Imboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, njengemboni eyinsika yomnotho wezwe, ihlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe kanye nezinguquko kusakhiwo sezimboni. Njengamanje, ukusebenza kukonke kwemboni yokuphehla ugesi waseShayina kuzinzile, nokwanda komthamo ofakwe ngamanzi, ukwanda kwamandla okukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi, ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali okuphehlwa ngamanzi, kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokukhula kokubhaliswa kwamabhizinisi ahlobene nokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Ngokusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo kazwelonke “yokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola”, ukushintshwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa intuthu sekuyinto ewusizo eShayina, futhi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi usuyinketho ekhethwayo yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi wubuchwepheshe besayensi obufunda izindaba zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho zokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela nokusebenza kokukhiqiza okuguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi. Amandla amanzi asetshenziswa ekuphehleni ugesi ngamanzi ikakhulukazi amandla angaba khona agcinwe emanzini. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuguqulwa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi abe ngugesi, izinhlobo ezahlukene zeziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zidinga ukwakhiwa.
Ukuqaliswa kokuphehla ugesi kuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, bese kuba kusetshenziswa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Imboni yamandla kagesi ephakathi nendawo ixhuma ugesi embonini yegridi yamandla angezansi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuxhumana kwegridi. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi uhlanganisa ukubonisana nokuhlelwa konjiniyela bokuqala, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, nokwakhiwa kokugcina. Ukwakheka kwezimboni ezimaphakathi nezansi nomfula kukodwa uma kuqhathaniswa, kunesakhiwo esizinzile.
Ngokukhuthazwa kokukhula komnotho waseShayina, uguquko oluseceleni kokuhlinzekwa kwezidingongqangi kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha koMnotho, ukongiwa kukagesi, ukuncishiswa kokungcola kanye nokukhula kohlaza kube yisivumelwano sokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Imboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ithole ukunakwa okuphezulu okuvela kohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga kanye nokwesekwa okubalulekile okuvela kuzinqubomgomo zikazwelonke zezimboni. Izwe selithule ngokulandelana izinqubomgomo eziningi zokweseka ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Izinqubomgomo zezimboni ezifana Nokuqaliswa Kohlelo Lokuxazulula Inkinga Yamanzi, Umoya, Nokulahlwa Kokukhanya, Isaziso Sokusungula Nokuthuthukisa Indlela Yesiqinisekiso Sokusebenzisa Amandla Avuselelekayo Avuselelwayo, kanye Nohlelo Lokuqalisa Lokusebenza Lwezindaba Zikahulumeni Ka-2021 Umsebenzi Wokumemezela Womnyango Wezinsiza Zamanzi kunikeze amathemba amakethe abanzi okuthuthukiswa komkhakha wamandla kagesi kanye nokungena kwamandla kagesi.
Ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwemboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi
Ngokophenyo lwamabhizinisi, eminyakeni yamuva nje, umthamo ofakiwe wokuphehla ugesi e-China ubulokhu ukhula unyaka nonyaka, ukusuka kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-333 ngo-2016 ukuya kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-370 ngo-2020, nezinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka lika-2.7%. Idatha yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2021, umthamo ofakiwe wokuphehla ugesi e-China wafinyelela cishe kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-391 (okuhlanganisa nama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-36 wesitoreji esimpontshwa), okukhuphuke ngo-5.6% unyaka nonyaka.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ivolumu yokubhaliswa kwamabhizinisi ahlobene nokuphehlwa kwamanzi e-China ikhule ngokushesha, isuka ku-198000 ngo-2016 yaya ku-539000 ngo-2019, ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwenhlanganisela yonyaka esingu-39.6%. Ngo-2020, izinga lokukhula lokubhaliswa kwamabhizinisi ahlobene nokuphehlwa ngamanzi lehla futhi lehla. Imininingwane yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2021, kube nengqikithi yamabhizinisi ahlobene nokuphehlwa kwamanzi angu-483000 e-China, ukwehla konyaka ngonyaka ngo-7.3%.
Kusukela ekusabalaliseni amandla afakiwe, ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2021, isifundazwe esinesilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi e-China kwakuyiSifundazwe saseSichuan, esinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-88.87, silandelwa yi-Yunnan enamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-78.2; Izifundazwe zikleliswe endaweni yesibili kuya kweyeshumi yiHubei, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Zhejiang, neQinghai, ezifakwe amandla asukela ku-10 kuya ku-40 million kilowatts.
