Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, intuthuko esimeme ibilokhu iyindaba ekhathaza kakhulu amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ososayensi bebesebenza kanzima futhi ukuze bafunde ukuthi bangayisebenzisa kanjani imithombo yemvelo ngendlela efanele futhi ephumelelayo ukuze kuzuze isintu.
Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kuye kancane kancane kwathatha indawo yokukhiqizwa kwamandla okushisa okuvamile.
Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-hydropower baseShayina buthuthuke bufike kusiphi isigaba manje? Liyini izinga lomhlaba wonke? Liyini ukubaluleka kokukhiqizwa kukagesi wamanzi? Abantu abaningi bangase bangaqondi. Lokhu ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo kuphela. Ingabe kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kangaka? Mayelana naleli phuzu, kufanele siqale ngemvelaphi yamandla kagesi wamanzi.
Umsuka Wamandla Kagesi Aphuma Ngeziphethu
Eqinisweni, uma nje uqonda kahle umlando wentuthuko yabantu, uzoqonda ukuthi kuze kube manje, yonke intuthuko yabantu ibilokhu igxile ezinsizeni. Ikakhulukazi enguqukweni yokuqala yezimboni kanye neNguquko Yesibili Yezimboni, ukuvela kwemithombo yamalahle kanye nemithombo kawoyela kwasheshisa kakhulu inqubo yentuthuko yabantu.
Ngeshwa, nakuba lezi zinsiza ezimbili ziwusizo olukhulu emphakathini wesintu, zinezinkinga eziningi. Ngaphezu kwezici zazo ezingavuseleleki, umthelela emvelweni ubelokhu uyinkinga ebalulekile ehlupha ucwaningo lwentuthuko yabantu. Njengoba bebhekene nesimo esinjalo, ososayensi bacwaninga ngezindlela zesayensi nezisebenzayo, ngenkathi bezama ukubona ukuthi kukhona yini imithombo yamandla emisha engathatha indawo yalezi zinsiza ezimbili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nentuthuko, ososayensi bakholelwa nokuthi amandla angasetshenziswa abantu ngezindlela zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ingabe amandla nawo angasetshenziswa? Kungalesi sizathu lapho amandla angaphansi kwamanzi, amandla omoya, amandla okushisa komhlaba kanye namandla elanga kungene embonweni wabantu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsiza zemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi empeleni kuqale esikhathini sangaphambilini. Uma sithatha i-water wheel drive evele izikhathi eziningi emasikweni ethu omlando waseShayina njengesibonelo. Ukuvela kwale divayisi empeleni kuwukubonakaliswa kokusetshenziswa kwabantu ngenkuthalo kwezinsiza zamanzi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amanzi, abantu bangaguqula la mandla abe ezinye izici.
Kamuva, ngawo-1930, imishini kagesi esebenza ngesandla yavela ngokusemthethweni embonweni womuntu, futhi ososayensi baqala ukucabanga ngendlela yokwenza imishini kagesi isebenze ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi babengenakukwazi ukuxhumanisa amandla kagesi wamanzi namandla kagesi adingwa yimishini kagesi, okwabambezela nokufika kwamandla kagesi isikhathi eside.
Kuze kube ngu-1878, indoda yaseBrithani egama linguWilliam Armstrong, esebenzisa ulwazi lwayo lobuchwepheshe kanye nengcebo, ekugcineni yakha ijeneretha yokuqala kagesi kagesi eyayisetshenziswa ekhaya layo. Esebenzisa lo mshini, uWilliam wakhanyisa izibani zendlu yakhe njengomuntu ohlakaniphile.
Kamuva, abantu abaningi baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa amandla kagesi kanye nemithombo yamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ukusiza abantu ukukhiqiza ugesi nokuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla kagesi asebenzisa imishini, okuye kwaba yisihloko esiyinhloko sentuthuko yezenhlalo isikhathi eside. Namuhla, amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi abe enye yezindlela zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza ugesi, ugesi ohlinzekwa amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi uyamangalisa.
Intuthuko kanye Nesimo Samanje Samandla Kagesi Emanzi eShayina
Ebuyela ezweni lakithi, ugesi wamanzi empeleni wabonakala sekwephuzile kakhulu. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1882, u-Edison wasungula uhlelo lokuqala lwamandla kagesi wamanzi emhlabeni ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe, kanti ugesi wamanzi waseShayina wasungulwa okokuqala ngo-1912. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iSiteshi Samanzi Samanzi saseShilongba sakhiwa eKunming, eYunnan ngaleso sikhathi, sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe baseJalimane kuphela, kuyilapho iShayina yathumela abasebenzi kuphela ukusiza.
