1. Uhlolojikelele lokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ukuguqula amandla amanzi emifula yemvelo abe amandla kagesi ukuze abantu bawasebenzise. Imithombo yamandla esetshenziswa iziteshi zikagesi ihlukene, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emifuleni, namandla omoya akhiqizwa ukugeleza komoya. Izindleko zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi zisebenzisa amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi zishibhile, futhi ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi kungahlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo zokonga amanzi. I-China inothile ngemithombo yamanzi futhi inezimo ezinhle kakhulu. Amandla kagesi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni komnotho kazwelonke.
Izinga lamanzi akhuphuka nomfula liphakeme kunezinga lawo lamanzi angezansi. Ngenxa yomehluko phakathi kwezinga lamanzi omfula, amandla amanzi akhiqizwa. La mandla abizwa ngokuthi amandla angaba khona noma amandla angaba khona. Umehluko phakathi kokuphakama kwamanzi omfula ubizwa ngokuthi i-drop, ebizwa nangokuthi umehluko wezinga lamanzi noma ikhanda. Lokhu kwehla kuyisimo esiyisisekelo samandla we-hydraulic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bamandla amanzi nawo buncike kubukhulu bokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni, okungesinye isimo esiyisisekelo esibaluleke njengokwehla. Kokubili ukwehla nokukhishwa kuthinta ngqo ubukhulu bamandla we-hydraulic; Uma amanzi ewa kakhulu, amandla asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi amakhulu; Uma ukwehla nomthamo wamanzi kukuncane, ukuphuma kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi kuzoba kuncane.
Ukwehla kuvame ukuvezwa ngamamitha. I-Gradient yangaphezulu kwamanzi isilinganiso sokwehla nebanga, esingabonisa izinga lokugxila kokwehla. Uma ukwehla kugxile kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi kulula kakhulu. Iconsi elisetshenziswa isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngumehluko phakathi kwamanzi angaphezulu komfula wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi namanzi angaphansi komfula ngemva kokudlula kumshini ophehla ugesi osebenza ngamanzi.
Ukugeleza inani lamanzi ageleza emfuleni ngesikhathi esisodwa, avezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana. I-cubic meter yamanzi ithani elilodwa. Ukugeleza komfula kushintsha noma nini nanoma kuphi, ngakho uma sikhuluma ngokugeleza, kufanele sichaze isikhathi sendawo ethile lapho ugeleza khona. Ukugeleza kushintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokuvamile, imifula yaseChina inokugeleza okukhulu ehlobo, ekwindla kanye nenkathi yemvula, kodwa ukugeleza okuncane ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ukugeleza kuyehluka inyanga nezinsuku, futhi umthamo wamanzi uyahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka. Ukugeleza kwemifula evamile kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa enhla nomfula; Njengoba ama-tributaries ehlangana, ukugeleza komfula kancane kancane kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukwehla komfula kugxilile, ukugeleza kuncane; Nakuba ukugeleza komfula kukhulu, ukwehla kuhlakazekile uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukonga kakhulu ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nomfula.
Ukwazi ukwehla nokugeleza okusetshenziswa isiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukuphuma kwawo kungabalwa ngale fomula elandelayo:
N = GQH
Kufomula, N - okukhiphayo, iyunithi: kW, ebizwa nangokuthi amandla;
Q - ukugeleza, ngamamitha ama-cubic ngomzuzwana;
H - Yehlisa, ngamamitha;
I-G=9.8, ukusheshisa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ku-Newton/kg
Amandla etiyetha abalwa ngokuvumelana nefomula engenhla, futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa okubanjwayo. Eqinisweni, ohlelweni lokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, izinjini zamanzi, imishini yokudlulisa, amajeneretha, njll. kunokulahlekelwa kwamandla okungenakugwemeka. Ngakho-ke, amandla etiyetha kufanele ehliswe, okungukuthi, amandla angempela esingawasebenzisa kufanele aphindwe nge-coefficient esebenzayo (uphawu: K).
