Izinga eliphakathi lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ezincane zamanzi eShayina lifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondela ku-90%. Ukuhlola ukuthi amandla amancane amanzi angabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguqulweni okuluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwesistimu entsha yamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Amandla kagesi amancane asebenzisa amanzi adlale indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseShayina, esekela intuthuko yezomnotho neyezenhlalo zasemakhaya, kanye nokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengamanje, izinga eliphakathi lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ezincane zamanzi eShayina lifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondela ku-90%. Ukugxila kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kushintshe kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kuya ekumbiweni nasekuphathweni kwempahla. Muva nje, intatheli ixoxe noDkt. Xu Jincai, uMqondisi we-International Small Hydropower Center yoMnyango Wezinsizakusebenza Zamanzi kanye noMqondisi weKomiti Ekhethekile Yamandla kagesi Asebenzisa Amanzi ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuze ihlole ukuthi amandla kagesi amancane angabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguqulweni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kokwakhiwa kohlelo olusha lwamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Ukusekela ukuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha esifunda kugridi
Izindaba Zamandla zaseShayina: Iyiphi indima edlalwa amandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi ekufezeni imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni?
Xu Jincai: Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amazwe ayi-136 ayephakamise imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ehlanganisa u-88% wokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini emhlabeni wonke, u-90% we-GDP, kanye no-85% wabantu. Umkhuba jikelele wokuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu esiluhlaza kanye nesokushisa okuphansi emhlabeni wonke awunakuvinjelwa. I-China iphinde yaphakamisa ukwamukela izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziqinile, ezihlose ukuphakamisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini ngo-2030 futhi zilwele ukufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060.
Ngaphezu kwama-70% okukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa emhlabeni kuhlobene namandla. Inkinga yesimo sezulu isidinga ukuthi silawule ngokuqinile ukukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa. I-China ingumkhiqizi wamandla omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kanye nomthengi, ephethe cishe i-1/5 kanye ne-1/4 yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo emhlabeni, ngokulandelana. Izici zamandla zicebile ngamalahle, zimbi ngowoyela, futhi ziphansi ngogesi. Ukuncika kwangaphandle kukawoyela kanye negesi yemvelo kudlula ama-70% kanye nama-40% ngokulandelana.
Kodwa-ke, isivinini sokuthuthuka kwamandla avuselelekayo eShayina eminyakeni yamuva nje sisobala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe ayedlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2, kanti amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe emhlabeni wonke ayengaba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.3. Kungashiwo ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla avuselelekayo afakiwe avela eShayina. Imboni yamandla ahlanzekile yaseShayina yakhe inzuzo ehamba phambili emhlabeni wonke, enezingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana ne-photovoltaic kanye namandla omoya ezibalelwa ku-70% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo kuzodinga izinsizakusebenza eziningi zokulawula, futhi izinzuzo zokulawula zamandla avuselelekayo nazo zizogqama kakhulu. Amandla avuselelekayo ayindlela yobuchwepheshe yamandla avuselelekayo evuthiwe kakhulu futhi izodlala indima enhle ekungathathini uhlangothi kwekhabhoni emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni wase-US uhlela ukutshala imali eyizigidi ezingama-630 zamaRandi ekwakhiweni kwesimanje nasekuthuthukisweni kwamayunithi kagesi avuselelekayo ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi egxile ekugcinweni kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle.
Nakuba ugesi omncane wamanzi uyingxenye encane kakhulu embonini yamandla kagesi eShayina, usabaluleke kakhulu. Kuneziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane zamanzi ezingaphezu kuka-10000 eShayina ezinomthamo wokugcina ongu-100000 cubic metres noma ngaphezulu, okuyizinsiza zokugcina amandla ezihlukile kanye nemithethonqubo ezingasekela ingxenye enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha esifundeni ngokuxhumeka kwegridi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nokuhlala ndawonye ngokuvumelana kwemvelo
Izindaba Zamandla zaseShayina: Uwubheka kanjani umkhuba wokuguqulwa okuluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi eShayina?
UXu Jincai: Ngokwesimo se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon, isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi sishintshele ekuzivumelaniseni nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha kanye nokufeza ubumbano oluvumelanayo phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lwe-Carbon Peak ngaphambi kuka-2030 luphakamisa ngokusobala ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kwamandla amancane kagesi kagesi njengengxenye ebalulekile yesenzo sokuguqula amandla aluhlaza kanye ne-carbon ephansi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iShayina yenze umkhuba omkhulu ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza kwamandla kagesi amancane. Enye ingukuguqulwa kokusebenza kahle nokwandiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane. Uhulumeni ophakathi utshale ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.5 ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-12, waqeda ukwandiswa kokusebenza kahle nokwakhiwa kwamandla kanye nokuvuselelwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi zasemakhaya ezingu-4300. Uhulumeni ophakathi utshale ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 ohlelweni lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-13, waqeda ukwandiswa kokusebenza kahle nokwakhiwa kwamandla kanye nokuvuselelwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2100 ezifundazweni ezingu-22, kanye nokuguqulwa kwemvelo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemifula engaphezu kuka-1300. Ngo-2017, i-International Small Hydropower Center yahlela ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi ye-"Global Environment Facility" yaseShayina Small Hydropower Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency, Expansion, kanye ne-Transformation value-added. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokuhlola usuqediwe kumaphrojekthi angu-19 ezifundazweni ezingu-8, futhi ulwazi luyafingqwa ukuze kwabelwane ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwesibili ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane asebenza ngamanzi okwenziwa yi-Ministry of Water Resources ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuxhumana kwemifula, kuncishiswe ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, futhi kulungiswe izingxenye zomfula. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020, i-Yangtze River Economic Belt yahlanza futhi yalungisa iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-25000, kanti iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezingaphezu kuka-21000 zasebenzisa ukugeleza kwemvelo ngokwemigomo futhi zixhunywe ezinkundleni ezahlukene zomthetho. Njengamanje, ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2800 e-Yellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu ukudala iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani. Selokhu kwasungulwa iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani ngo-2017, ekupheleni konyaka odlule, iShayina isidale iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani ezingaphezu kuka-900. Namuhla, ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kotshani kwamandla kagesi amancane sekuphenduke inqubomgomo kazwelonke. Iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ahlukahlukene zilungise amazinga kagesi amancane aluhlaza okotshani, zathuthukisa izindawo zokukhipha nokugada ukugeleza kwamanzi emvelweni, futhi zasebenzisa ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo emfuleni. Ngokwakha iqoqo lemibukiso yamandla kagesi amancane aluhlaza okotshani, sihlose ukusheshisa intuthuko yekhwalithi ephezulu yokuguqulwa kotshani emifuleni, ezifundeni, ngisho nasembonini yamandla kagesi amancane.
