Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kungenye yezindlela ezivuthwe kakhulu zokuphehla ugesi, futhi iye yasungula ngokuqhubekayo futhi yathuthukiswa enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwamandla kagesi. Yenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile mayelana nesilinganiso sokuma sodwa, izinga lemishini yobuchwepheshe, nobuchwepheshe bokulawula. Njengomthombo wamandla olawulwayo ozinzile nonokwethenjelwa wekhwalithi ephezulu, amandla kagesi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa iziteshi ezivamile zokuphehla ugesi kanye neziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa ezigciniwe. Ngaphezu kokusebenza njengabahlinzeki ababalulekile bamandla kagesi, bebelokhu bedlala indima ebalulekile futhi ekushefeni okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka kwemvamisa, ukuguquguquka kwesigaba, ukuqala okumnyama, nokulinda izimo eziphuthumayo phakathi nakho konke ukusebenza kwesistimu yamandla. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemithombo yamandla emisha njengamandla omoya namandla e-photovoltaic, ukwanda komehluko omkhulu kuya esigodini ezinhlelweni zamandla kanye nokuncipha kokujikeleza okubangelwa ukwanda kwamandla kagesi kanye nemishini, izindaba eziyisisekelo njengokuhlela nokwakhiwa kwesistimu yamandla, ukusebenza okuphephile, nokuthunyelwa kwezomnotho kubhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu, futhi kuyizinkinga ezinkulu okufanele zibhekwe ekwakhiweni okusha kwamandla kagesi esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwengqikithi yokunikezwa kwezinsiza zaseShayina, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi uzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ohlotsheni olusha lohlelo lukagesi, olubhekene nezidingo ezibalulekile zentuthuko emisha namathuba, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelekeni komnotho wokwakha uhlobo olusha lwesistimu kagesi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo samanje kanye nesimo sentuthuko emisha yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi
Isimo sokuthuthukiswa okusha
Uguquko lwamandla ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke luyakhula ngesivinini, futhi ingxenye yamandla amasha njengamandla omoya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic ikhula ngokushesha. Ukuhlela nokwakha, ukusebenza okuphephile, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezomnotho kwezinhlelo zamandla endabuko kubhekene nezinselelo nezinkinga ezintsha. Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2021, ukufakwa kwamandla omoya emhlabeni wonke kugcine ukukhula okusheshayo, ngesilinganiso sokukhula esimaphakathi esingu-15%; Isilinganiso sokukhula konyaka eShayina sifinyelele ku-25%; Izinga lokukhula lokufakwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic emhlabeni jikelele eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule selifinyelele ku-31%. Isistimu yamandla enengxenye enkulu yamandla amasha ibhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu ezinjengobunzima bokulinganisa ukuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo, ukwanda kobunzima ekulawuleni ukusebenza kwesistimu kanye nezingozi zokuzinza ezibangelwa ukuncipha kokushintshashintsha kokujikeleza, kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwesidingo sokushefa okuphezulu, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokusebenza kwesistimu. Kuyaphuthuma ukukhuthaza ngokuhlanganyela ukuxazululwa kwalezi zinkinga kusukela ekuphakeleni kukagesi, igridi, nezinhlangothi zokulayisha. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngumthombo wamandla olawulwayo obalulekile onezici ezifana ne-inertia enkulu yokujikeleza, isivinini sokuphendula esisheshayo, kanye nemodi yokusebenza eguquguqukayo. Inezinzuzo zemvelo ekuxazululeni lezi zinselele nezinkinga ezintsha.
