Isifinyezo
I-Hydropower yindlela yokuphehla ugesi esebenzisa amandla anamandla amanzi ukuwaguqula abe amandla kagesi. Umgomo wawo uwukusebenzisa ukwehla kwezinga lamanzi (amandla angaba khona) ukugeleza ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi (amandla e-kinetic), njengamanzi aholayo asuka emithonjeni yamanzi aphakeme njengemifula noma amadamu ukuya emazingeni aphansi. Amanzi agelezayo ashayela i-turbine ukuthi ijikeleze futhi ishayele i-generator ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Amanzi asezingeni eliphezulu avela ekushiseni kwelanga futhi ahwamulise amanzi asezingeni eliphansi, ngakho-ke angabhekwa njengokungaqondile kusetshenziswa amandla elanga. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bayo obuvuthiwe, njengamanje ingamandla avuselelekayo asetshenziswa kakhulu emphakathini wesintu.
Ngokwencazelo ye-International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) yedamu elikhulu, idamu lichazwa njenganoma yiliphi idamu elinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-15 (kusuka endaweni ephansi kakhulu yesisekelo ukuya phezulu kwedamu) noma idamu elinobude obuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-10 no-15, elihlangabezana okungenani nemibandela eyodwa kwezilandelayo:
Ubude bomgodi wedamu akumele bube ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-500;
Umthamo wedamu owenziwe idamu akufanele ube ngaphansi kwe-cubic metres eyisigidi;
⑶ Ubuningi bokugeleza kwezikhukhula okusingathwa idamu akufanele kube ngaphansi kwama-cubic metres angu-2000 ngomzuzwana;
Inkinga yesisekelo sedamu inzima kakhulu;
Umklamo waleli damu uyamangalisa.
Ngokombiko we-BP2021, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele ubalwa ku-4296.8/26823.2=16.0% wokuphehlwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020, ngaphansi kukagesi ophehlwa ngamalahle (35.1%) kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngegesi (23.4%), okukleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni.
Ngo-2020, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi bekukukhulu e-East Asia nase-Pacific, okubalelwa ku-1643/4370=37.6% yenani eliphelele lomhlaba.
Izwe elihamba phambili ngokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni yiShayina, kulandele iBrazil, i-United States neRussia. Ngo-2020, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wase-China kwaba ngu-1322.0/7779.1=17.0% wesamba sikagesi esiphehlwa e-China.
Yize iChina ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni mayelana nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi, alikho phezulu ohlelweni lokuphehla ugesi kuleli. Amazwe anengxenye ephezulu kakhulu yokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi engqikithini yawo yokuphehlwa kukagesi ngo-2020 kwakuyiBrazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) kanye neCanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Ngo-2020, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi eShayina ikakhulukazi kwakubaswa ngamalahle (okubalwa ku-63.2%), kwalandelwa ugesi wamanzi (okubala u-17.0%), okulinganiselwa ku-1322.0/4296.8=30.8% wesamba esiphelele sokuphehlwa kwamanzi emhlabeni. Yize iChina ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni ekuphehleni ugesi ngamanzi, ayikafinyeleli esicongweni sayo. Ngokombiko weWorld Energy Resources 2016 okhishwe uMkhandlu Wezamandla Womhlaba, u-47% wemithombo yamandla kagesi waseChina awukathuthukiswa.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwesakhiwo Samandla Phakathi Kwamazwe Ama-4 Aphezulu Aphehla Ugesi Wamanzi ngo-2020
Kuthebula, kungabonakala ukuthi amandla kagesi e-China enza u-1322.0/4296.8=30.8% wesamba esiphelele sokuphehlwa kwamanzi ngamanzi, sikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yawo engqikithini yokuphehlwa kukagesi waseShayina (17%) ingaphezudlwana nje kwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke (16%).
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuphehla amandla kagesi ngamanzi: uhlobo lwedamu lokuphehla ugesi wamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi wamanzi okugcinwa ngokumpompa, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ohlobo lwemifudlana, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla olwandle.
