Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, intuthuko esimeme ibilokhu iyindaba ekhathaza kakhulu amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ososayensi nabo bebesebenza kanzima ukuze batadishe ukuthi bangayisebenzisa kanjani ngokunengqondo nangempumelelo imithombo yemvelo eyengeziwe ukuze kuzuze isintu.
Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya nobunye ubuchwepheshe kancane kancane kuye kwathatha indawo yokukhiqiza amandla avamile ashisayo.
Ngakho-ke, isiphi isigaba ubuchwepheshe baseChina obuphehla amandla kagesi buthuthuke kwaze kwaba manje? Liyini izinga lomhlaba? Kubaluleke ngani ukuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi? Abantu abaningi bangase bangaqondi. Lokhu ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo kuphela. Ingabe ngempela ingaba nomthelela omkhulu kangaka? Mayelana naleli phuzu, kufanele siqale ngomsuka wokuphehlwa kwamanzi.
Umsuka Wamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Eqinisweni, uma nje uqonda ngokucophelela umlando wokuthuthuka komuntu, uzoqonda ukuthi kuze kube manje, konke ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kuye kwazungeza izinsiza. Ikakhulukazi enguqukweni yokuqala yezimboni kanye neNguquko Yezimboni Yesibili, ukuvela kwemithombo yamalahle nemithombo kawoyela kwasheshisa kakhulu inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwabantu.
Ngeshwa, nakuba lezi zinsiza ezimbili ziwusizo olukhulu emphakathini wesintu, zinezinkinga eziningi. Ngaphezu kwezici zayo ezingavuseleleki, umthelela endaweni ezungezile bekulokhu kuyindaba ebalulekile ekhungethe ucwaningo lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu. Bebhekene nesimo esinjalo, ososayensi bacwaninga izindlela ezingokwesayensi neziphumelelayo, kuyilapho bezama ukubona ukuthi ikhona yini imithombo yamandla emisha engathatha indawo yalezi zinsiza ezimbili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba nokuthuthuka kwesikhathi, ososayensi bakholelwa nokuthi amandla angasetshenziswa abantu ngezindlela ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali. Ingabe amandla nawo angasetshenziswa? Kungenxa yalesi sizinda lapho amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, amandla omoya, amandla e- geothermal namandla elanga angena embonweni wabantu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsiza zemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi empeleni kuhlehlela emuva esikhathini sangaphambilini. Ukuthatha idrayivu yesondo lamanzi evele izikhathi eziningi kusiko lwethu lomlando wamaShayina njengesibonelo. Ukuvela kwalo mshini empeleni kuwukubonakaliswa kokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwabantu kwemithombo yamanzi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla amanzi, abantu bangaguqula lamandla bawenze ezinye izici.
Kamuva, ngawo-1930, imishini kagesi esebenza ngesandla yavela ngokusemthethweni embonweni womuntu, futhi ososayensi baqala ukucabanga ngendlela yokwenza imishini kagesi isebenze ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kwezinsiza zabantu. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abakwazanga ukuxhuma amandla e-kinetic emanzini namandla e-kinetic adingwa imishini kagesi, nawo abambezela ukufika kwamandla kagesi isikhathi eside.
Kuze kube ngu-1878, indoda yaseBrithani okuthiwa uWilliam Armstrong, isebenzisa ulwazi layo lochwepheshe nengcebo, yagcina isungule ijeneretha yokuqala kagesi esebenza ngamanzi ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya layo. Esebenzisa lo mshini, uWilliam wakhanyisa izibani zendlu yakhe njengomuntu ohlakaniphile.
Kamuva, abantu abaningi baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa i-hydropower kanye nemithombo yamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ukusiza abantu ukuthi bakhiqize ugesi futhi baguqule amandla kagesi abe yi-mechanical kinetic energy, okuye kwaba yindikimba eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa komphakathi isikhathi eside. Namuhla, i-hydropower isiphenduke enye yezindlela ezithinteka kakhulu zokukhiqiza amandla emvelo emhlabeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izindlela zokuphehla ugesi, ugesi ohlinzekwa ngamandla asetshenziswa ngamanzi uyamangaza.
Ukuthuthuka kanye Nesimo Samanje Sokuphehla Ugesi Wamanzi e-China
Lapho sibuyela ezweni lethu, ugesi wamanzi ubonakale sekwephuzile kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1882, u-Edison wasungula uhlelo lwamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi lokuqala emhlabeni ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe, futhi amandla kagesi aseChina asungulwa okokuqala ngo-1912. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, iShilongba Hydropower Station yakhiwa eKunming, eYunnan ngaleso sikhathi, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe baseJalimane ngokuphelele, kuyilapho iShayina ithumela abasebenzi kuphela ukuba bayosiza.