Izinga lokufakwa kukagesi liyaqhubeka nokuba ngcono, futhi izidingo zokunikezwa kukagesi okuphephile nokuthembekile okuvela ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho nezenhlalo ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, izinga lokufakwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke liye laqhubeka lithuthuka, futhi ingxenye yamandla kagesi ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi esigcinayo iye yanda kancane kancane. Ukushintshwa kwamandla kagesi etheminali okumelelwe izimoto zikagesi sekunesivinini. Umphakathi wezomnotho wesimanje uya ngokuya uthembele kugesi, futhi ugesi usuphenduke indlela eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza ukusebenza kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuphephile nokuthembekile kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa nokuphila kwabantu besimanje. Ukucisha kukagesi endaweni enkulu akulethi nje kuphela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi kungase kulethe izinxushunxushu ezinkulu emphakathini. Ukuphepha kwamandla sekube yingqikithi yokuphepha kwamandla, ngisho nokuphepha kwezwe. Isevisi yangaphandle yezinhlelo ezintsha zamandla idinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuthembeka kokunikezwa kwamandla aphephile, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphakathi kubhekene nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezici eziyingozi ezibeka ingozi enkulu ekuvikelekeni kwamandla.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha buyaqhubeka nokuvela futhi busebenza ezinhlelweni zamandla, buthuthukisa kakhulu izinga lobuhlakani kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zamandla. Ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwemishini ye-elekthronikhi yamandla ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza amandla, ukudluliswa, nokusabalalisa kuye kwaholela ezinguqukweni eziphawulekayo ezimpahleni zomthwalo nezici zesistimu zesistimu yamandla, okuholela ekushintsheni okujulile endleleni yokusebenza yesistimu yamandla. Ukuxhumana kolwazi, ukulawula, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezobunhloli busetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izici zokukhiqiza nokuphatha uhlelo lwamandla. Izinga lobuhlakani bezinhlelo zamandla selithuthuke kakhulu, futhi lingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuhlaziywa kwe-inthanethi okukhulu nokuhlaziywa kokusekelwa kwezinqumo. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla asabalalisiwe kuxhunywe ohlangothini lomsebenzisi wenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ngezinga elikhulu, futhi isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamandla kwegridi sishintshile ukusuka endleleni eyodwa ukuya endleleni emibili noma ngisho ne-multidirectional. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemishini kagesi ehlakaniphile ivela emfudlaneni ongapheli, amamitha ahlakaniphile asetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi inani lamatheminali okufinyelela ohlelweni lwamandla likhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuphepha kolwazi sekuphenduke umthombo obalulekile wobungozi ohlelweni lwamandla.
Ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi kungena kancane kancane esimweni esivumayo, futhi indawo yenqubomgomo efana namanani kagesi iya ngokuya iba ngcono. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo komnotho nomphakathi waseShayina, imboni yamandla kagesi ihlangabezane nokugxuma okukhulu ukusuka kokuncane kuye kokukhulu, ukusuka kokubuthakathaka kuye kwabanamandla, nokusuka ekulandeleni kuya ekuholeni. Ngokwesistimu, kusukela kuhulumeni kuya ebhizinisini, kusuka efekthri eyodwa kuya kunethiwekhi eyodwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwamafekthri namanethiwekhi, ukuncintisana okulinganiselwe, futhi kancane kancane ukusuka ekuhleleni ukuya emakethe kuye kwaholela endleleni yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi efanele izimo zezwe laseChina. Amandla okukhiqiza nokwakha kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi kanye nemishini yaseShayina libalwa phakathi kwezigaba ezisezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Isevisi yendawo yonke kanye nezinkomba zemvelo zebhizinisi lamandla kagesi ziya ngokuya ziba ngcono, futhi uhlelo lwamandla kagesi olukhulu kunawo wonke noluthuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni lwakhiwe futhi lwasetshenziswa. Imakethe kagesi yaseShayina ibilokhu iqhubekela phambili ngokuqhubekayo, ngendlela ecacile yokwakhiwa kwemakethe kagesi ebumbene kusukela emazingeni asekhaya kuya esifunda kuya kuzwelonke, futhi ibambelele emgqeni waseShayina wokufuna iqiniso kumaqiniso. Izinqubo zenqubomgomo ezifana namanani kagesi ziye zalinganiswa kancane kancane, futhi indlela yentengo kagesi efaneleka ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okugcina ampontshwa isisungulwe ekuqaleni, ihlinzeka ngendawo yenqubomgomo yokufeza ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kokusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi.
Izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeke ezimeni zomngcele zokuhlela, ukuklama, nokusebenza kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuhlela nokuklanywa kwesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi ukukhetha isikali sesiteshi sikagesi esisebenziseka kalula esingenzeka futhi esinomnotho esisebenzisekayo. Ngokuvamile kuwukubheka izindaba zokuhlela iphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ngaphansi kwesisekelo somgomo ophelele wokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemithombo yamanzi. Kudingeka ukuthi kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele izidingo ezifana nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula, ukuchelela, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, nokuphakelwa kwamanzi, futhi kwenziwe ukuqhathanisa okuphelele kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, kanye nezemvelo. Kumongo wokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwengxenye yamandla omoya namandla e-photovoltaic, uhlelo lwamandla ngokufanelekile ludinga ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele izinsiza ezisebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, lunothise indlela yokusebenza yeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi lubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekushefeni okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka kwemvamisa, kanye nokulungisa izinga. Imigomo eminingi ebingenzeki esikhathini esidlule mayelana nobuchwepheshe, izinto zokusebenza, nokwakha isifinyeleleke ngokomnotho nangobuchwepheshe. Indlela yokuqala yendlela eyodwa yokugcina amanzi kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi eziteshini eziphehla ugesi ngeke isakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo ezintsha zikagesi, futhi kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa indlela yeziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe kakhulu amandla okulawula eziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yemikhawulo yemithombo yamandla elawulwayo yesikhathi esifushane efana neziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwayo ekukhuthazeni ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha njengamandla omoya kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi we-photovoltaic, kanye nobunzima bokwenza umsebenzi wokuphakelwa kukagesi ophephile futhi othengekayo, kuyadingeka ngempela ukukhulisa umthamo wamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sokulawula umjikelezo wamandla kagesi, ukuze kugcwaliswe umjikelezo wamandla kagesi ngendlela evamile, ukuze kugcwaliswe umjikelezo wamandla kagesi ojwayelekile. amandla amalahle ayahoxiswa.
Izidingo zokuthuthuka ezintsha
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, kwandiswe ingxenye yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi ohlelweni olusha lwamandla, futhi sidlale indima enkulu. Esimweni somgomo "we-carbon dual", umthamo ofakiwe wamandla omoya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuzofinyelela ngaphezu kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 ngo-2030; Kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-5 billion kuya ku-6 billion kilowatts ngo-2060. Ngokuzayo, kuzoba nesidingo esikhulu sokulawula izinsiza ezinhlelweni ezintsha zamandla, futhi ukuphehlwa kwamandla ngamanzi kuwumthombo wamandla olawula izinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bama-hydropower baseChina bungathuthukisa umthamo ofakiwe wama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-687. Ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2021, sekuthuthukiswe ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-391, ngesilinganiso sokuthuthuka esingaba ngu-57%, esingaphansi kakhulu kwezinga lentuthuko elingama-90% lamanye amazwe athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi mude (imvamisa iminyaka emi-5-10), kuyilapho umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla omoya kanye namaphrojekthi okukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic mfushane kakhulu (imvamisa iminyaka engu-0.5-1, noma mfushane nakakhulu) futhi uthuthuka ngokushesha, kuyaphuthuma ukusheshisa inqubekelaphambili yentuthuko yamaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi, uwaqedele ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi udlale indima yawo.