Uhlobo lwedamu lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi
Uhlobo lwedamu i-hydropower, eyaziwa nangokuthi uhlobo lwe-hydropower lwe-reservoir. Idamu lamanzi lakhiwa ngokugcina amanzi emaphethelweni, futhi amandla alo aphezulu okukhiphayo anqunywa umehluko phakathi kwevolumu yechibi, indawo yokuphuma, kanye nokuphakama kwamanzi. Lomehluko wobude ubizwa ngekhanda, owaziwa nangokuthi ikhanda noma ikhanda, futhi amandla angaba khona amanzi alingana ngqo nekhanda.
Maphakathi nawo-1970, unjiniyela ongumFulentshi uBernard Forest de B é lidor washicilela “I-Building Hydraulics”, eyayichaza umshini wokunyathelisa we-axis omile futhi ovundlile. Ngo-1771, uRichard Arkwright wahlanganisa ama-hydraulics, uhlaka lwamanzi, nokukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kudlale indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Yakha uhlelo lwefekthri futhi usebenzise izinqubo zesimanje zokuqashwa. Ngawo-1840, inethiwekhi yamandla kagesi wamanzi yasungulwa ukuze ikhiqize ugesi futhi iwudlulisele kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amajeneretha ayesethuthukisiwe futhi manje angahlanganiswa nezinhlelo ezisebenza ngamanzi.
Iphrojekthi yokuqala kagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni kwakuyi-Cragside Country Hotel eNorthumberland, eNgilandi ngo-1878, esetshenziselwa izinjongo zokukhanyisa. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, kwavulwa isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala esizimele eWisconsin, e-U.S.A., futhi amakhulu eziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi aqala ukusebenza ukuze kukhanye ukukhanya endaweni.
IShilongba Hydropower Station iyisiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi eChina, esiseMfuleni iTanglang emaphethelweni eDolobha laseKunming, esifundazweni saseYunnan. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngoJulayi 1910 (unyaka weGengxu) futhi amandla akhiqizwa ngoMeyi 28, 1912. Umthamo wokuqala ofakiwe wawungu-480 kW. Ngomhla zingama-25 kuNhlaba wezi-2006, iSiteshi sikagesi saseShilongba sagunyazwa uMkhandlu Kazwelonke ukuthi sifakwe eqenjini lesithupha lamayunithi kazwelonke abalulekile okuvikela izinsalela zamasiko.
Ngokombiko we-REN21 ka-2021, umthamo womhlaba wonke ofakiwe wokuphehla ugesi ngo-2020 wawungu-1170GW, kanti i-China inyuke ngo-12.6GW, okubalelwa ku-28% wengqikithi yomhlaba wonke, ephakeme kune-Brazil (9%), i-United States (7%), ne-Canada (9.0%).
Ngokwezibalo ze-BP zango-2021, ukuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020 kwakuyi-4296.8 TWh, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi wase-China kwakungu-1322.0 TWh, okwenza u-30.1% wengqikithi yomhlaba wonke.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kungenye yemithombo eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthombo wamandla ohamba phambili wokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo. Ngokwezibalo ze-BP zango-2021, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020 kwakungu-26823.2 TWh, lapho ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi wawungu-4222.2 TWh, ubalwa ku-4222.2/26823.2=15.7% wesamba esiphelele sokukhiqizwa kukagesi emhlabeni.
Le datha ivela ku-International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Ngokokubhaliswa ngo-April 2020, okwamanje kunamadamu angu-58713 emhlabeni wonke, kanti i-China ibalwa ku-23841/58713=40.6% yenani lomhlaba wonke.
Ngokwezibalo ze-BP zika-2021, ngo-2020, amandla kagesi e-China afinyelela ku-1322.0/2236.7=59% wamandla kagesi avuselelekayo wase-China, athatha isikhundla esiphezulu ekuphehleni ugesi ovuselelekayo.