Ngemva kwalokho, yize iShayina nayo yenza imizamo yokwakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi ahlukahlukene ezweni lonke, inhloso eyinhloko kwakusese yintuthuko yezentengiselwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yethonya lesimo sasekhaya ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi kanye nemishini yemishini kwakungangeniswa kuphela kwamanye amazwe, okwaholela ekutheni amandla kagesi kagesi aseShayina ahlale engemuva kwamanye amazwe athuthukile emhlabeni.
Ngenhlanhla, lapho iNew China isungulwa ngo-1949, izwe labeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kugesi wamanzi. Ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe, iShayina inendawo enkulu kanye nezinsizakusebenza zamanzi ezihlukile, ngokungangabazeki inzuzo yemvelo ekuthuthukiseni ugesi wamanzi.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi akuwona wonke imifula engaba umthombo wamandla okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ukube bekungekho amaconsi amanzi amakhulu ukusiza, bekuzodingeka ukuthi kudalwe amaconsi amanzi ngokwenziwa emseleni womfula. Kodwa ngale ndlela, ngeke nje kudle amandla amaningi kanye nezinsizakusebenza, kodwa nomphumela wokugcina wokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi uzoncishiswa kakhulu.
Kodwa izwe lethu lihlukile. IShayina inoMfula iYangtze, uMfula ophuzi, uMfula iLancang, kanye noMfula iNu, ngomehluko ongafani phakathi kwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, lapho sakha isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi, sidinga ukukhetha indawo efanelekile kuphela futhi senze izinguquko ezithile.
Phakathi nesikhathi kusukela ngawo-1950 kuya kowama-1960, umgomo oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi eShayina kwakuwukwakha iziteshi ezintsha zikagesi ngamanzi ngokusekelwe ekunakekeleni nasekulungiseni iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezikhona. Phakathi kwawo-1960 no-1970, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kukagesi wamanzi sekuvuthiwe, iShayina yaqala ukuzama ukwakha iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezengeziwe ngokuzimela futhi yathuthukisa uchungechunge lwemifula.
Ngemva kokuguqulwa nokuvulwa, izwe lizophinde likhulise ukutshalwa kwezimali kugesi wamanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zamandla kagesi zangaphambilini, iShayina isiqalile ukuphishekela iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezinkulu ezinekhono lokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi eliqinile kanye nensizakalo engcono ezimpilweni zabantu. Ngawo-1990, ukwakhiwa kweDamu leMigodi Emithathu kwaqala ngokusemthethweni, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eyi-15 ukuba yisiteshi samandla kagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa okuhle kakhulu kokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yaseShayina kanye namandla esizwe aqinile.
Ukwakhiwa kweDamu iThree Gorges kwanele ukukhombisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-hydropower baseShayina ngokungangabazeki bufinyelele phambili emhlabeni. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ngaphandle kweDamu iThree Gorges, amandla e-hydropower aseShayina akhiqiza u-41% wokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-hydropower emhlabeni. Phakathi kobuchwepheshe obuningi obuhlobene ne-hydraulic, ososayensi baseShayina banqobe izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsizakusebenza zamandla, kwanele futhi ukukhombisa ubuhle bemboni yamandla kagesi aseShayina. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni, amathuba kanye nobude bokunqamuka kukagesi eShayina kuncane kakhulu. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo ubuqotho kanye namandla engqalasizinda yamandla kagesi aseShayina.
Ukubaluleka kwamandla kagesi aphuma emanzini
Ngikholwa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyaluqonda ngokujulile usizo olulethwa ugesi wamanzi kubantu. Isibonelo esilula, uma sicabanga ukuthi ugesi wamanzi womhlaba uyanyamalala ngalesi sikhathi, izifunda ezingaphezu kwengxenye zomhlaba ngeke zibe nogesi nhlobo.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abakaqondi ukuthi nakuba ugesi wamanzi uwusizo olukhulu esintwini, ingabe kuyadingeka ngempela ukuba siqhubeke nokuthuthukisa ugesi wamanzi? Phela, cabanga ngokwakhiwa okungenangqondo kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi eLop Nur njengesibonelo. Ukuvalwa okuqhubekayo kwabangela ukuba eminye imifula yome futhi inyamalale.
Eqinisweni, isizathu esiyinhloko sokunyamalala kwemifula ezungeze iLop Nur ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi ngabantu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, okungahlobene namandla kagesi ngokwawo. Ukubaluleka kwamandla kagesi akuwona nje kuphela okubonakaliswa ekuhlinzekeni ugesi owanele esintwini. Njengokunisela kwezolimo, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula kanye nokugcinwa kwazo, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla, konke kuncike osizweni lobunjiniyela be-hydraulic.