Ngokombono wokuphehlwa kukagesi, ngowezi-2021, isifunda esinesilinganiso esiphezulu samandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi e-China kwakuyi-Sichuan, enamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi angama-kilowatt amahora ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-353.14, okuyisilinganiso esingama-26.37%; Okwesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi esifundeni saseYunnan kungamahora angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-271.63, okubalelwa ku-20.29%; Nakulokhu futhi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi esifundeni saseHubei kungamahora angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-153.15, okubalelwa ku-11.44%.
Ngokombono wamandla afakiwe embonini yaseChina yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, i-Changjiang Power iyibhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke ngokomthamo wokufakwa kwamandla ngamanzi ngakunye. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokufakwa kukagesi wamanzi we-Changjiang Power waba ngaphezu kwe-11% yezwe, kanye nesamba esifakiwe samandla kagesi ngaphansi kwamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu aphehla ugesi abalelwa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezwe; Ngokombono wokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi, ngo-2021, ingxenye yokuphehlwa kukagesi woMfula i-Yangtze yadlula u-15%, kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ngaphansi kwamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu aphehla ugesi kwaba cishe ama-20% enani eliphelele likazwelonke. Ngokombono wesilinganiso sokugxilwa kwezimakethe, isamba samaqembu amahlanu e-China afakwe amandla kagesi wamanzi kanye ne-Yangtze River Power isondele kuhhafu wesabelo semakethe; Ukuphehlwa kukagesi nge-Hydropower kungaphezu kuka-30% wezwe, futhi imboni inezinga eliphezulu lokugxila.
Ngokombiko othi "2022-2027 China Hydroelectric Power Industry Deep Analysis and Development Prospects Prediction Report" yiChina Research Institute of Industry.
Imboni yaseShayina ephehla ugesi ngamanzi iphethwe kakhulu yizimboni eziphethwe uhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu aphehla ugesi, kukhona futhi namabhizinisi amaningi amahle kakhulu okuphehla ugesi ebhizinisini laseChina lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Amabhizinisi angaphandle kwamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu, amelwe i-Yangtze Power, angamakhulu ngokomthamo wokufakwa kwamandla ngamanzi ngakunye. Ngokwesabelo somthamo ofakwe ngamanzi, isizinda esiqhudelanayo semboni yamandla kagesi yaseChina singahlukaniswa cishe sibe ama-echelon amabili, amaqembu amakhulu amahlanu kanye neYangtze Power ibekwe kuqala.
Amathemba Okuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Ngokumelene nesizinda sokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nokwanda kokuncipha kwezibaso ezimbiwa phansi, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuya ngokuya kuthola ukunakwa emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe, futhi ukuthuthukisa ngamandla amandla avuselelekayo sekuyisivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelekayo onobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe obungathuthukiswa ngezinga elikhulu. Imithombo yemithombo yamandla kagesi yaseChina isezingeni lokuqala emhlabeni. Ukuthuthukisa ngamandla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi akuyona nje indlela ebalulekile yokunciphisa ngempumelelo isisi esingcolisa umoya, kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukugqugquzela ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola, kanye nokuzuza intuthuko esimeme.
Ngemva kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa zomzabalazo oqhubekayo wabasebenzi bamandla kagesi, izinguquko kanye nokwenza izinto ezintsha, kanye nokwenza ngesibindi, imboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi yaseShayina ifinyelele igxathu elingokomlando ukusuka kokuncane kuye kokukhulu, ukusuka kokubuthakathaka kuye kwabanamandla, nokusuka ekulandeleni nasekuholeni. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe, amayunithi ahlukahlukene aphehlwa ngamanzi kanye nabasebenzi e-China bathembele kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nedatha enkulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngempumelelo ikhwalithi yokwakha nokuphepha kwedamu.
Phakathi nesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Eyi-14, i-China yachaza umkhawulo wesikhathi wokufeza izinjongo zokukhuphuka kwekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, okwenze izinhlobo eziningi zamandla zizwa amathuba nezingcindezi eziza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Njengommeleli wamandla avuselelekayo, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, esimweni sezulu somhlaba kanye nokuncipha kwamandla, isidingo sentuthuko esimeme sokuthuthukisa isakhiwo samandla sizoqhubeka nokugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi.
Esikhathini esizayo, i-China kufanele igxile kubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obunjengokwakha ngobuhlakani, ukusebenza okukhaliphile, nemishini ehlakaniphile yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ikhuthaze ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, iqinise, ikhulise, futhi yandise amandla ahlanzekile, ikhulise ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi namandla amasha, futhi ithuthukise ngokuqhubekayo izinga lokwakhiwa okukhaliphile nokuphathwa kokusebenza kweziteshi eziphehla ugesi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-10-2023