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuguqula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezintsha zokushefa okuphezulu ezinhlelweni ezintsha zamandla. Ngaphansi kwezingqinamba zomgomo “wekhabhoni embaxambili”, ukwakheka kokuphakelwa kukagesi kwesikhathi esizayo kunquma izidingo ezinkulu zokusebenza kwesistimu yamandla ukuze kusheshwe kakhulu, futhi lokhu akuyona inkinga ukuhlela ukuxubana namandla emakethe okungaxazulula, kodwa inkinga eyisisekelo yokuba nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe. Ukusebenza kwezomnotho, okuphephile nokuzinzile kwesistimu yamandla kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngokuqondiswa kwezimakethe, ukuhlela, nokulawula ukusebenza ngesisekelo sokuthi ubuchwepheshe bungenzeka. Eziteshini ezivamile zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenzayo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa ngendlela ehlelekile ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okugcina akhona kanye nezinsiza, ukwandisa ngokufanelekile utshalomali loguquko lapho kudingekile, futhi senze yonke imizamo yokuthuthukisa amandla okulawula; Eziteshini ezivamile eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisanda kuhlelwa futhi zakhiwa, kuyaphuthuma ukuthi kubhekwe izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezimweni zemingcele ezilethwe uhlelo olusha lwamandla kagesi, futhi kuhlelwe futhi kwakhiwe iziteshi zikagesi eziguquguqukayo nezilungisekayo ngenhlanganisela yesikali sesikhathi eside nesifushane ngokuvumelana nezimo zendawo. Mayelana nesitoreji esimpontshwayo, ukwakhiwa kufanele kusheshiswe ngaphansi kwesimo samanje lapho amandla okulawula esikhathi esifushane anganele kakhulu; Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isidingo sohlelo samakhono esikhathi esifushane sokushefa kufanele sicatshangelwe futhi uhlelo lwayo lwentuthuko lwenziwe ngokwesayensi. Ukuze uthole iziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa zohlobo lokudluliswa kwamanzi, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa izidingo zemithombo yamanzi kazwelonke ukuze kudluliswe amanzi ezifundeni ezinqamulayo, kokubili njengephrojekthi yokudlulisa amanzi emigoqweni ehlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemithombo yokulawula uhlelo lwamandla. Uma kunesidingo, kungabuye kuhlanganiswe nokuhlelwa okuphelele nokuklanywa kwamaphrojekthi okukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokukhuthaza ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ukuze kwakhiwe inani elikhulu lezomnotho nezenhlalo ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza kwezomnotho nokuphephile kwezinhlelo ezintsha zamandla kagesi. Ngokusekelwe emigomweni yokuthuthukiswa kwemigomo ye-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ohlelweni lwamandla, amandla amasha kancane kancane azoba amandla amakhulu esakhiweni sokuphakelwa kwamandla wesistimu yamandla ezayo, futhi ingxenye yemithombo yamandla ekhabhoni ephezulu njengamandla amalahle izokwehla kancane kancane. Ngokwemininingwane evela ezikhungweni eziningi zocwaningo, ngaphansi kwesimo sokuhoxiswa kwamandla amalahle ngezinga elikhulu, ngonyaka wezi-2060, amandla afakiwe aseShayina anamandla omoya kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi we-photovoltaic alinganiselwa ku-70%; Isamba esifakiwe samandla kagesi uma kucatshangelwa isitoreji esimpontshwayo singamakilowathi ayizigidi ezingama-800, alinganiselwa ku-10%. Esakhiweni samandla esizayo, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi angumthombo wamandla onokwethenjelwa futhi ovumelana nezimo futhi olungisekayo, okuyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, okuzinzile nokonga kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha. Kuyaphuthuma ukusuka kuhlelo lwamanje “lokuphehla ugesi, olunezezelwe” kanye nendlela yokusebenza kuye “okusekelwe kumthethonqubo, ukuphehlwa kukagesi okungeziwe”. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo zezomnotho zamabhizinisi aphehla ugesi kufanele zifakwe esimweni senani elikhulu, futhi izinzuzo zamabhizinisi aphehlwa ngamanzi kufanele futhi zikhulise kakhulu imali engenayo evela ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zokulawula ohlelweni ngokusekelwe emalini yokuqala yokuphehla ugesi.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza ukuqamba okusha emazingeni nezinqubomgomo nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe obuphehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo nokusimeme kokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Ngokuzayo, inhloso ehlosiwe yezinhlelo ezintsha zamandla kagesi ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokusungulwa kwamandla okuphehlwa ngamanzi kumele kusheshiswe, futhi amazinga obuchwepheshe akhona, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezinhlelo nazo kufanele zihambisane nentuthuko entsha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Ngokwamazinga kanye nokucaciswa, kuyaphuthuma ukukhulisa amazinga kanye nokucaciswa kokuhlela, ukuklama, ukusebenza nokunakekelwa okusekelwe ekubonisweni komshayeli nokuqinisekiswa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zohlelo olusha lwamandla eziteshini zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo, iziteshi zikagesi eziyingxubevange, kanye neziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa ezidluliselwa ngamanzi (okuhlanganisa neziteshi zokumpompa ngendlela efanele); Mayelana nezinqubomgomo nezinhlelo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokufunda nokwenza izinqubomgomo zokukhuthaza, ukusekela, nokukhuthaza ukusungulwa kokusungulwa kwamandla kagesi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza imiklamo yesikhungo efana namanani emakethe kanye nogesi ukuze kuguqulwe amanani amasha ophehlwa ngamanzi abe yinzuzo yezomnotho, futhi kugqugquzelwe amabhizinisi ukuthi aqhube ngentshiseko ukutshalwa kwezimali kobuchwepheshe bentuthuko, ukukhombisa ukulinga, kanye nentuthuko enkulu.
Indlela entsha yokuthuthukisa kanye nethuba lokuphehla kwamandla emanzini
Ukuthuthukiswa okusha kokuphehlwa ngamanzi kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sokwakha uhlobo olusha lwesistimu yamandla. Kuyadingeka ukuthobela umgomo wokulungisa izindlela ezihambisana nezimo zendawo kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo eziphelele. Kufanele kwamukelwe izikimu zobuchwepheshe ezihlukene zezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi asezakhiwe futhi ahlelwa. Kudingekile ukucabangela hhayi kuphela izidingo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza amandla kanye nokushefa okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka kwemvamisa, nokulinganisa, kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemithombo yamanzi, ukwakhiwa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo, nezinye izici. Okokugcina, uhlelo olufanele kufanele lunqunywe ngokuhlolwa kwenzuzo okuphelele. Ngokwenza ngcono amandla okulawula ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ovamile kanye nokwakha iziteshi zamandla ezimpompa zokudluliswa kwamanzi ezingaphakathi kwezimbizo ezibanzi (iziteshi zokumpompa), kunezinzuzo ezinkulu zomnotho uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa ezisanda kwakhiwa. Sekukonke, azikho izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ezingenakunqotshwa ekuthuthukisweni okusha kwamandla kagesi, esinendawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kanye nezinzuzo ezivelele kwezomnotho nezemvelo. Kuyafaneleka ukunaka kakhulu futhi kusheshiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga elikhulu ngokusekelwe ezinkambisweni zokuhlola.