Cabanga ukuthi ngaphandle kosizo lweDamu leMigodi Emithathu kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwemithombo yamanzi, ezolimo ezizungezile bezizoqhubeka zithuthuka esimweni esingesihle nesingasebenzi kahle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nentuthuko yezolimo yanamuhla, imithombo yamanzi eduze kweMigodi Emithathu "izochithwa"
Ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula kanye nokugcinwa kwazo, iDamu iThree Gorges nalo lilethe usizo olukhulu kubantu. Kungashiwo ukuthi uma nje iDamu iThree Gorges lingashukumi, izakhamuzi ezizungezile akudingeki zikhathazeke nganoma yiziphi izikhukhula. Ungajabulela ugesi owanele kanye nemithombo yamanzi eminingi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo unikeza ukuthula kwengqondo kwemithombo yokuphila.
Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ngokwawo ayindlela yokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi ngokunengqondo. Njengenye yemithombo evuselelekayo ngokwemvelo, futhi ingenye yemithombo yamandla esebenza kahle kakhulu yokusebenzisa imithombo yabantu. Ngokuqinisekile izodlula ukucabanga komuntu.
Ikusasa Lamandla Avuselelekayo
Njengoba ukungalungi kwemithombo kawoyela namalahle kuya ngokuya kubonakala, ukusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo sekuyinto eyinhloko yentuthuko enkathini yanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi isiteshi samandla sangaphambili sikaphethiloli, ngenkathi sisebenzisa izinto eziningi ukuze sinikeze amandla amancane, ngokuqinisekile sizobangela ukungcola okukhulu endaweni ezungezile, okwaphoqa nesiteshi samandla sikaphethiloli ukuba sihoxe esigabeni somlando.
Kulesi simo, izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza ugesi ezifana namandla omoya kanye namandla okushisa komhlaba, afana nokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi, sezibe yiziqondiso eziyinhloko zocwaningo lwamazwe emhlabeni wonke namuhla futhi isikhathi eside. Wonke amazwe abheke phambili osizweni olukhulu olunganikezwa izinsiza ezivuselelekayo eziqhubekayo esintwini.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje, amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi asalokhu eqala phakathi kwemithombo evuselelekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kungenxa yokungavuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla, njengokukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya, kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi sokusetshenziswa kwemithombo; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi adinga ukwehla kuphela futhi ngeke athintwe yizindawo eziningi zemvelo ezingalawuleki.
Ngakho-ke, indlela eya ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwamandla avuselelekayo iyinde futhi inzima, futhi abantu basadinga ukubekezela okwanele ukubhekana nale ndaba. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho imvelo eyonakele ngaphambilini ingabuyiselwa khona kancane kancane.
Uma sibheka emuva emlandweni wonke wentuthuko yabantu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuye kwaletha usizo esintwini olungaphezu komcabango wabantu. Mhlawumbe enkambisweni yentuthuko edlule, senze amaphutha amaningi futhi sabangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni, kodwa namuhla, konke lokhu kuyashintsha kancane kancane, futhi amathemba entuthuko yamandla avuselelekayo akhanya impela.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izinselele zobuchwepheshe eziningi zinqotshwa, ukusetshenziswa kwabantu kwezinsizakusebenza kuyathuthuka kancane kancane. Uma sibheka ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya njengesibonelo, kukholelwa ukuthi abantu abaningi bakhe amamodeli amaningi ama-wind turbine besebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya esikhathini esizayo kungase kukwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokudlidliza.
Yiqiniso, akunangqondo ukusho ukuthi ugesi wamanzi awunazo izinkinga. Lapho kwakhiwa iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi, imisebenzi emikhulu yomhlaba kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ngokhonkolo akunakugwenywa. Uma kubangelwa izikhukhula ezisakazekile, izwe ngalinye kufanele likhokhe imali enkulu yokuhlala ngenxa yalokho.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, uma ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi kwehluleka, umthelela ezindaweni ezingezansi kanye nengqalasizinda uzodlula kakhulu ukucabanga kwabantu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokwakha isiteshi sikagesi wamanzi, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bomklamo wobunjiniyela kanye nokwakhiwa, kanye nezinhlelo eziphuthumayo zezingozi. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho iziteshi zikagesi wamanzi zingaba khona ngempela amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda azuzisa isintu.
Ngamafuphi, ikusasa lentuthuko esimeme lifanele ukulilangazelela, futhi isihluthulelo sisekutheni abantu bazimisele yini ukuchitha isikhathi namandla anele kulo. Emkhakheni wamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi, abantu baphumelele kakhulu, futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthuthukisa kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinsiza zemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-23-2023