Amandla akhiwe ejeneretha esiteshini samandla kagesi abizwa ngokuthi amandla alinganisiwe, futhi amandla angempela abizwa ngokuthi amandla angempela. Enqubweni yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakugwenywa ukulahlekelwa amandla athile. Enqubweni yokukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi, kukhona ukulahleka okukhulu kwezinjini zomoya kanye namajeneretha (okuhlanganisa nokulahleka kwamapayipi). Eziteshini zasemaphandleni ezincane eziphehla ugesi, ukulahlekelwa okuhlukahlukene kufinyelela ku-40 ~ 50% wamandla etiyetha esewonke, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi kungasebenzisa kuphela u-50~60% wamandla wethiyori, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle kumayelana no-0.5~0.60 (okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine engu-0.70 ~ 0.85 kanye ne-0.85 ye-generator kanye ne-0.85 yepayipi. ukusebenza kahle kwemishini yokudlulisela engu-0.80~0.85). Ngakho-ke, amandla wangempela (ophumayo) wesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi angabalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
K – ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, (0.5~0.6) kwamukelwa ukubalwa kanzima kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi omncane; Ifomula engenhla ingenziwa lula kanje:
N=(0.5 ～ 0.6) QHG amandla angempela=ukusebenza × ukugeleza × Ukwehla × amaphuzu ayisishiyagalolunye
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ukusebenzisa amanzi ukushayela uhlobo lwemishini, olubizwa nge-water turbine. Isibonelo, isondo lamanzi lasendulo eChina liyi-turbine yamanzi elula kakhulu. Ama-turbines ahlukahlukene asetshenziswayo manje ajwayelane nezimo ezithile ezihlukahlukene ze-hydraulic, ukuze akwazi ukuzungezisa ngempumelelo futhi aguqule amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini. Omunye umshini, i-generator, uxhunywe ku-turbine yamanzi ukuze wenze i-rotor ye-generator ijikeleze ne-turbine yamanzi, bese kukhiqizwa ugesi. Ijeneretha ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye ezungeza kanye ne-hydraulic turbine kanye nengxenye engashintshi yejeneretha. Ingxenye ezungeza kanye ne-hydraulic turbine ibizwa ngokuthi i-rotor ye-generator, futhi kunezigxobo kazibuthe eziningi ezizungeze i-rotor; Umbuthano ozungeze i-rotor yingxenye engashintshi ye-generator, ebizwa ngokuthi i-stator ye-generator. I-stator igoqwe ngamakhoyili amaningi ethusi. Lapho izigxobo eziningi zikazibuthe ze-rotor zizungeza phakathi kwekhoyili yethusi ye-stator, amandla azokwenziwa ocingweni lwethusi, futhi ijeneretha izoguqula amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi.
Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yisiteshi samandla aguqulwa asuka emishinini kagesi ehlukahlukene abe amandla emishini (motor noma motor), amandla okukhanya (isibani sikagesi), amandla okushisa (isithando somlilo sikagesi), njll.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi
Isiteshi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi sinezakhiwo ezisebenza ngamanzi, okokusebenza kwemishini kanye nemishini kagesi.
(1) Izakhiwo ze-Hydraulic
Kubandakanya i-weir (idamu), isango lokungena, isiteshi (noma umhubhe), i-forebay (noma ithange elilawulayo), i-penstock, indlu yamandla kanye ne-tailrace, njll.