Ngokusho kwe-International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], ngo-2020, inani eliphelele lokuphehlwa kwamanzi emhlabeni lizofinyelela ku-4370TWh, lapho i-China (31% yenani lomhlaba wonke), iBrazil (9.4%), iCanada (8.8%), i-United States (6.7%), iRussia (4.5%), i-India (3.5%), i-2. (1.8%), iJapan (2.0%), iFrance (1.5%) njalo njalo izoba ne-hydropower enkulu kakhulu.
Ngo-2020, isifunda esikhiqiza ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi amaningi kunawo wonke emhlabeni kwakuyiMpumalanga ye-Asia kanye nePacific, sibalwa ku-1643/4370=37.6% yenani eliphelele lomhlaba wonke; Phakathi kwazo, i-China ivelele ikakhulukazi, ibalwa ku-31% wengqikithi yomhlaba wonke, ibalwa ku-1355.20/1643=82.5% kulesi sifunda.
Inani lokuphehlwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi lilingana nenani eliphelele elifakiwe kanye nomthamo ofakiwe wendawo yokupompa. I-China inomthamo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi kunjalo, umthamo wayo ofakiwe kanye nomthamo wesitoreji esimpontshwa nakho kukleliswe kuqala emhlabeni. Ngokombiko we-International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, amandla e-China afakiwe wamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi (okuhlanganisa nendawo yokugcina amanzi) afinyelele ku-370160MW ngo-2020, okubalelwa ku-370160/1330106=27.8% yenani eliphelele, elikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni.
I-Three Gorges Hydropower Station, isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi, sinamandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi e-China. I-Three Gorges Hydropower Station sisebenzisa i-32 turbine ye-Francis, ngayinye engu-700MW, kanye nezinjini ezimbili ezingu-50MW, ezinamandla afakiwe angu-22500MW kanye nedamu ukuphakama okungu-181m. Amandla okukhiqiza amandla ngo-2020 azoba ngu-111.8 TWh, futhi izindleko zokwakha zizoba ¥ 203 billion. Izoqedwa ngo-2008.
Kwakhiwe iziteshi ezine ezisezingeni lomhlaba eziphehla ugesi emfuleni i-Yangtze River Jinsha River eSichuan: i-Xiangjiaba, i-Xiluodu, i-Baihetan, ne-Wudongde. Isamba somthamo ofakiwe walezi ziteshi ezine zokuphehla ugesi ngu-46508MW, okungu-46508/22500=2.07 izikhathi eziwumthamo ofakiwe we-Three Gorges Hydropower Station engu-22500MW. Ukukhiqiza kwawo amandla ngonyaka yi-185.05/101.6=1.82 izikhathi. I-Baihetan iyisiteshi sikagesi sesibili ngobukhulu e-China ngemuva kwesiteshi sikagesi iThree Gorges.
Njengamanje, i-Three Gorges Hydropower Station e-China iyisikhungo sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Phakathi kweziteshi ezingu-12 ezinkulu kakhulu eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni, iChina inezihlalo eziyisithupha. Idamu i-Itaipu, osekunesikhathi likleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni, liphushelwe endaweni yesithathu yiBaihetan Dam yaseChina.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi esivamile esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngo-2021
Kuneziteshi eziphehla ugesi wamanzi eziyi-198 ezinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-1000MW emhlabeni, lapho iChina yenza ama-60, okubalelwa ku-60/198=30% wengqikithi yomhlaba. Okulandelayo yiBrazil, Canada, neRussia.
Kuneziteshi eziphehla ugesi wamanzi eziyi-198 ezinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-1000MW emhlabeni, lapho iChina yenza ama-60, okubalelwa ku-60/198=30% wengqikithi yomhlaba. Okulandelayo yiBrazil, Canada, neRussia.
Kuneziteshi zikagesi ezingama-60 ezinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-1000MW eShayina, ikakhulukazi ezingama-30 eYangtze River Basin, ezibalwa ingxenye yeziteshi zikagesi zaseChina ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-1000MW.