Ngemva kwalokho, nakuba iShayina nayo yenza imizamo yokwakha iziteshi ezihlukahlukene zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezweni lonke, inhloso enkulu kwakusewukuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yethonya lesimo sasekhaya ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bamanzi kanye nemishini yemishini yayingangeniswa kuphela phesheya, okwaholela ekutheni ugesi waseChina uhlale ulele ngemuva kwamanye amazwe athuthukile emhlabeni.
Ngenhlanhla, lapho i-New China isungulwa ngo-1949, izwe labeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kumandla ophehlwa ngamanzi. Ikakhulukazi uma iqhathaniswa namanye amazwe, i-China inendawo enkulu kanye nezinsiza ezihlukile zikagesi wamanzi, ngokungangabazeki inzuzo engokwemvelo ekuthuthukiseni amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi akuyona yonke imifula engaba umthombo wamandla okukhiqiza ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Uma bekungekho amaconsi amakhulu amanzi ukusiza, bekuyodingeka ukuthi kwenziwe ngokwenziwa amaconsi amanzi emseleni womfula. Kodwa ngale ndlela, ngeke nje kudle inqwaba yabasebenzi kanye nezinsizakusebenza, kodwa umphumela wokugcina wokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi nawo uzoncipha kakhulu.
Kodwa izwe lethu lehlukile. I-China inomfula i-Yangtze, i-Yellow River, i-Lancang River, kanye ne-Nu River, okunokwehluka okungenakuqhathaniswa phakathi kwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, lapho sakha isiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, sidinga kuphela ukukhetha indawo efanelekile futhi senze izinguquko ezithile.
Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kuya kowe-1960, inhloso enkulu yokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi e-China kwakuwukwakha iziteshi ezintsha zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ngesisekelo sokunakekela kanye nokulungisa iziteshi ezivele ziphehlwa ngamanzi. Phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1960 no-1970, ngokuvuthwa kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi, i-China yaqala ukuzama ngokuzimela ukwakha iziteshi eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi futhi ithuthukise uchungechunge lwemifula.
Ngemva kwezinguquko nokuvuleka, izwe lizophinda futhi likhulise utshalomali kugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zangaphambili eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, i-China isiqalile ukulandela iziteshi ezinkulu eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezinamandla amakhulu kanye nezinkonzo ezingcono ezimpilweni zabantu. Ngeminyaka yawo-1990, kwaqala ngokusemthethweni ukwakhiwa kweDamu Lemigobho Emithathu, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eyi-15 ukuba ibe isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Lokhu ukubonakaliswa okuhle kakhulu kokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yaseShayina namandla kazwelonke aqinile.
Ukwakhiwa kweDamu Lemihosha Emithathu kwanele ukukhombisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe baseChina obuphehla ugesi ngokungangabazeki bufinyelele phambili emhlabeni. Ingasaphathwa eyedamu Lemigobho Emithathu, ugesi waseShayina ophehlwa ngamanzi wenza ama-41% omhlaba ophehlwa ngamanzi. Phakathi kobuchwepheshe obuningi be-hydraulic, ososayensi baseShayina banqobe izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla, kwanele futhi ukukhombisa ubuhle bemboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi yaseChina. Idatha ibonisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yiliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni, amathuba kanye nobude besikhathi sokunqamuka kukagesi e-China kuncane kakhulu. Isizathu esikhulu salesi simo ubuqotho namandla engqalasizinda ephehlwa ngamanzi yaseChina.
Ukubaluleka kwamandla kagesi
Ngikholwa ukuthi wonke umuntu uluqonda ngokujulile usizo olulethwa ugesi wamanzi kubantu. Isibonelo esilula, uma sicabanga ukuthi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emhlabeni uyanyamalala ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphezu kwengxenye yezifunda zomhlaba ngeke zibe nawo nhlobo ugesi.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abakaqondi ukuthi nakuba amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi ewusizo olukhulu esintwini, ingabe kuyadingeka ngempela ukuthi siqhubeke nokukhiqiza amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi? Phela, thatha ukwakhiwa okuhlanyayo kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi eLop Nur njengesibonelo. Ukuvalwa okuqhubekayo kwabangela ukuba eminye imifula yome futhi inyamalale.
Eqinisweni, isizathu esiyinhloko sokunyamalala kwemifula ezungeze i-Lop Nur ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi ngabantu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, okungahlobene namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi ngokwawo. Ukubaluleka kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi akubonakala nje ekuhlinzekeni ugesi owanele esintwini. Ngokufana nokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo, ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula nokugcinwa, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, bonke bathembele osizweni lobunjiniyela bamanzi.
