Umlando we-hydropower e-China

Isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi emhlabeni savela eFrance ngo-1878, lapho kwakhiwa khona isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala emhlabeni.
Umsunguli u-Edison uphinde waba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ngo-1882, u-Edison wakha i-Abel Hydropower Station eWisconsin, eU.SA.
Ekuqaleni, amandla eziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ayemancane kakhulu. Ngo-1889, isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sasiseJapane, kodwa amandla aso afakiwe ayengama-48 kW kuphela. Kodwa-ke, umthamo ofakiwe weziteshi zikagesi uthuthuke kakhulu. Ngo-1892, umthamo wesiteshi sikagesi saseNiagara e-United States sasingu-44000 kW. Ngo-1895, amandla afakiwe e-Niagara Hydropower Station ayesefinyelele ku-147000 kW.

Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-20, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emazweni athuthukile usuzuze intuthuko esheshayo. Ngo-2021, amandla afakiwe emhlabeni jikelele wokuphehla amandla azofinyelela ku-1360GW.
Umlando wokusebenzisa amandla amanzi eShayina ungalandelelwa emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 edlule, kusetshenziswa amanzi ukushayela amasondo amanzi, izigayo zamanzi, nezigayo zamanzi zokukhiqiza nokuphila.
Isiteshi sokuqala sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi e-China sakhiwa ngo-1904. Kwakuyisiteshi sikagesi saseGuishan esakhiwa abahlaseli baseJapan eTaiwan, eChina.
Isiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esakhiwe e-China Mainland kwakuyiSiteshi sikagesi i-Shilongba Hydropower Station e-Kunming, esaqalwa ngo-August 1910 futhi sakhiqiza ugesi ngoMeyi 1912, esinamandla afakiwe angama-489kW.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, ngenxa yokungaqini kahle kwesimo sasekhaya, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi e-China akuzange kube nenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo, futhi kwakhiwa iziteshi ezimbalwa zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa ne-Dongwo Hydropower Station eSifundazweni saseLuxian, eSichuan, eDuodi Hydropower Station e-Tibet, kanye ne-Xiadao, Shunchang, ne-Longxi Hydropower Stations e-Fujian Stations.
Isikhathi safika phakathi neMpi Yase-Anti Japanese, lapho izinsiza zasekhaya zazisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nobudlova, futhi kwakwakhiwa iziteshi zikagesi ezincane kuphela esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga, njengeTaohuaxi Hydropower Station eSichuan naseNanqiao Hydropower Station eYunnan; Endaweni ehlala abantu baseJapan, iJapani yakhe iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, ngokuvamile i-Fengman Hydropower Station eMfuleni i-Songhua enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-People's Republic of China, amandla afakwe emanzini e-Chinese Mainland ake afinyelela ku-900000 kW. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okudalwe yimpi, lapho i-People's Republic of China isungulwa, amandla afakwe emanzini e-Chinese Mainland ayengu-363300 kW kuphela.
Ngemuva kokusungulwa kweNew China, amandla kagesi athole ukunakwa nokuthuthukiswa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Okokuqala, amaphrojekthi ambalwa kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi asele kusukela eminyakeni yempi aselungisiwe futhi akhiwa kabusha; Ekupheleni kohlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu, i-China yayisiyakhe futhi yakha kabusha iziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ayi-19, futhi yaqala ukuklama nokwakha amaphrojekthi amakhulu okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi iyodwa. Isiteshi sikagesi iZhejiang Xin'anjiang Hydropower Station esinamandla afakiwe angu-662500 kilowatts sakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi, futhi siyisiteshi sokuqala esikhulu sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi esaklanywa, sakhiqizwa futhi sakhiwa yiChina uqobo.
Phakathi nesikhathi “sokuQothulela Phambili Okukhulu”, amaphrojekthi kagesi aseShayina asanda kuqaliswa afinyelela ku-11.862 million kW. Amanye amaphrojekthi awazange aboniswe ngokugcwele, okuholele ekutheni amanye amaphrojekthi aphoqeleke ukuba ayeke ukwakha ngemva kokuba eqalile. Eminyakeni emithathu eyalandela yezinhlekelele zemvelo, inani elikhulu lamaphrojekthi amiswa noma ahlehliswa. Ngamafuphi, kusukela ngo-1958 kuya ku-1965, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi e-China kwakunzima kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, iziteshi zikagesi ezingama-31, okuhlanganisa i-Xin'anjiang e-Zhejiang, i-Xinfengjiang e-Guangdong, ne-Xijin e-Guangxi, nazo zaqala ukusebenza ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi. Sekukonke, imboni yamandla kagesi yaseChina isizuze izinga elithile lentuthuko.
Isikhathi sesifikile senkathi "yeNguquko Yamasiko". Nakuba ukwakhiwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi sekuphinde kwaba nokuphazamiseka nokucekelwa phansi okukhulu, isinqumo sesu lokwakhiwa komugqa wesithathu sinikeze ithuba eliyivelakancane lokuthuthukiswa kukagesi ngamanzi entshonalanga yeChina. Ngalesi sikhathi, iziteshi zikagesi ezingama-40, okuhlanganisa i-Liujiaxia esiFundazweni sase-Gansu kanye ne-Gongzui esiFundazweni saseSichuan, zaqalwa ukusebenza ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi. Umthamo ofakiwe we-Liujiaxia Hydropower Station ufinyelele ku-1.225 million kW, okwenza kube isiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi e-China esinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kwesigidi kW. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa nesiteshi sikagesi sokuqala esimpontshwayo saseChina, iGangnan, Hebei. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amaphrojekthi kagesi amakhulu naphakathi nendawo angama-53 aqalwa noma aqalwa kabusha ngalesi sikhathi. Ngo-1970, kwaqala iProjekthi ye-Gezhouba enamandla ayizigidi ezingu-2.715 kW, okuphawula ukuqala kokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi emanzini emfuleni omkhulu woMfula iYangtze.