Okwesine ukwenza iziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi zibe zesimanje. Njengamanje, iziteshi eziningi ezincane zamandla kagesi kagesi zishintshe indlela evamile yokusebenza ngokuzimela nangokungaguquki kwesiteshi esisodwa, futhi zisungula indlela yokusebenza ehlangene yamaqoqo eziteshi zamandla kagesi ngokwesifunda noma ngokwesifunda.
Siza ekufezeni imigomo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabili"
Izindaba Zamandla zaseShayina: Yimaphi amathuba okuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kwamandla amancane kagesi eShayina esikhathini esizayo?
Xu Jincai: Sekukonke, esikhathini esidlule, ukwakhiwa kukagesi omncane wamanzi kwakuhloswe ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kanye nokufeza ugesi wasemakhaya. Ukuguqulwa kwamanje kukagesi omncane wamanzi kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo yesiteshi sikagesi, kanye nokufeza uguquko oluluhlaza olusezingeni eliphezulu. Intuthuko eqhubekayo kagesi omncane wamanzi esikhathini esizayo izodlala indima eyingqayizivele ekulawulweni kokugcinwa kwamandla, kusize ekufezeni umgomo "wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili".
Esikhathini esizayo, iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezikhona zingaguqulwa zibe ugesi wamanzi ogcina amanzi ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo okungahleliwe futhi kufezwe ukuguqulwa okuluhlaza kwamandla kagesi amancane. Isibonelo, ngoMeyi odlule, ngemuva kokwakhiwa kabusha kwesiteshi samandla okugcina amanzi esinompompi saseChunchangba eXiaojin County, e-Aba Prefecture, eSifundazweni saseSichuan, kwasungulwa ukuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji samandla kagesi wamanzi + i-photovoltaic + i-pumped.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi wamanzi kanye namandla amasha anokuhambisana okuqinile, kanti iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi zinezindawo eziningi kanye nobuningi obukhulu, kanti ingxenye enkulu ayidlali indima enhle ekulawuleni ukunikezwa kukagesi. Iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi zinganikeza izinsizakalo ezisizayo njengokushefa okuphezulu, ukushintshashintsha kwemvamisa kanye nokulinda igridi kagesi ngokubamba iqhaza esiteshini sikagesi esibonakalayo ukuze kwenziwe ukulawula ukusebenza okuhlelekile kanye nokuthengiselana kwemakethe.
Elinye ithuba elingenakulibaleka ukuthi amandla kagesi ahlanganiswe nekhadi eliluhlaza, amandla aluhlaza kanye nokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuzodlala indima entsha. Sithatha isitifiketi esiluhlaza samazwe ngamazwe njengesibonelo, ngo-2022, saqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zamandla amancane aluhlaza. Sikhethe iziteshi zamandla eziyi-19 eLishui Demonstration Zone ye-International Small Hydropower Center njengemiboniso yokuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi saqeda ukubhaliswa, ukukhishwa, kanye nokuhweba kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe eziyi-140000 zeqembu lokuqala leziteshi zamandla eziyi-6. Njengamanje, phakathi kwazo zonke izitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana namandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, kanye namandla aluhlaza, amandla kagesi aluhlaza yiphrojekthi enomthamo omkhulu wokukhishwa, kanti amandla amancane aluhlaza alinganiselwa ku-23%. Isitifiketi esiluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza kanye nokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kubonakalisa Amanani Emvelo amaphrojekthi amasha amandla futhi kusiza ekwakheni uhlelo lwemakethe kanye nendlela yesikhathi eside yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza.
Okokugcina, ngithanda ukugcizelela ukuthi intuthuko eluhlaza kagesi omncane wamanzi eShayina ingasiza nasekuvuseleleni izindawo zasemakhaya. Kulo nyaka, iShayina isebenzisa “uMkhankaso Wamandla Omoya Wezinkulungwane Zamadolobhana Namadolobha” kanye “noMkhankaso We-Photovoltaic Wezinkulungwane Zemindeni” ukukhuthaza kancane kancane intuthuko yokuhlola ama-photovoltaic ophahleni olusatshalaliswe kulo lonke isifunda, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlanzekile asemakhaya, kanye nokwenza ukwakhiwa kokuhlola koguquko lwamandla asemakhaya. Amandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi angamandla avuselelekayo anemisebenzi eyingqayizivele yokugcina amandla kanye nokulawula. Futhi umkhiqizo wemvelo okulula ukuwubona njengoguquguquko olubalulekile ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ungakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwamandla asemakhaya ahlanzekile futhi aphansi kwekhabhoni futhi usize ukuchuma okujwayelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-13-2023