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi ezinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-1000MW ziqale ukusebenza eChina
Ukukhuphuka nomfula usuka eDamini iGezhouba uwele imingenela yoMfula iYangtze udlule eDamu lemihosha emithathu, lawa amandla amakhulu okudluliswa kukagesi eChina ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, kanye nesiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele: kuneziteshi zikagesi ezingaba ngu-90 ezisemfuleni omkhulu woMfula iYangtze, okuhlanganisa i-Three Gorges eDamu le-Wu, i-Three Gorgeang 6 kanye ne-Wu. emfuleni iJialing, 17 eMfuleni iMinjiang, 25 emfuleni iDadu, 21 emfuleni iYalong, 27 eMfuleni iJinsha, futhi 5 eMfuleni iMuli.
I-Tajikistan inedamu lemvelo eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni, iDamu i-Usoi, elinobude obungama-567m, ukuphakama kwawo ngama-262m kunedamu lokwenziwa eliphakeme kunawo wonke elikhona, i-Jinping Level 1 Dam. Idamu i-Usoi lakhiwa ngo-February 18, 1911, ngesikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyi-7.4 magnitude kwenzeka e-Sarez, futhi idamu lemvelo elibihlikile eduze nomfula uMurgab lavimba ukugeleza komfula. Kwadala ukudilika komhlaba okukhulu, kwavala uMfula uMurgab, futhi kwakha idamu elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni, i-Usoi Dam, eyakha iLake Sares. Ngeshwa, ayikho imibiko yokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Ngo-2020, bekunamadamu angama-251 anobude obudlula i-135m emhlabeni. Idamu eliphakeme kunawo wonke njengamanje i-Jinping-I Dam, idamu eline-arched elinobude obungamamitha angama-305. Okulandelayo yiDamu laseNurek emfuleni iVakhsh eTajikistan, ubude bayo bungama-300m.
Idamu eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni ngo-2021
Njengamanje, idamu elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni, iJinping-I Dam eChina, linobude obungamamitha angu-305, kodwa amadamu amathathu asakhiwayo alungiselela ukulidlula. Idamu eliqhubekayo i-Rogun lizoba idamu elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni, eliseMfuleni iVakhsh eningizimu yeTajikistan. Idamu liphakeme ngamamitha angu-335 futhi ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1976. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lizoqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2029, ngezindleko zokwakha zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2-5, umthamo ofakiwe we-600-3600MW, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngonyaka ka-17TWh.
Eyesibili iDamu i-Bakhtiari elisakhiwa emfuleni i-Bakhtiari e-Iran, elinobude obungama-325m kanye no-1500MW. Izindleko zephrojekthi ziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamadola aseMelika kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka okungu-3TWh. Idamu lesithathu ngobukhulu emfuleni iDadu eChina yiShuangjiangkou Dam, elinobude obungama-312m.
Idamu elingaphezu kwamamitha angama-305 liyakhiwa
Idamu lamandla adonsela phansi eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngo-2020 kwakuyiGrande Dixence Dam eSwitzerland, elinobude obungama-285m.
Idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinomthamo omningi wokugcina amanzi iKariba Dam elisemfuleni iZambezi eZimbabwe naseZambezi. Lakhiwa ngo-1959 futhi linamandla okugcina amanzi angu-180.6 km3, lilandelwa iDamu leBratsk eMfuleni i-Angara eRussia kanye neDamu i-Akosombo eLake Kanawalt, elinomthamo wokugcina ongu-169 km3.
Ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni
Idamu Lemigobho Emithathu, elisemfuleni omkhulu woMfula iYangtze, linomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amanzi eChina. Yaqedwa ngo-2008 futhi inamandla okugcina amanzi angama-39.3km3, ikleliswe endaweni yama-27 emhlabeni.
I-reservoir enkulu kunazo zonke e-China
Idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni yiTarbela Dam ePakistan. Yakhiwa ngo-1976 futhi inesakhiwo esingamamitha angu-143 ukuphakama. Idamu linomthamo wama-cubic metres angu-153 million kanye nomthamo ofakiwe ongu-3478MW.
Idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke e-China yi-Three Gorges Dam, elaqedwa ngo-2008. Lesi sakhiwo singamamitha angu-181 ukuphakama, umthamo wedamu ungama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingu-27.4, kanti umthamo ofakiwe ungu-22500 MW. Ikleliswe endaweni yama-21 emhlabeni.
Idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni
ICongo River Basin yakhiwe ikakhulukazi iDemocratic Republic of Congo. IDemocratic Republic of Congo ingathuthukisa umthamo kazwelonke ofakiwe wama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-120 (120000 MW) kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka wama-kilowatt amahora angama-774 billion (774 TWh). Kusukela eKinshasa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-270 futhi ufika engxenyeni yaseMatadi, umfula uncane, unemiqansa kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuguquguqukayo. Ukujula okukhulu kungamamitha ayi-150, nokwehla okungamamitha angama-280. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kushintsha njalo, okuzuzisa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Kuhlelelwe amazinga amathathu eziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, izinga lokuqala yidamu i-Pioka, elisemngceleni weDemocratic Republic of Congo kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo; Izinga lesibili iGrand Inga Dam kanye nelesithathu idamu iMatadi womabili atholakala eDemocratic Republic of Congo. Isiteshi sikagesi sasePioka sisebenzisa inhloko yamanzi engamamitha angama-80 futhi sihlela ukufaka amayunithi angama-30, anesamba sengqikithi yama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-22 kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka wama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-177, iDemocratic Republic of Congo kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo zithola ingxenye ngayinye. I-Matadi Hydropower Station isebenzisa inhloko yamanzi engamamitha angama-50 futhi ihlela ukufaka amayunithi angama-36, anesamba sesamba sama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-12 kanye nokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-87. Ingxenye ye-Yingjia Rapids, eyehla ngamamitha angu-100 phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-25, iyingxenye yomfula enemithombo yamandla kagesi egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ziningi iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni kune-Three Gorges Dam ezingakaqedwa
Umfula i-Yarlung Zangbo ungumfula wethafa omude kunayo yonke e-China, etholakala esiFundeni i-Tibet Autonomous, futhi ungomunye wemifula ephakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokucatshangelwa, ngemva kokuphothulwa kweSiteshi Samanzi Somfula i-Yarlung Zangbo, umthamo ofakiwe uzofinyelela ku-50000 MW, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kuzoba ngokuphindwe kathathu kunaleyo ye-Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), kufinyelele ku-300 TWh, okuzoba isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Umfula i-Yarlung Zangbo ungumfula wethafa omude kunayo yonke e-China, etholakala esiFundeni i-Tibet Autonomous, futhi ungomunye wemifula ephakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokucatshangelwa, ngemva kokuphothulwa kweSiteshi Samanzi Somfula i-Yarlung Zangbo, umthamo ofakiwe uzofinyelela ku-50000 MW, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kuzoba ngokuphindwe kathathu kunaleyo ye-Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), kufinyelele ku-300 TWh, okuzoba isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Umfula i-Yarlung Zangbo waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “umfula i-Brahmaputra” ngemuva kokugeleza uphume endaweni yase-Luoyu uye e-India. Ngemva kokugeleza e-Bangladesh, yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “umfula iJamuna”. Ngemva kokuhlangana noMfula iGanges endaweni yawo, wagelezela e-Bay of Bengal e-Indian Ocean. Ubude obuphelele ngamakhilomitha angu-2104, nobude bomfula obungamakhilomitha angu-2057 eTibet, ukwehla okuphelele kwamamitha angu-5435, kanye nomthambeka ophakathi obekwe kuqala phakathi kwemifula emikhulu yaseChina. Isigodi senziwe side sibheke empumalanga nentshonalanga, ubude baso bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1450 ukusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga kanye nobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-290 ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Isilinganiso sokuphakama singamamitha angu-4500. Indawo iphezulu entshonalanga futhi iphansi empumalanga, futhi iphansi kakhulu eningizimu-mpumalanga. Ingqikithi yendawo yomfula ingamakhilomitha-skwele angu-240480, ibalwa ku-20% wendawo yonke yazo zonke izigodi zemifula e-Tibet, futhi cishe u-40.8% wendawo yonke yohlelo lomfula ogelezayo e-Tibet, okleliswe endaweni yesihlanu kuyo yonke imifula e-China.
