Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kukagesi ngamanzi senze inqubekelaphambili eqinile futhi ukuqina kwentuthuko kunyukile. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi akusebenzisi amandla amaminerali. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kusiza ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya kanye nokuvikela indawo ezungezile, nokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nezithakazelo eziphelele zomnotho nomphakathi. Ngaphansi kwesizinda sokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi asalungile isikhathi eside.
I-Hydropower ingenye yemithombo yamandla engcono kakhulu yokufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni
Njengamandla ahlanzekile, amandla kagesi awakhiqizi noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni noma ukungcola; Njengamandla avuselelekayo, inqobo nje uma esekhona amanzi, amandla kagesi ngeke aphele. Njengamanje, i-China ibhekene nesibopho esibalulekile sokukhuphuka kwekhabhoni kanye ne-carbon neutralization. I-Hydropower ayigcini nje ngokuhlanzekile futhi ayikhiphi ngaphandle, kodwa futhi ayihambisani nemvelo, futhi ingabamba iqhaza ekulawuleni izinga eliphezulu. I-Hydropower ingenye yemithombo yamandla engcono kakhulu yokufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Njengoba sibheke phambili esikhathini esizayo, ugesi waseChina uzoqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukufezekiswa komgomo “wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili”.
1. Isitoreji esipompeliwe senza ngani imali
Iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezimpontshwayo zaseShayina zisebenzisa isilinganiso samahora angu-4 kilowatt kagesi futhi zikhiqiza amahora angu-3 kilowatt kagesi ngemva kokumpompa, ngokusebenza kahle okungama-75%.
Isiteshi samandla esipompayo simpompa amanzi lapho umthwalo wegridi yamandla uphansi, siguqule amandla kagesi abe amandla angaba khona amanzi, futhi awagcine. Uma umthwalo uphezulu, ikhipha amanzi ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Kufana nomcebo omkhulu ongaphinda ushajwe owenziwe ngamanzi.
Enqubweni yokumpompa nokukhiqiza, akunakugwemeka ukuthi kuzoba nokulahlekelwa. Ngokwesilinganiso, isiteshi samandla esipompayo esigcina ugesi sizosebenzisa u-4 kwh kagesi ukumpompa njalo ngo-3 kwh kagesi, ngesilinganiso sokusebenza kahle esingaba ngu-75%.
Khona-ke umbuzo uvela: kubiza malini ukwakha “umcebo ongaphinda ushajwe”?
I-Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station yisiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esinomthamo omkhulu weyunithi eyodwa, inhloko yenethi ephakeme kakhulu kanye nokujula okukhulu okungcwatshwe eChina. Ifakwe isethi yokuqala yamayunithi okugcina angu-400000 kW anekhanda elingamamitha angu-700 athuthukiswe ngokuzimela futhi akhiqizwa eShayina, enamandla afakiwe ahleliwe angu-2.4 million KW.
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi iphrojekthi ye-Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station inotshalomali oluphelele lwama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.627 futhi izokwakhiwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okwenziwa minyaka yonke kungama-kwh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.6, kanti amandla okumpompa minyaka yonke angu-4.8 kWh.
Isiteshi samandla okugcina i-Yang akuyona nje indlela yezomnotho yokuxazulula inani eliphakeme lesizini legridi yamandla e-Guangdong, kodwa futhi iyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa nezinga lokuphepha kwamandla enuzi namandla aseNtshonalanga, ukuthuthukisa amandla amasha kanye nokubambisana nokusebenza okuphephile nokuzinzile kwamandla enuzi. Kunokubaluleka okubalulekile nokuhle ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile, okuphephile nomnotho kwegridi yamandla kagesi e-Guangdong nohlelo lwenethiwekhi nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokuthembeka kokusebenza kwegridi yamandla.
Ngenxa yenkinga yokulahleka kwamandla, isiteshi samandla esipompayo sisebenzisa ugesi omningi kakhulu kunophehlisi kagesi, okusho ukuthi, ngokombono wamandla, isiteshi samandla esipompayo esigciniwe kufanele silahlekelwe yimali.
