Umlando wamandla kagesi asebenza ngamanzi eShayina

Isiteshi sokuqala samandla kagesi emhlabeni savela eFrance ngo-1878, lapho kwakhiwa khona isiteshi sokuqala samandla kagesi emhlabeni.
Umsunguli u-Edison naye waba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi. Ngo-1882, u-Edison wakha i-Abel Hydropower Station eWisconsin, e-USA.
Ekuqaleni, amandla eziteshi zamandla kagesi ezasungulwa ayemancane kakhulu. Ngo-1889, isiteshi samandla kagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sasiseJapan, kodwa amandla aso afakiwe ayengu-48 kW kuphela. Kodwa-ke, amandla afakiwe eziteshi zamandla kagesi kagesi athuthukiswe kakhulu. Ngo-1892, amandla eSiteshi Samandla kagesi saseNiagara e-United States ayengu-44000 kW. Ngo-1895, amandla afakiwe eSiteshi Samandla kagesi saseNiagara ayesefinyelele ku-147000 kW.

Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-20, ugesi wamanzi emazweni amakhulu athuthukile ufinyelele intuthuko esheshayo. Ngo-2021, amandla omhlaba wonke ogesi wamanzi azofinyelela ku-1360GW.
Umlando wokusebenzisa amandla amanzi eShayina ungalandelelwa emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 eyedlule, kusetshenziswa amanzi ukushayela amasondo amanzi, izigayo zamanzi, kanye nezigayo zamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kuphile.
Isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi wamanzi eShayina sakhiwa ngo-1904. KwakuyiSiteshi sikagesi wamanzi saseGuishan esakhiwa ngabahlaseli baseJapan eTaiwan, eShayina.
Isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi samanzi esakhiwa eShayina Mainland kwakuyiSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseShilongba eKunming, esaqalwa ngo-Agasti 1910 futhi sakhiqiza ugesi ngoMeyi 1912, sinamandla afakiwe angu-489kW.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili eyalandela noma ngaphezulu, ngenxa yokungazinzi kwesimo sasekhaya, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba eShayina akuzange kuthuthuke kakhulu, futhi kwakhiwa iziteshi ezimbalwa ezincane zamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa iDongwo Hydropower Station eLuxian County, eSichuan, iDuodi Hydropower Station eTibet, kanye neXiadao, Shunchang, kanye neLongxi Hydropower Stations eFujian.
Isikhathi safika ngesikhathi seMpi Yokulwa NaseJapane, lapho izinsizakusebenza zasekhaya zazisetshenziswa kakhulu ukumelana nolaka, futhi kwakhiwa iziteshi zikagesi ezincane kuphela esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga, njengeSiteshi sikagesi iTaohuaxi eSichuan kanye neSiteshi sikagesi iNanqiao eYunnan; Endaweni enabantu baseJapan, iJapane yakhe iziteshi zikagesi eziningana ezinkulu, ngokuvamile iSiteshi sikagesi iFengman eMfuleni iSonghua enyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina.
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina, amandla afakiwe kagesi wamanzi eShayina Mainland ake afinyelela ku-900000 kW. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okubangelwe yimpi, lapho kwakhiwa iRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina, amandla afakiwe kagesi wamanzi eShayina Mainland ayengu-363300 kW kuphela.
Ngemva kokusungulwa kweNew China, ugesi wamanzi uthole ukunakwa nentuthuko engakaze ibonwe. Okokuqala, amaphrojekthi amaningana kagesi wamanzi asele eminyakeni yempi alungisiwe futhi akhiwe kabusha; Ekupheleni kohlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu, iShayina yayisikwakhile futhi yakha kabusha iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi eziyi-19, futhi yaqala ukuklama nokwakha amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi wamanzi ngokwayo. Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseZhejiang Xin'anjiang esinomthamo ofakiwe wama-kilowatts angu-662500 sakhiwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi futhi yisiteshi sokuqala sikagesi wamanzi esikhulu esaklanywa, sakhiqizwa, futhi sakhiwa yiShayina uqobo.