Cabanga ukuthi ngaphandle kosizo lweDamu Lemigobho Emithathu kanye nokuhlanganiswa okumaphakathi kwemithombo yamanzi, ezolimo ezizungezile zisazothuthuka esimweni esidala nesingasebenzi kahle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nentuthuko yezolimo yanamuhla, imithombo yamanzi eduze nemihosha emithathu “iyomoshwa”
Mayelana nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula nokugcinwa kwazo, i-Three Gorges Dam nayo ilethe usizo olukhulu kubantu. Kungashiwo ukuthi inqobo nje uma i-Three Gorges Dam inganyakazi, izakhamuzi ezakhelene nazo azizikhathazi nganoma yiziphi izikhukhula. Ungajabulela ugesi owanele nemithombo yamanzi amaningi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo unikeza ukuthula kwengqondo kwezinsiza zokuphila.
I-Hydropower ngokwayo iwukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yamanzi. Njengenye yezinsiza ezivuselelekayo endalweni, iphinde ibe ngomunye wemithombo yamandla esebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwabasebenzi. Nakanjani izodlula umcabango womuntu.
Ikusasa Lamandla Avuselelekayo
Njengoba ukonakala kwemithombo kawoyela namalahle kuba sobala ngokwandayo, ukusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo sekuyindikimba eyinhloko yentuthuko enkathini yanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi isikhungo sangaphambili samandla kaphethiloli, ngenkathi sisebenzisa izinto eziningi ukuze sinikeze amandla amancane, nakanjani sizobangela ukungcoliswa okukhulu kwendawo ezungezile, okuphinde kwaphoqa isiteshi samandla kaphethiloli wezinsalela ukuba sihoxe esigabeni somlando.
Kulesi simo, izindlela ezintsha zokuphehla ugesi njengamandla omoya namandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo, afana nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi, seziphenduke izinkomba zocwaningo eziyinhloko emazweni emhlabeni jikelele namuhla kanye nesikhathi eside. Wonke amazwe abheke ngabomvu usizo olukhulu izinsiza ezivuselelekayo ezingalunikeza isintu.
Nokho, ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje, amandla kagesi asahamba phambili phakathi kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kungenxa yokungavuthwa kobuchwepheshe bokuphehla amandla, njengokuphehlwa kwamandla omoya, kanye nezinga eliphansi lokusebenzisa elibanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsiza; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kagesi adinga ukwehla kuphela futhi ngeke athintwe izindawo zemvelo eziningi ezingalawuleki.
Ngakho-ke, indlela eya ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwamandla avuselelekayo yinde futhi inzima, futhi abantu kusadingeka babe nesineke esanele sokubhekana nalolu daba. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho indawo yemvelo eyonakalisiwe ingabuyiselwa kancane kancane.
Uma sibheka emuva kuwo wonke umlando wokuthuthuka komuntu, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kulethe usizo esintwini olungaphezu kokucatshangwa ngabantu. Mhlawumbe enqubweni yentuthuko edlule, senze amaphutha amaningi futhi sabangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni, kodwa namuhla, konke lokhu kuyashintsha kancane kancane, futhi amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo nakanjani aqhakazile.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, njengoba ziya ngokuya zinqotshwa izinselelo zobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwabantu kwezinsiza kuya ngokuya kuba ngcono. Uma sithatha ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya njengesibonelo, kukholakala ukuthi abantu abaningi bakhe amamodeli amaningi ezinjini zomoya besebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya esikhathini esizayo kungase kukwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokudlidliza.
Yebo, akunangqondo ukusho ukuthi amandla kagesi awanazo izithiyo. Lapho kwakhiwa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, imisebenzi emikhulu yomhlaba kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphathekayo akunakugwenywa. Lapho kubangela izikhukhula ezisabalele, izwe ngalinye kufanele likhokhe izimali ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa kabusha ngenxa yalokho.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, uma ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi kubhuntsha, umthelela ezindaweni ezansi nomfula nengqalasizinda uyodlula kude umcabango wabantu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokwakha isiteshi samandla kagesi, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokuklama nokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela, kanye nezinhlelo eziphuthumayo zezingozi. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho iziteshi zikagesi eziphehla ugesi zingaba amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda azuzisa isintu.
Kafushane, ikusasa lentuthuko esimeme kufanelekile ukubhekelwa phambili, futhi isihluthulelo sisekutheni abantu bazimisele yini ukuchitha isikhathi esanele namandla kukho. Emkhakheni wokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, abantu bathole impumelelo enkulu, futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthuthukisa kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinsiza zemvelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-23-2023