“Ukukhiqiza amandla+ukumpompa”
Indlela “yokukhiqiza+umshini wokupompa” isho ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezisebenza ngamanzi njengeziteshi namadamu aphehla ugesi, kanye nezindawo zokudluliswa kukagesi nokuguqula, ukukhetha izindawo ezifanele ezansi nomthombo wamanzi wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ukuze kwakhiwe idamu eliphambukisa amanzi ukuze lenze ichibi eliphansi, lengeze amaphampu okumpompa, amapayipi, kanye nezinye izindawo zokugcina amanzi, indawo yokugcina amanzi. Ngokwesisekelo somsebenzi wokuphehla ugesi wesiteshi sokuqala samandla kagesi, khulisa umsebenzi wokumpompa uhlelo lwamandla ngesikhathi somthwalo ophansi, futhi usasebenzisa amayunithi okuqala e-hydraulic turbine generator ukukhiqiza ugesi, Ukuze kwandiswe umthamo wokupompa nokugcina wesiteshi sokuqala sikagesi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe amandla okulawula esiteshi sokuphehla ugesi (bheka uMdwebo 1). Idamu elingaphansi lingabuye lakhiwe ngokuhlukana endaweni efanelekile ezansi nomfula wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi. Lapho wakha ichibi eliphansi elingaphansi kwendawo yokukhipha amanzi esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kuyancomeka ukuthi kulawulwe izinga lamanzi ukuze kungathikamezi ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kukagesi esiteshini sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Uma kucatshangelwa ukwenziwa ngcono kwemodi yokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokusebenza zokubamba iqhaza ekulinganiseni, kuyancomeka ukuthi iphampu ifakwe injini ehambisanayo. Le modi ngokuvamile isebenza ekuguquleni ukusebenza kweziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenzayo. Imishini nezinsiza kuyavumelana nezimo futhi kulula, kunezici zokutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi, isikhathi esifushane sokwakha, kanye nemiphumela esheshayo.
“Ukukhiqiza amandla+ okufuqwa kukagesi”
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemodi “yokukhiqiza amandla+ okumpompa” kanye nemodi “yokukhiqiza amandla+ukumpompa” ukuthi ukushintsha iphampu yokumpompa ibe yindawo yokugcina empontshwayo kukhulisa ngokuqondile umsebenzi wokugcinwa okumpontshwa kwesiteshi sokuqala sikagesi esivamile esiphehla ugesi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe amandla okulawula esiteshi sokuphehla ugesi. Umgomo wokusetha we-reservoir ephansi uhambisana nemodi "yokukhiqiza amandla+ukupompa". Le modeli ingaphinda isebenzise ichibi lasekuqaleni njengechibi elingaphansi futhi yakhe ichibi eliphezulu endaweni efanelekile. Eziteshini ezintsha zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, ngaphezu kokufaka amasethi athile ajwayelekile ejeneretha, amayunithi okugcina ampontshiwe anomthamo othile angafakwa. Uma sicabanga ukuthi umthamo omkhulu ophumayo wesiteshi esisodwa sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi yi-P1 kanye namandla okugcina ampontshiwe akhuphukayo yi-P2, ububanzi bokusebenza kwamandla wesiteshi sikagesi ngokuhlobene nohlelo lwamandla luzonwetshwa ukusuka ku-(0, P1) kuye ku-(- P2, P1+P2).
Ukugaywa kabusha kweziteshi zikagesi we-cascade hydropower
Imodi yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Cascade yamukelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe imifula eminingi e-China, futhi kwakhiwa uchungechunge lweziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, njengoMfula i-Jinsha noMfula i-Dadu. Eqenjini lesiteshi esisha noma esikhona kakade sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, eziteshini ezimbili eziseduze zokuphehla ugesi, indawo yokugcina amanzi engaphansi kwe-cascade hydropower isebenza njengendawo yokugcina ugesi engaphezulu kanye nesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esingaphansi kwe-cascade sisebenza njengendawo engaphansi. Ngokwendawo yangempela, ukuthathwa kwamanzi afanelekile kungakhethwa, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kungenziwa ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili “zokukhiqiza amandla+ukupompa” kanye “nokukhiqiza amandla+ okumpompa amandla”. Le modi ifanele ukwakhiwa kabusha kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi we-cascade, ezingathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wokulawula kanye nomjikelezo wesikhathi sokulawula weziteshi zokuphehla ugesi, ngezinzuzo ezinkulu. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa ukwakheka kwesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi esakhiwe endaweni egelezayo yomfula e-China. Ibanga elisuka endaweni yedamu lesiteshi esiphehla umfudlana ngamanzi ukuya emanzini atholakala ezansi nomfula ngokuyisisekelo lingaphansi kwamakhilomitha angama-50.