Ngemva kokuphela “kweNguquko Yezamasiko”, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweSeshini Yesithathu Yomhlangano Wekomidi Elikhulu le-11, imboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi yaseChina isiphinde yangena esigabeni sokuthuthuka ngokushesha. Inqwaba yamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi afana ne-Gezhouba, iWujiangdu, ne-Baishan asheshisiwe, kanti i-Longyangxia Hydropower Station enamandla angu-320000 kW isiqalile ukwakhiwa ngokusemthethweni. Kamuva, entwasahlobo yomoya wenguquko nokuvulwa, uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi waseChina nalo belulokhu lushintsha njalo futhi lusungula izinto ezintsha, lukhombisa ubungqabavu obukhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo nazo zazuza intuthuko enkulu, ngesigaba sokuqala sokumpompa nokugcina ePanjiakou, eHebei, naseGuangzhou; Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi uyathuthuka, ngokuqaliswa kweqoqo lokuqala lezifunda ezingu-300 zokuphehla ugesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya; Mayelana namandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi eziningi zikagesi omkhulu wamanzi, njengeTianshengqiao Class II enamandla afakiwe angu-1.32 million kW, iGuangxi Yantan enamandla afakiwe angu-1.21 million kW, iYunnan Manwan enamandla angu-1.5 million kW, kanti iLijiaxia eyisigidi se-Hydroon ifake i-kW eyimpumelelo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ochwepheshe basekhaya bahlelwa ukuba babonise izihloko eziyi-14 zeSiteshi Sokuphehla Ugesi Semihosha Emithathu, kanye nokwakhiwa kweProjekthi Yemihosha Emithathu kwafakwa ohlelweni lohlelo.
Eshumini leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu lama-20, ukwakhiwa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi eChina kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha. Ngo-September 1991, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwe-Ertan Hydropower Station ePanzhihua, eSichuan. Ngemva kokungqubuzana okuningi nokulungiselela, ngoZibandlela 1994, iProjekthi esezingeni eliphezulu ye-Three Gorges Hydropower Station yaqala ngokusemthethweni. Mayelana neziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo, i-Ming Tombs yaseBeijing (800000kW), i-Tianhuangping yaseZhejiang (1800000kW), kanye nesigaba II se-Guangzhou esimpontshwa sokugcina (12000000kW) nazo ziqalisiwe ngokulandelana; Mayelana nogesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukwakhiwa kweqoqo lesibili nelesithathu lezifunda zokufakelwa ugesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya eziphehlwa ngamanzi sekuqaliwe. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, amandla afakiwe aphehlwa ngamanzi e-China anyuke ngezigidi ezingama-38.39 kW.
Eshumini leminyaka lokuqala lekhulu lama-21, kuneziteshi ezinkulu zikagesi ezingama-35 ezakhiwayo, ezinamandla afakiwe angaba ngu-70 million kW, okuhlanganisa neziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezinkulu kakhulu ezifana ne-Three Gorges Project engu-22.4 million kW kanye ne-Xiluodu engu-12.6 million kW. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilinganiso esingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 kW sisetshenziswa minyaka yonke. Unyaka oyingqopha-mlando ngowezi-2008, lapho iyunithi yokugcina yesiteshi samandla sebhange langakwesokudla se-Three Gorges Project yaxhunywa ngokusemthethweni kugridi yokuphehlwa kukagesi, futhi wonke amayunithi angama-26 eziteshi zikagesi zamabhange angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla ezaklanywa ekuqaleni zaqala ukusebenza.
Kusukela eshumini lesibili leminyaka lekhulu lama-21, iziteshi ezinkulu zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emfuleni omkhulu woMfula i-Jinsha ziye zathuthukiswa ngokulandelana futhi zasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi. Isiteshi sikagesi i-Xiluodu Hydropower Station enamandla afakiwe angu-12.6 million kW, i-Xiangjiaba enamandla afinyelela ku-6.4 million kW, i-Baihetan Hydropower Station enamandla afakelwayo angu-12 million yuan, iWudongde Hydropower Station enamandla angu-10.2 million yuan, kanye nezinye iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi eziteshini zikagesi. Phakathi kwabo, iyunithi eyodwa efakwe umthamo we-Baihetan Hydropower Station isifinyelele ku-1 million kW, Ifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni. Mayelana neziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo, kusukela ngo-2022, bekuneziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa ezingama-70 kuphela ezakhiwa endaweni yokusebenza ye-State Grid yaseShayina, ezinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-85.24, okwakuyizikhathi ezi-3.2 kanye nezikhathi ezingama-4.1 zango-2012, ngokulandelana. Phakathi kwazo, i-Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station iyisiteshi samandla esipompa esifakiwe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-3.6.
Ngokugqugquzelwa okuqhubekayo komgomo “wekhabhoni embaxambili” kanye nokuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi waseChina nakho kubhekene nezimo ezintsha. Okokuqala, iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ezisezindaweni ezivikelekile zizoqhubeka nokuhoxiswa nokuvala, kanti okwesibili, ingxenye yamandla elanga nawomoya kumthamo osanda kufakwa izoqhubeka nokukhula, kanti ingxenye yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi izokwehla ngokufanayo; Okokugcina, sizogxila ekwakheni amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, futhi isayensi nokuhluzeka kwemiklamo yokwakha kuzoqhubeka nokukhula.