Isilinganiso sokuthuthukiswa kwezinga lokuphehla ugesi omncane e-China sesifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondele ku-90%. Ukuhlola ukuthi ugesi omncane wamanzi ungabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguquleni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kokwakhiwa kwesistimu yamandla amasha ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi udlale indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseShayina, ukweseka ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wasemakhaya kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi, kanye nokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Njengamanje, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza ezincane eziphehlwa ngamanzi e-China selifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondela ku-90%. Ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi sekushintshile ekuthuthukisweni okungeziwe kuya ekumbiweni nasekuphathweni kwesitoko. Muva nje, intatheli ixoxisane noDkt. Xu Jincai, uMqondisi we-International Small Hydropower Centre yoMnyango Wezamanzi kanye noMqondisi weKomidi Elikhethekile Lamandla kagesi we-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuhlola ukuthi ugesi omncane wamanzi ungabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguquleni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kokwakhiwa kwesistimu entsha yamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amazwe angu-136 ayehlongoze izinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, okuhlanganisa ama-88% okukhishwa kwesikhutha emhlabeni jikelele, ama-90% e-GDP, kanye nama-85% abantu. Ukuthambekela okuphelele kokuguqulwa komhlaba okuluhlaza kanye nekhabhoni ephansi akunakuvinjwa. I-China iphinde yahlongoza ukwamukela izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziqinile, okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi kukhishwe ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngo-2030 futhi ilwele ukuzuza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060.
Ngaphezu kuka-70% wesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni wonke sihlobene namandla, futhi inkinga yesimo sezulu idinga ukuthi silawule ngokuqinile ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. I-China ingumkhiqizi nomthengi omkhulu wamandla emhlabeni, ebala cishe i-1/5 kanye ne-1/4 yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni, ngokulandelana. Izici zamandla zicebile ngamalahle, awanawo uwoyela, negesi encane. Ukuncika kwangaphandle kukawoyela negesi yemvelo kudlula ama-70% nama-40% ngokulandelana.
Kodwa-ke, isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo e-China eminyakeni yamuva sibonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla avuselelekayo wawudlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2, futhi umthamo ofakwe emhlabeni wonke wamandla avuselelekayo wawungama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.3. Kungashiwo ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla afakiwe wamandla avuselelekayo avela eChina. Imboni yamandla ahlanzekile yaseShayina yenze inzuzo ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele, enezingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana ne-photovoltaic namandla omoya ezibalelwa ku-70% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo nakanjani kuzodinga izinsiza ezengeziwe zokulawula, futhi izinzuzo zokulawula ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi nazo zizogqama kakhulu. I-Hydropower iwubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo asebekhulile futhi buzodlala indima enhle ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuphendula, uhulumeni wase-US uhlela ukutshala izigidi ezingama-630 zamaRandi ekwakhiweni kwesimanje nasekuthuthukisweni kwamayunithi aphehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lonke, okugxile kakhulu ekunakekeleni ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle.
Nakuba amandla kagesi amancane enza ingxenye encane embonini yokuphehla ugesi wase-China, kusabaluleke kakhulu. Kuneziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kwe-10000 e-China ezinamandla okugcina ama-cubic metres ayi-100000 noma ngaphezulu, okuyimithombo yamandla esabalalisiwe eyingqayizivele nemithombo yokulawula engasekela ingxenye ephezulu yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okusha kwesifunda ngokuxhumeka kwegridi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nokuhlalisana okuvumelana kwendawo ezungezile
Ngokumelene nesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane isishintshele ekuzivumelaniseni nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha kanye nokuzuza ukuphilisana okuvumelanayo phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane wamanzi kanye nendawo ezungezile. I-Action Plan ye-Carbon Peak ngaphambi kuka-2030 iphakamisa ngokucacile ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlaza kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi njengengxenye ebalulekile yesenzo sokuguqula amandla aluhlaza kanye nekhabhoni ephansi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China yenze umkhuba omningi ekuguquleni okuluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Olunye uguquko olusebenza kahle kanye nokunwetshwa kwamandla kagesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi. Uhulumeni omkhulu utshale izigidigidi eziyisi-8.5 zamayuan oHlelweni Lweminyaka Eyi-12 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, uphothula ukusebenza kahle nokunwetshwa kwamandla kanye nokulungiswa kweziteshi zasemaphandleni ezingama-4300 eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Uhulumeni omkhulu utshale ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 oHlelweni Lweminyaka Eyi-13 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, uphothula ukusebenza kahle nokunwetshwa kwamandla kanye nokulungiswa kweziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezingaphezu kuka-2100 ezifundazweni ezingama-22, kanye nokuguqulwa kwemvelo nokubuyiselwa kwemifula engaphezu kuka-1300. Ngo-2017, Isikhungo Somhlaba Wonke Samandla Kagesi Omakhiwo Omncane sahlela ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi ethi “Global Environment Facility” Iphrojekthi Yase-China Encane Yokuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Kwamandla Amanzi, Ukunwetshwa, kanye Nenguquko. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokuhlola usuphothuliwe wamaphrojekthi ayi-19 ezifundazweni eziyi-8, futhi ulwazi luyafingqwa ukuze kwabiwe amazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibili ukuhlanzwa nokulungisa ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi okwenziwa uMnyango Wezamanzi ukuze ubuyisele ukuxhuma emfuleni, kuncishiswe ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, nokulungisa izingxenye zemifula. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020, i-Yangtze River Economic Belt yahlanza futhi yalungisa iziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-25000, futhi iziteshi zikagesi ezingaphezu kuka-21000 zasebenzisa ukuhamba kwemvelo ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo futhi zixhunywe kumapulatifomu ahlukene okulawula. Njengamanje, ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kweziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2800 e-Yellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu ukwakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani. Kusukela kwasungulwa iziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi amancane aluhlaza ngo-2017, ekupheleni konyaka odlule, i-China isidale iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi aluhlaza ezingaphezu kuka-900. Namuhla, uguquko oluluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi sekuyinqubomgomo kazwelonke. Iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ahlukahlukene ziye zalungisa izindinganiso zamandla kagesi amancane aluhlaza, zathuthukisa ukugeleza kokugeleza kwemvelo kanye nezindawo zokuqapha, futhi zaqalisa ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo emfuleni. Ngokwakha iqoqo lemibukiso evamile yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi amancane aluhlaza, sihlose ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokuguqulwa kokuluhlaza emifuleni, ezifundeni, kanye nasembonini encane yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Okwesine wukwenza iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zibe zesimanje. Njengamanje, iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezincane eziphehla ugesi zishintshe indlela evamile yokusebenza okuzimele nokwahlukaniswa kwesiteshi esisodwa, futhi zisungula indlela yokusebenza ehlangene yamaqoqo eziteshi zikagesi ngokwesifunda noma emanzini.