Yakha i-weir (idamu) emfuleni ukuze uvimbele umfula, uphakamise indawo yamanzi futhi wenze idamu. Ngale ndlela, kwakheka ukwehla okugxilile kusuka ebusweni bamanzi echibini endaweni eyinqaba (edamini) kuya endaweni yamanzi omfula ngaphansi kwedamu, bese kuthi amanzi angeniswe esiteshini sokuphehla ugesi ngamapayipi amanzi noma imigudu. Emzileni owumqansa womfula, ukusetshenziswa kwamashaneli okuphambukisa kungakha iconsi. Isibonelo, ukwehla komfula wemvelo ngamamitha ayi-10 ngekhilomitha. Uma umzila uvulwa engxenyeni engenhla yale ngxenye yomfula ukuze kwethulwe amanzi, umsele uzombiwa eduze nomfula, futhi i-gradient yomzila izoba isicaba. Uma ukwehla komzila kuyimitha elilodwa kuphela ngekhilomitha, amanzi azogeleza amakhilomitha angu-5 emseleni, futhi amanzi azowela amamitha angu-5 kuphela, kanti amanzi azokwehla ngamamitha angu-50 ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha angu-5 emfuleni wemvelo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanzi asesiteshini aphinde abuyiselwe endlini kagesi ngomfula ngamapayipi amanzi noma imihubhe, futhi kukhona ukwehla okugxilile okungama-45m okungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Isiteshi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi esisebenzisa amashaneli okuphambukisa, amahubhu noma amapayipi amanzi (njengamapayipi epulasitiki, amapayipi ensimbi, amapayipi kakhonkolo, njll.) ukuze sakhe ukwehla okugxilile kubizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sokuphambukisa ugesi wohlobo lwesiteshi, okuyisakhiwo esijwayelekile seziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi.
(2) Imishini kagesi nekagesi
Ukwengeza kule misebenzi ye-hydraulic engenhla (i-weir, i-canal, i-forebay, i-penstock kanye ne-powerhouse), isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sidinga lezi zinsiza ezilandelayo:
(1) Imishini kagesi
Kukhona ama-hydraulic turbines, ama-governors, ama-valve asesangweni, okokusebenza kokudlulisa kanye nemishini engaphehli ugesi.
(2) Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi
Kukhona amajeneretha, amaphaneli okulawula ukusabalalisa, ama-transformer, izintambo zokudlulisela, njll.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ezinamanzi anezakhiwo zama-hydraulic ezingenhla kanye nemishini kagesi nemishini. Uma isiteshi samandla kagesi esinekhanda eliphansi elinekhanda lamanzi elingaphansi kwamamitha angu-6 ngokuvamile sithatha indlela yokuphambukisa kanye negumbi lokuphambukisa lesiteshi esivulekile, ngeke kube khona i-forebay kanye ne-penstock. Isiteshi samandla esinobubanzi obuncane bokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nebanga elifushane lokudlulisela lithatha ukuthunyelwa okuqondile ngaphandle kwe-transformer. Iziteshi eziphehla amandla kagesi ezinamadamu azidingi ukwakha amadamu. I-inlet yamanzi ejulile iyamukelwa, futhi ipayipi elingaphakathi (noma umhubhe) kanye nomzila wokuchitheka wedamu akudingeki ukuba kusetshenziswe izakhiwo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi njenge-weir, isango lokungena, ishaneli kanye ne-forebay.
Ukuze kwakhiwe isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, inhlolovo ecophelelayo kanye nomklamo kufanele kwenziwe kuqala. Kunezigaba ezintathu zokuklama: umklamo wokuqala, umklamo wobuchwepheshe kanye nemininingwane yokwakha. Ukuze senze umsebenzi omuhle ekuklameni, kufanele siqale senze ucwaningo olunzulu, okungukuthi, siqonde ngokugcwele izimo zemvelo nezomnotho zendawo - okungukuthi, i-topography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-capital, njll. Ukunemba nokuthembeka komklamo kungaqinisekiswa kuphela ngemva kokwazi lezi zimo nokuzihlaziya.
Izingxenye zeziteshi ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zinezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
3. Inhlolovo yeTopographic
Izinga lenhlolovo yesimo sendawo inethonya elikhulu ekuhlelweni kwephrojekthi kanye nesilinganiso samanani.
