Izici zeziteshi zikagesi wamanzi zihlanganisa:
1. Amandla ahlanzekile: Iziteshi zamandla kagesi azikhiqizi izinto ezingcolisa umoya noma amagesi abamba ukushisa, futhi ziwumthombo wamandla ohlanzeke kakhulu.
2. Amandla Avuselelekayo: Iziteshi zikagesi osebenza ngamanzi zithembele ekuhambeni kwamanzi, futhi amanzi ngeke asetshenziswe ngokuphelele, okuzenza zibe umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo.
3. Ukuzinza okuphezulu: Imithombo yamanzi anothile kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuzinzile kwenza ukuphuma kwamandla eziteshini zikagesi kuzinze uma kuqhathaniswa, ezifanele izidingo zokuphakelwa kukagesi zesikhathi eside.
Ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokwakha kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla amanzi, iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
1. Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi samanzi sohlobo lwe-reservoir: Ngokugcina amanzi edamini, izinga lamanzi omfula liyalawulwa, futhi ithonsi lekhanda lisetshenziselwa ukushayela i-hydraulic turbine yokuphehla ugesi.
2. Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa: Ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zohlobo lwamachibi zilinganiselwe umthamo wamanzi. Iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo zisebenzisa amaphampu ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka phansi ukuya ezindaweni eziphakeme, bese zikhiqiza ugesi ngomgomo wokusebenza kwekhanda lamanzi.
3. Isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi iTidal: Sisebenzisa ukuguquguquka kwamaza ukuze siqoqe umehluko wobude bamazinga amanzi aguquguqukayo futhi sikhiqize ugesi ngaphansi kokusebenza kwamandla olwandle.
4. Isiteshi samandla esigeleza se-Piston: Sisebenzisa izikhukhula, amagagasi nezinye izikhathi zamanzi akhuphukayo ukuze sijove ngokushesha inani elikhulu lamanzi, siphehla ugesi ngokushesha ngokuwa kwekhanda ngesikhathi esifushane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulu sesikhashana sikagesi.
Kafushane, iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziwumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile obalulekile onezici ezifana nokuhlanzeka, ukuvuselelwa, nokuzinza, futhi zihlukaniswa ngokwezindlela zazo zokwakha nezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla amanzi.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko zamadamu eziteshini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi:
1. Idamu lamandla adonsela phansi: Liwudonga olume mpo olwakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo noma itshe, oluthwala umfutho wamanzi ngokusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi. Amadamu adonsela phansi ngokuvamile azinzile, kodwa adinga izinto zokwakha ezengeziwe kanye nendawo yomhlaba. Isici salo ukuthi iphansi ledamu libanzi futhi ingaphezulu ledamu lincane, elifanele izimo lapho izinhlangothi zombili zezigodi zemifula zisekelwa isisekelo esihle samadwala.
2. I-Arch dam: Iwuhlobo lwedamu elakhiwe ngezindonga ezigobile, elihlakaza umfutho wamanzi ngesakhiwo sekhothamo. Lapho wakha idamu le-arch, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale wakhe i-formwork yokhuni emise okwe-arch, bese uthela ukhonkolo kulo ukuze ulenze. Amadamu ama-Arch afanele izindawo eziwumngcingo neziphakeme ze-canyon, anezinzuzo ezifana nokungahlali kahle komhlaba nokusebenza okuhle kokuzamazama komhlaba.
3. Idamu elinamatshe omhlaba: Liwuhlobo lwedamu elakhiwe ngokunqwabelana kwenhlabathi namatshe, futhi ingaphakathi lalo lithatha izinyathelo zokunqanda ukugeleza kwamanzi ukuze kugwenywe ukuvuza kwamanzi. Amadamu angamadwala omhlaba adla inani elincane likasimende nezinye izinto, kodwa kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuqedela ukuqiniswa komzimba wedamu. Amadamu angamadwala omhlaba alungele izindawo ezigeleza amanzi ayisicaba kanye nezintaba.
4. Idamu lokuphambukisa: Liyindawo encane esetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, futhi ukwakheka nokwakheka kwalo kuhlukile kokwedamu. Amadamu okuphambukisa ajwayele ukwakhiwa phakathi nemifula ukuze aphambukise amanzi abhekise ezizindeni zikagesi noma izinjongo zokunisela. Idamu lokuphambukisa ngokuvamile liphansi futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo nazo azisindi uma kuqhathaniswa.
Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadamu aphehlwa ngamanzi anezimo ezisebenzayo kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Ukukhetha ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwedamu okufanele lusekelwe ezimweni zendawo zendawo, izimo ze-hydrological kanye nesimo sezulu, kanye nezinye izimo zangempela.
Uhlelo lwehabhu lesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ngokuvamile luhlanganisa lezi zingxenye ezilandelayo:
1. Ichibi: elinesibopho sokugcina imithombo yamanzi kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamanzi adingekayo ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi.
2. Izinsiza zokulahla amanzi ezikhukhula: ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga lamanzi nokugeleza kwedamu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokuphephile kwedamu, nokuvimbela ukwenzeka kwezinhlekelele njengezikhukhula.
3. Uhlelo lokuphambukisa: Yethula amanzi asuka edamini abe yiyunithi yokuphehla ugesi ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi. Uhlelo lokuphambukisa amanzi luhlanganisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifana nokuthatha amanzi, ishaneli yokungena, ipayipi lokucindezela, kanye nevalvu elawulayo.
4. Isethi yejeneretha: idivayisi eguqula amandla amanzi angenisiwe abe amandla kagesi.
5. Uhlelo lokudlulisa: Ugesi okhiqizwa isethi yejeneretha udluliselwa kumsebenzisi.
6. Uhlelo lokulawula: Isistimu eqapha, elawula, futhi elawula ukusebenza kweziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, okuhlanganisa amasistimu okulawula okuzenzakalelayo, amathuluzi okuqapha, namasistimu okulawula amakhompyutha.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuhlolwa kwempahla yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuhlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
1. Indawo yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi: Indawo okukuyo iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ukubaluleka kwazo. Kungase kube nomehluko omkhulu endaweni yemakethe kanye nokwesekwa kwenqubomgomo okubhekene neziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ezindaweni ezihlukene, okudingeka kubhekwe ngazo ngokugcwele.
2. Imingcele yobuchwepheshe yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi: Umthamo ofakiwe, ikhanda lamanzi, izinga lokugeleza kanye neminye imingcele yezobuchwepheshe yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuthinta ngqo amandla azo okuphehla ugesi kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho, futhi kudinga ukuqonda okuphelele nokuhlolwa kwesayensi.
3. Isimo sokuxhunywa kwegridi: Isimo sokuxhunywa kwegridi yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi sinomthelela omkhulu emalini yazo yokuphehla ugesi kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, futhi kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngokugcwele izici ezifana nokuzinza kwegridi, ubude belayini yokudluliswa kukagesi, namandla e-transformer.
4. Ukuphathwa kokusebenza nokulungiswa: Isimo sezisetshenziswa, isimo sokunakekelwa, kanye namarekhodi okuphepha okukhiqizwa kweziteshi eziphehlwa ngamanzi ziyizinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola inani lazo, nokuhlolwa okuphelele nokuhlolwa kuyadingeka.
5. Isimo senqubomgomo nesokulawula: Inqubomgomo kanye nemvelo yokulawula lapho iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zitholakala zizophinde zibe namazinga ahlukene omthelela enanini lazo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokwesekwa kwenqubomgomo njengezinqubomgomo zoxhaso, izinxephezelo zentela, nokuhambisana nemvelo.
6. Isimo sezezimali: Isimo sezimali sesiteshi sikagesi singenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta inani laso, okuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukuxhasa ngezimali, izindleko zokusebenza, imali engenayo yokuphehlwa kukagesi, nezinye izici.
7. Isimo sokuncintisana: Isimo sokuqhudelana kwezimakethe lapho iziteshi zikagesi eziphehlwa ngamanzi zizoba namazinga ahlukene omthelela emalini yazo yokuphehla ugesi kanye nesimo semakethe. Kuyadingeka ukuba nokuqonda okuphelele ngendawo yokuncintisana kwezimakethe kanye nesimo sabaqhudelana nabo abakhulu.
Kafushane, ukuhlolwa kwempahla yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kudinga ukucabangela izici eziningi, kuhlaziye ngokucophelela futhi kunqume inani lazo langempela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-06-2023