Ngokwedatha yango-2019, amazwe asebenzisa ugesi ophakeme kakhulu nge-capita ngayinye emhlabeni yi-Iceland (51699 kWh/umuntu) kanye ne-Norway (23210 kWh/umuntu). I-Iceland ithembele ekuphehleni ugesi ovela ngaphansi komhlaba kanye namanzi; I-Norway ithembele kugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ohlanganisa u-97% wesakhiwo sokukhiqiza ugesi saseNorway.
Isakhiwo samandla samazwe avalelwe amazwe iNepal neBhutan, aseduze neTibet eChina, awanciki emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa kunalokho emithonjeni yawo ecebile ye-hydraulic. Amandla kagesi kagesi awasetshenziswa ekhaya kuphela, kodwa futhi athunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi wamanzi ompompiwe
Amandla kagesi okugcinwa ngokumpompa yindlela yokugcina amandla, hhayi indlela yokukhiqiza ugesi. Lapho isidingo sikagesi siphansi, umthamo wokukhiqiza ugesi owedlulele uyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza ugesi, ukushayela iphampu kagesi ukupompa amanzi ezingeni eliphezulu ukuze kugcinwe. Uma isidingo sikagesi siphezulu, amanzi asezingeni eliphezulu asetshenziselwa ukuphehla ugesi. Le ndlela ingathuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamasethi ejeneretha futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ebhizinisini.
Isitoreji esipompowe siyingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zamandla ahlanzekile zesimanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla omoya namandla elanga, okuhambisana nokushintshwa kwawo amajeneretha avamile, kulethe ukucindezela okwandayo kugridi yamandla futhi kwagcizelela isidingo sokupompa “amabhethri amanzi” okugcina amanzi.
Inani lokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi lilingana ngokuqondile namandla afakiwe esitoreji esimpontshwa futhi lihlobene nenani lesitoreji esimpontshwa. Ngo-2020, bezingama-68 ezisebenzayo kanti ezingama-42 zisakhiwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi waseChina kuhamba phambili emhlabeni, ngakho-ke inani leziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ezisebenzayo nezisakhiwayo zihamba phambili emhlabeni. Okulandelayo yiJapan ne-United States.
Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-Bath County Pumped Storage Station e-United States, enamandla afakiwe angu-3003MW.
Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa esikhulu kunazo zonke eChina yiHuishou Pumped Storage Power Station, esinamandla afakiwe angu-2448MW.
Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa sesibili esikhulu kunazo zonke eChina yiGuangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, esinamandla afakiwe angu-2400MW.
Izimboni zikagesi ezimpontshwayo zaseChina ezakhiwayo zisezingeni lokuqala emhlabeni. Kuneziteshi ezintathu ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kuka-1000MW: Isiteshi sikagesi i-Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, esaqedwa kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2021), Isiteshi Samandla Se-Jixi Pumped Storage (1800MW, esaqedwa ngo-2018), kanye ne-Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, eqedwe ngo-1200MW1, ngo-9).
Isikhungo sokugcina amandla esipompelwa esiphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni yiYamdrok Hydropower Station, etholakala eTibet, eChina, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-4441.
Sakaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi
I-Run of the river hydropower (ROR), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-runoff hydropower, iwuhlobo lwamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi athembele kumandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kodwa adinga amanzi amancane noma ongadingi ukugcinwa kwamanzi amaningi ukuze uphehle ugesi. Ukugeleza komfula ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi cishe awudingi ukugcinwa kwamanzi noma udinga kuphela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezincane kakhulu zokugcina amanzi. Lapho kwakhiwa izindawo ezincane zokugcina amanzi, lezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi zibizwa ngokuthi amachibi okulungisa noma ama-forepools. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina amanzi, ukuphehlwa kukagesi emifudlaneni kuzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni komthamo wamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka emthonjeni wamanzi. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zamandla agelezayo zivame ukuchazwa njengemithombo yamandla ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma i-pool yokulawula yakhiwe endaweni yokuphehla amandla omfudlana engalawula ukugeleza kwamanzi noma nini, ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuphehla amandla yokushefa okuphezulu noma indawo yokuphehla amandla esisekelo.
Isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke iSichuan flow hydropower emhlabeni iJirau Dam emfuleni iMadeira eBrazil. Idamu liphakeme ngamamitha angu-63, ubude libe ngu-1500m, kanti amandla afakiwe angu-3075MW. Yaqedwa ngo-2016.
Isikhungo sesithathu esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni yiChief Joseph Dam emfuleni i-Columbia e-United States, enobude obungamamitha angama-72, ubude obungamamitha ayi-1817, amandla afakiwe angama-2620 MW, kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka wama-9780 GWh. Yaqedwa ngo-1979.
Isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke sesitayela sase-Sichuan e-China yiDamu i-Tianshengqiao II, eliseMfuleni iNanpan. Idamu linobude obungu-58.7m, ubude obungu-471m, umthamo ongu-4800000m3, kanye nomthamo ofakiwe ongu-1320MW. Yaqedwa ngo-1997.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla olwandle
Amandla e-tide akhiqizwa ukunyuka nokuwa kwamazinga amanzi olwandle okubangelwa amagagasi. Ngokuvamile, izindawo zokugcina amanzi zakhelwa ukuphehla ugesi, kodwa futhi kukhona ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kokugeleza kwamanzi olwandle ukukhiqiza ugesi. Azikho izindawo eziningi emhlabeni ezilungele ukuphehlwa kukagesi wamagagasi, futhi kunezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili e-UK ezilinganiselwa ukuthi zinamandla okuhlangabezana no-20% wesidingo sikagesi wezwe.
Indawo yokuqala yokuphehla amandla olwandle emhlabeni kwakuyisikhungo sikagesi iLance tidal power, esiseLance, eFrance. Yakhiwa kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1966 iminyaka engu-6. Umthamo ofakiwe ungu-240MW.
Isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yiSihwa Lake Tidal Power Station eSouth Korea, esinamandla afakiwe angama-254MW futhi saqedwa ngo-2011.
Isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi eNyakatho Melika yi-Annapolis Royal Generating Station, etholakala eRoyal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, emnyango we-Bay of Fundy. Umthamo ofakiwe ungu-20MW futhi waqedwa ngo-1984.
Isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke e-China yi-Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, eseningizimu ye-Hangzhou, enamandla afakiwe angu-4.1MW kuphela namasethi angu-6. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1985.
Ijeneretha yokuqala yamanje ye-North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project yafakwa eVancouver Island, eCanada, ngoSepthemba 2006.
Njengamanje, iphrojekthi kagesi enkulukazi emhlabeni wonke, iMeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), iyakhiwa ePentland Firth, enyakatho yeScotland, enamandla afakiwe angama-398MW futhi kulindeleke ukuthi iqedwe ngo-2021.
I-Gujarat, India ihlela ukwakha isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala esithengiswayo eNingizimu Asia. Isikhungo sikagesi esinamandla afakiwe angu-50MW safakwa eGulf of Kutch ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNdiya, futhi ukwakhiwa kwaqala ekuqaleni kuka-2012.
Uhlelo oluhleliwe Lokuphehla Ugesi lwe-Penzhin Tidal eNhlonhlweni yase-Kamchatka e-Russia lunamandla afakiwe angu-87100MW kanye namandla onyaka okukhiqiza ugesi angu-200TWh, okuwenza isikhungo sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Uma sesiqediwe, iSiteshi sikagesi i-Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power sizoba namandla aphindwe kane kunomthamo ofakiwe weSiteshi Samandla Semigobho Emithathu samanje.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-25-2023