Ukulinganisa kwendawo
Imodi ethi “Local balancing” ibhekisela ekwakhiweni kwamandla omoya kanye namaphrojekthi kagesi we-photovoltaic eduze neziteshi zikagesi, nokuzilungisa ngokwakho kanye nokulinganisa ukusebenza kwesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphuma kwamandla okuzinzile ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuhlela. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amayunithi amakhulu aphehla ugesi wonke asebenza ngokuvumelana nokuthunyelwa kwesistimu yamandla, le modi ingasetshenziswa eziteshini zamandla okugeleza kwe-radial nezinye iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingafanelekile ukuguqulwa kwezinga elikhulu futhi ngokuvamile azihlelelwe njengokushefa okuphezulu okujwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi yokushintsha imvamisa. Ukukhishwa kokusebenza kwamayunithi aphehlwa ngamanzi kungalawulwa ngendlela evumelana nezimo, amandla awo okulawula esikhathi esifushane angasetshenziswa, futhi ibhalansi yendawo kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla okuzinzile kungafinyelelwa, kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa izinga lokusebenzisa impahla yezintambo zokudlulisela ezikhona.
Inkimbinkimbi yokulawula isiqongo samanzi namandla
Indlela “yokulawula amanzi kanye nenkimbinkimbi yokulawula amandla aphezulu” isekelwe emcabangweni wokwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa zokupompa amanzi okulawulwa kwamanzi, kuhlanganiswe namaphrojekthi amakhulu okonga amanzi njengokudluliswa kwamanzi ezitsheni ezinkulu, ukwakha iqoqo lamachibi kanye nezindawo zokuphambukisa, kanye nokusebenzisa ukudonsa kwekhanda phakathi kwamadamu ukuze kwakhiwe iqoqo, iziteshi zokuphampa amandla okumpompa amanzi. ukukhiqiza amandla kanye nendawo yokugcina. Enqubweni yokudlulisa amanzi kusuka emithonjeni yamanzi ephakeme ukuya ezindaweni eziphansi, "I-Water Transfer kanye ne-Power Peak yokushefa Complex" ingasebenzisa ngokugcwele ukwehla kwekhanda ukuze ithole izinzuzo zokuphehla ugesi, kuyilapho ifinyelela ukudluliswa kwamanzi okude nokunciphisa izindleko zokudlulisa amanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "i-water and power peak shaving complex" ingasebenza njengomthwalo omkhulu ongathunyelwa kanye nomthombo wamandla wesistimu yamandla, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokulawula uhlelo. Ukwengeza, inxanxathela ingabuye ihlanganiswe namaphrojekthi okukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle ukuze kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokulawulwa kwesistimu kagesi.
Isitoreji esimpontshelwa amanzi olwandle
Iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa amanzi olwandle zingakhetha indawo efanelekile ogwini ukuze kwakhiwe ichibi eliphezulu, zisebenzisa ulwandle njengechibi elingaphansi. Ngokukhula kobunzima bendawo yeziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa ezijwayelekile, iziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi olwandle ezimpontshwayo zithole ukunakwa kweminyango kazwelonke efanele futhi zenze izinhlolovo zezinsiza kanye nezivivinyo zocwaningo lobuchwepheshe ezibheke phambili. Isitoreji esimpontshelwa amanzi olwandle singabuye sihlanganiswe nokuthuthukiswa okubanzi kwamandla olwandle, amandla amaza, amandla omoya ogwini lolwandle, njll., ukwakha umthamo omkhulu wokugcina kanye nomjikelezo omude wokulawula iziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa zokulondoloza.