Ukuhlola i-geological (ukuqonda izimo ze-geological) akudingi nje kuphela ukuqonda okujwayelekile kanye nocwaningo lwe-geology yesigodi kanye ne-geology yomfula, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuthi ingabe isisekelo segumbi lomshini siqinile, okuthinta ngokuqondile ukuphepha kwesiteshi samandla ngokwaso. Uma inqwaba enomthamo othile wechibi isicekeleke phansi, ngeke nje kulimaze isiteshi sikagesi ngokwaso kuphela, kodwa futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempilo nempahla endaweni ezansi nomfula. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha kwe-geological of forebay ngokuvamile kubekwa endaweni yokuqala.
4. I-Hydrometry
Eziteshini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, idatha ebaluleke kakhulu ye-hydrological amarekhodi ezinga lamanzi emfuleni, ukugeleza, ukugcwala kwenhlabathi, ukufakwa kweqhwa, idatha yesimo sezulu kanye nedatha yocwaningo lwezikhukhula. Ubukhulu bokugeleza komfula buthinta ukwakheka kwendlela yokuchitheka kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi ubungozi bezikhukhula bubukelwa phansi, okuzoholela ekucekeleni phansi kwedamu; Inzika ethwelwe umfula ingagcwalisa ichibi ngokushesha esimweni esibi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukungena eziteshini kuzodala ukugcwala kwesiteshi, futhi i-sediment emaholoholo izodlula ku-hydraulic turbine futhi ibangele ukuguga kwe-hydraulic turbine. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi wamanzi kumele kube nedatha eyanele ye-hydrological.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo sokwakha isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuphenywe futhi kufundwe indlela yokuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nesidingo sesikhathi esizayo sikagesi endaweni yokuphakelwa kukagesi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, linganisa isimo seminye imithombo yamandla endaweni yokuthuthukiswa. Kuphela ngemva kokutadisha nokuhlaziya izimo ezingenhla lapho singanquma ukuthi isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi sidinga ukwakhiwa nokuthi isikali sokwakha kufanele sibe sikhulu kangakanani.
Ngokuvamile, inhloso yocwaningo lokuphehla ugesi ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eyisisekelo enembile nethembekile edingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
5, Izimo ezijwayelekile zesiza sesiteshi esikhethiwe
Izimo ezijwayelekile zokukhetha indawo yesiteshi zingachazwa kulezi zici ezine ezilandelayo:
(1) Isiza sesiteshi esikhethiwe sizokwazi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ngendlela eyonga kakhulu futhi sihambisane nomgomo wokonga izindleko, okungukuthi, ngemva kokuqedwa kwesiteshi sikagesi, kuzosetshenziswa inani elincane lezindleko kanye namandla amakhulu azokhiqizwa. Ngokuvamile, ingakalwa ngokulinganisa imali engenayo yonyaka evela ekuphehlisweni kukagesi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi ukuze kubonakale ukuthi imali etshaliwe ingabuyiswa isikhathi esingakanani. Nokho, ngenxa yezimo ezihlukene ze-hydrological kanye ne-topographic kanye nezidingo ezahlukene zamandla, izindleko nokutshalwa kwezimali akufanele kukhawulwe ngamavelu athile.
(2) Isiza sesiteshi esikhethiwe kufanele sibe nezimo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-topographic, geological and hydrological, futhi sikwazi ukuklama nokwakhiwa. Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuzohambisana nomgomo “wezinto zokwakha zasendaweni” ngokusemandleni ezinto zokwakha.
(3) Isiza sesiteshi esikhethiwe sizoba seduze nendawo yokuphakelwa kukagesi nendawo yokucubungula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali kumpahla yokudlulisa nokulahlekelwa kwamandla.
(4) Lapho kukhethwa indawo yesiteshi, izakhiwo ezikhona zama-hydraulic zizosetshenziswa ngangokunokwenzeka. Isibonelo, ukwehla kwamanzi kungasetshenziselwa ukwakha iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi eziteshini zokunisela, noma iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zingakhiwa eduze kwamadamu okunisela ukuze kuphehle ugesi kusetshenziswa ukugeleza kokunisela, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi ziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zingahambisana nomgomo wokukhiqiza ugesi uma kunamanzi, ukubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho kusobala kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-25-2022