Sekukonke, esikhathini esidlule, ukwakhiwa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kwakuhloswe ngawo ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kanye nokufeza ukufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukuguqulwa kwamanje kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo yesiteshi sikagesi, kanye nokuzuza uguquko oluluhlaza olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kokuphehlwa kwamanzi amancane esikhathini esizayo kuzodlala indima eyingqayizivele ekulawuleni ukugcinwa kwamandla, kusize ukufeza umgomo "we-carbon dual".
Uma sibheka phambili, iziteshi zokuphehla amandla kagesi ezincane ezikhona zingashintshwa zibe iziteshi zamandla ampontshwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo okungahleliwe futhi kuzuze uguquko oluluhlaza lwamandla kagesi amancane. Isibonelo, ngoMeyi wonyaka odlule, ngemva kokulungiswa kwesiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa i-Chunchangba esiFundeni sase-Xiaojin, eSifundazweni Sase-Aba, eSifundazweni SaseSichuan, kwasungulwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, i-photovoltaic, ne-pumped storage.
Ukwengeza, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi namandla amasha anokuhambisana okuqinile, futhi iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi zinezindawo eziningi eziningi kanye nenani elikhulu, ingxenye enkulu ayidlali indima enhle ekulawuleni ukuphakelwa kukagesi. Iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingabamba iqhaza ezitshalweni zamandla abonakalayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngokubambisana kokulawula ukusebenza kanye nokuthengiselana kwemakethe, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezisizayo ezifana nokushefa okuphezulu, ukulawula imvamisa, kanye nekhophi yasenqolobaneni yegridi yamandla.
Elinye ithuba elingeke lishaywe indiva elokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nezitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, kanye nokuhweba ngekhabhoni kuzoletha inani elisha lokudlala. Sithatha isitifiketi samazwe ngamazwe sohlaza njengesibonelo, ngo-2022, saqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zokukhiqiza amandla amancane. Sikhethe iziteshi zikagesi ezingu-19 e-Lishui Demonstration Zone ye-International Small Hydropower Centre njengemibukiso yokuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza emhlabeni wonke, futhi saqeda ukubhaliswa, ukukhishwa, nokuhweba kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezingu-140000 zeqoqo lokuqala leziteshi zikagesi eziyisi-6. Njengamanje, phakathi kwazo zonke izitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, namandla kagesi, i-hydropower iphrojekthi enevolumu ephezulu kakhulu yokukhishwa, enenani elincane lokuphehla amandla ngamanzi alinganiselwa ku-23%. Izitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, nokuhweba ngekhabhoni kubonisa inani lemvelo lamaphrojekthi wamandla amasha, okusiza ukwakha uhlelo lwemakethe nendlela yesikhathi eside yokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa amandla aluhlaza.
Okokugcina, ngithanda ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kohlaza kwamandla kagesi amancane e-China nakho kungasiza ekuvuseleleni izindawo zasemakhaya. Kulo nyaka, i-China isebenzisa "Umkhankaso Wamandla Womoya Wezinkulungwane Zezindawo Zasemakhaya Namadolobhakazi" kanye "nomkhankaso we-Photovoltaic Wezinkulungwane Zemindeni" ukuze kuthuthukiswe kancane kancane ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlola kokusatshalaliswa kwama-photovoltaics ophahleni kuso sonke isifunda, kugqugquzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlanzekile asemaphandleni, nokwenza uhlolo lokwakha uguquko lwamandla asemaphandleni. I-hydropower encane ingumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo onokugcinwa kwamandla okuyingqayizivele nemisebenzi yokulawula, futhi iphinde ibe umkhiqizo wemvelo okulula ukuzuza ukuguqulwa kwenani ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ingakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ehlanzekile nephansi yamandla asezindaweni zasemakhaya futhi isize ukukhuthaza ukuchuma okufanayo
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-07-2023