Ngaphandle kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ophuma emfuleni kanye nezinye iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezincane ezingenawo umthamo wokugcina, iziteshi eziningi eziphehla ugesi ezinomthamo othize wamachibi zingafunda futhi zenze uguquko lomsebenzi wokupompa wesitoreji. Esiteshini esisanda kwakhiwa esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi, umthamo othile wamayunithi okugcina ampontshiwe angaklanywa futhi ahlelwe ngokuphelele. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa kungakhuphula ngokushesha izinga eliphezulu lokushefa okuphakeme okungenani ngama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-100; Ukusebenzisa “ukulawulwa kwamanzi kanye ne-power peak shaving complex” kanye nokuphehlwa kwamandla okugcina amanzi olwandle okumpontshwa nakho kungaletha umthamo obaluleke kakhulu wekhwalithi ephezulu wokushefa, obaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni okuphephile nokuzinzile kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha, okunezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho nezenhlalo.
Iziphakamiso zokusungula nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi
Okokuqala, hlela idizayini yezinga eliphezulu lokusungula nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ukhiphe isiqondiso sokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kokusungula nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi okusekelwe kulo msebenzi. Yenza ucwaningo mayelana nezindaba ezinkulu ezifana nemibono eyisiqondiso, ukuma kwentuthuko, izimiso eziyisisekelo, izinto eziza kuqala ezinhlelweni, kanye nokuhlelwa kokuthuthukiswa kokusha kwamandla kagesi, futhi ngenxa yalesi sisekelo silungise izinhlelo zentuthuko, sicacise izigaba zentuthuko nokulindelwe, futhi siqondise amabhizinisi ezimakethe ukuze aqhube ngokuhlelekile ukuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi.
Okwesibili ukuhlela nokwenza ukuhlaziya okunokwenzeka kwezomnotho kanye nemiboniso yamaphrojekthi. Ngokuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zamandla kagesi, hlela futhi wenze ucwaningo lwezinsiza zeziteshi eziphehla amandla kagesi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kwamaphrojekthi, ukuphakamisa izinhlelo zokwakha zobunjiniyela, khetha amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela ajwayelekile ukuze enze imibukiso yobunjiniyela, futhi aqongelele ulwazi lwentuthuko enkulu.
Okwesithathu, sekela ucwaningo nokuboniswa kobuchwepheshe obubalulekile. Ngokumisa amaphrojekthi kazwelonke wesayensi nobuchwepheshe nezinye izindlela, sizokweseka impumelelo eyisisekelo neyomhlaba wonke yobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini ebalulekile, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemibukiso emkhakheni wokuqamba nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi, okuhlanganisa kodwa okungagcini nje ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokumpompa amanzi olwandle kanye nezinjini zokulondoloza amanzi olwandle, kanye nokuhlola nokuklanywa kwezindawo ezinkulu zokudluliswa kwamanzi zesifunda kanye nezindawo zokushefa eziphakeme kakhulu.
Okwesine, ukwenza izinqubomgomo zezimali nezentela, ukugunyazwa kwephrojekthi, kanye nezinqubomgomo zentengo kagesi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kokusungulwa kwamandla kagesi. Igxile kuzo zonke izici zokuthuthukiswa kokusungulwa kwamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, izinqubomgomo ezifana nezaphulelo zenzuzo yezezimali, uxhaso lokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezibonelelo zentela kufanele zenziwe ngokuhambisana nezimo zasendaweni ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa nokusekelwa kwezimali okuluhlaza, ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zezimali zephrojekthi; Kumaphrojekthi okuvuselela isitoreji esimponcwe angaguquli kakhulu izici ze-hydrological zemifula, izinqubo zokugunyaza ezenziwe lula kufanele zisetshenziswe ukuze kuncishiswe umjikelezo wokugunyazwa kokuphatha; Lungisa indlela yentengo kagesi wamandla omshini wokupompa kanye nendlela yentengo kagesi yokuphehla ugesi ompontshwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiselwa kwenani elifanele.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-22-2023
