa kwamandla, nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokomnotho nokuphephile.
Sekukonke, isizathu esenza i-Nanshan Hydropower Station ifinyelele umgomo “wokusebenzisa kabusha izikhathi eziyi-19 iconsi lamanzi” kungenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nobuchwepheshe bokuphehla ugesi oyingxubevange ohamba phambili emhlabeni, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, izindlela zokuphatha eziphumelelayo, umklamo omuhle kakhulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obuyingqayizivele. Lokhu akulethi nje kuphela imibono emisha kanye nezibonelo zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, kodwa futhi kunikeza imiboniso enenzuzo kanye nogqozi lokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwemboni yezamandla yaseShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-14-2023