Ngesikhathi se-“Great Leap Forward”, amaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi asanda kuqaliswa eShayina afinyelele ku-11.862 million kW. Amanye amaphrojekthi awazange aboniswe ngokugcwele, okwaholela ekutheni amanye amaphrojekthi aphoqeleke ukuyeka ukwakhiwa ngemva kokuba eqalile. Eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela yezinhlekelele zemvelo, inani elikhulu lamaphrojekthi lamiswa noma lahlehliswa. Ngamafuphi, kusukela ngo-1958 kuya ku-1965, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi wamanzi eShayina kwakunezinkinga ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, iziteshi zamandla kagesi zamanzi ezingu-31, okuhlanganisa iXin'anjiang eZhejiang, iXinfengjiang eGuangdong, kanye neXijin eGuangxi, nazo zaqaliswa ukusebenza ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Sekukonke, imboni yamandla kagesi wamanzi eShayina ifinyelele izinga elithile lentuthuko.
Sesifikile isikhathi sesikhathi "seNguquko Yamasiko". Nakuba ukwakhiwa kukagesi wamanzi kuphinde kwaphazamiseka kakhulu futhi kwabhujiswa, isinqumo sesu sokwakhiwa komugqa wesithathu sinikeze nethuba elingavamile lokuthuthukiswa kukagesi wamanzi entshonalanga yeShayina. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezingu-40, okuhlanganisa iLiujiaxia eSifundazweni saseGansu kanye neGongzui eSifundazweni saseSichuan, zaqala ukusebenza ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Umthamo ofakiwe weSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseLiujiaxia wafinyelela ku-1.225 million kW, okwenza kwaba yisiteshi sokuqala sikagesi wamanzi eShayina esinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kwesigidi se-kW. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa nesiteshi sokuqala sikagesi sokugcina amanzi eShayina, iGangnan, eHebei. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaqalwa noma kwaqalwa kabusha amaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi angu-53 amakhulu naphakathi nendawo phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngo-1970, kwaqala iProjekthi yeGezhouba enomthamo ofakiwe ongu-2.715 million kW, okwaphawula ukuqala kokwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi wamanzi emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iYangtze.
Ngemva kokuphela “kweNguquko Yamasiko”, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweSeshini Yesithathu Yesigungu Esiphezulu seKomidi Eliphakathi le-11, imboni yamandla kagesi aseShayina iphinde yangena esigabeni sentuthuko esheshayo. Amaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi wamanzi afana neGezhouba, Wujiangdu, kanye neBaishan asheshile, kanti iSiteshi Samandla kagesi saseLongyangxia esinomthamo weyunithi ongu-320000 kW sesiqalile ukwakhiwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngemva kwalokho, emoyeni wentwasahlobo wokuguqulwa nokuvulwa, uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi lwaseShayina nalo belulokhu lushintsha futhi lusungula izinto ezintsha, lukhombisa amandla amakhulu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iziteshi zamandla okugcina ezipompiwe nazo zithole intuthuko enkulu, lapho isigaba sokuqala sokupompiwa nokugcina ePanjiakou, eHebei, naseGuangzhou siqala; Amandla kagesi amancane nawo ayathuthuka, lapho kuqaliswa iqembu lokuqala lezifunda ezingama-300 zokufaka ugesi wamanzi zasemakhaya; Ngokuphathelene nogesi wamanzi omkhulu, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi eziningana ezinkulu zamanzi, njengeTianshengqiao Class II enamandla afakiwe angu-1.32 million kW, iGuangxi Yantan enamandla afakiwe angu-1.21 million kW, iYunnan Manwan enamandla afakiwe angu-1.5 million kW, kanye neLijiaxia Hydropower Station enamandla afakiwe angu-2 million kW, sekuqalile ngokulandelana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe basekhaya bahlelwa ukukhombisa izihloko ezingu-14 zeThree Gorges Hydropower Station, futhi ukwakhiwa kweThree Gorges Project kwabekwa ohlelweni.
Eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu lama-20, ukwakhiwa kukagesi wamanzi eShayina kuthuthuke ngokushesha. NgoSepthemba 1991, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweSiteshi sikagesi samanzi sase-Ertan ePanzhihua, eSichuan. Ngemva kwempikiswano nokulungiselela okuningi, ngoDisemba 1994, iProjekthi yeSiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseThree Gorges yaqala ngokusemthethweni. Ngokuphathelene neziteshi zikagesi zokugcina ezipompiwe, amathuna aseBeijing iMing (800000kW), iTianhuangping yaseZhejiang (1800000kW), kanye nesigaba sesibili sokugcina esipompiwe saseGuangzhou (12000000kW) nazo ziqalwe ngokulandelana; Ngokuphathelene nogesi omncane wamanzi, ukwakhiwa kweqoqo lesibili nelesithathu lezifunda zikagesi zasemakhaya ezisebenzisa ugesi wamanzi kuye kwaqaliswa. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, amandla afakiwe kagesi wamanzi eShayina akhuphuke ngo-38.39 million kW.
Eshumini lokuqala lekhulu lama-21, kuneziteshi ezinkulu zamanzi ezingu-35 ezakhiwayo, ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaba yizigidi ezingama-70 kW, kufaka phakathi iziteshi eziningi ezinkulu zamanzi ezifana ne-Three Gorges Project engu-22.4 million kW kanye ne-Xiluodu engu-12.6 million kW. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isilinganiso esingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 kW siye saqalwa ukusebenza minyaka yonke. Unyaka obaluleke kakhulu ngo-2008, lapho iyunithi yokugcina yesiteshi samandla ebhange langakwesokudla se-Three Gorges Project yaxhunywa ngokusemthethweni kugridi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, futhi wonke amayunithi angu-26 eziteshi zamandla ebhange langakwesokunxele nelangakwesokudla ze-Three Gorges Project aqalwa ukusebenza.
Kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lama-21, iziteshi ezinkulu zamandla kagesi ezisomfuleni omkhulu woMfula iJinsha ziye zathuthukiswa ngokulandelana futhi zaqala ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Isiteshi sikagesi i-Xiluodu esinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-12.6 million kW, i-Xiangjiaba enekhono elifakiwe elingu-6.4 million kW, iSiteshi sikagesi i-Baihetan esinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-12 million yuan, iSiteshi sikagesi i-Wudongde esinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-10.2 million yuan, kanye nezinye iziteshi ezinkulu zamandla kagesi ziye zaqala ukusebenza ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Phakathi kwazo, umthamo ofakiwe weyunithi eyodwa weSiteshi sikagesi i-Baihetan usufinyelele ku-1 million kW, Ukufinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokuphathelene neziteshi zikagesi zokugcina ezipompiwe, kusukela ngo-2022, kwakukhona iziteshi zikagesi zokugcina ezipompiwe ezingu-70 kuphela ezakhiwayo endaweni yokusebenza yeGrid Yesifundazwe saseShayina, ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-85.24 million kilowatts, okwakuyizikhathi ezingu-3.2 kanye neziphindwe ka-4.1 kunezango-2012, ngokulandelana. Phakathi kwazo, i-Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station iyisiteshi samandla sokugcina amanzi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esifakwe i-pomped, esinomthamo ofakiwe ongama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-3.6.
Ngokukhuthazwa okuqhubekayo komgomo "wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili" kanye nokuqina okuqhubekayo kokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi e-China nakho kubhekene nezimo ezintsha. Okokuqala, iziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi ezitholakala ezindaweni ezivikelwe zizoqhubeka nokuhoxa futhi zivalwe, kanti okwesibili, isilinganiso samandla elanga nawomoya kumthamo omusha ozofakwa sizoqhubeka nokukhula, kanti isilinganiso samandla kagesi e-hydro sizoncipha ngokufanayo; Okokugcina, sizogxila ekwakheni amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi e-hydro, futhi isayensi kanye nokucabanga kwamaphrojekthi okwakha kuzoqhubeka nokukhula.