Kodwa-ke, izinzuzo zezomnotho zeziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo azincikile ekuphehleni kwayo ugesi, kodwa endimeni yayo yokushefa okuphezulu nokugcwaliswa kwesigodi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamandla kanye nesitoreji esimpontshwa ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi kungagwema ukuqalisa nokuvalwa kwezikhungo eziningi zamandla ashisayo, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ngesikhathi sokuqalisa nokuvalwa kwezitshalo zamandla ashisayo. Isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo siphinde sibe neminye imisebenzi efana nokushintshashintsha kwefrikhwensi, ukuguquguquka kwesigaba kanye nokuqalisa okumnyama.
Izindlela zokushaja zeziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ezifundeni ezihlukene zihlukile. Ezinye zamukela uhlelo lwenkokhelo yokuqashisa, kanti ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa uhlelo lwentengo kagesi olunezingxenye ezimbili. Ngokungeziwe emalini yokuqashisa ngomthamo, inzuzo ingatholakala futhi ngomehluko wentengo kagesi wesigodi esiphezulu.
2. Amaphrojekthi amasha okugcina amponliwe ngo-2022
Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, ukusayinwa kanye nokuqalwa kwamaphrojekthi okugcina okupompelwa kuye kwabikwa njalo: ngoJanuwari 30, iphrojekthi yesiteshi samandla okugcina iWuhai iphonswe ngokutshalwa kwezimali okungaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8.6 zamayuan kanye nomthamo ofakiwe wama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-1.2 wagunyazwa futhi wagunyazwa yi-Energy Bureau of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; NgoFebhuwari 10, kwasayinwa iphrojekthi ye-Xiaofeng River Pumped Storage Power Station etshalwe imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 zamayuan nama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.2 e-Wuhan futhi yazinza e-Yiling, e-Hubei; Mhla ziyi-10 kuNhlolanja, inkampani kagesi ye-SDIC kanye noHulumeni wabantu baseDolobheni lase-Hejin, eSifundazweni sase-Shanxi basayine isivumelwano sokubambisana sokutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi e-Pumped Storage Power Station, ehlela ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi okugcina ama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyi-1.2; NgoFebhuwari 14, umcimbi wokuqalisa kwesiteshi samandla esipompa i-Hubei Pingyuan esinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-1.4 wabanjwa eLuotian, eHubei.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, kusukela ngo-2021, ama-kilowatts angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 zamaphrojekthi we-pumped storage enze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile. Phakathi kwazo, i-State Grid kanye ne-China Southern Power Grid sezidlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-24.7, okube yiwona mandla amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi okugcina amanzi ngokumpompa.
Njengamanje, ukugcinwa okumpontshwayo sekungenye yezindawo ezibalulekile ekuhlelweni kwezinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zamagridi kagesi phakathi nesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-14. Phakathi kweziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo eziqaliswe ukusebenza e-China, i-State Grid Xinyuan ngaphansi kwe-State Grid Corporation kanye nenkampani yaseNingizimu ye-grid yokushefa kanye ne- frequency modulation ngaphansi kwe-akhawunti ye-South Grid Corporation yamasheya amakhulu.
NgoSepthemba wonyaka odlule, u-Xin Baoan, umqondisi we-State Grid, washo esidlangalaleni ukuthi IGridi Yesifunda ihlela ukutshala imali efinyelela kumabhiliyoni angama-350 amadola aseMelika (cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili) eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwegridi kagesi. Ngo-2030, umthamo ofakiwe wesitoreji esimpontshwayo e-China uzokwenyuswa ukusuka ku-kilowatts wamanje wezigidi ezingama-23.41 ukuya kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-100.
Ngo-Okthoba nyakenye, uMeng Zhenping, usihlalo we-China Southern Power Grid Corporation kanye noNobhala weqembu eliholayo, umemezele emhlanganweni wokugqugquzela ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa ezifundazweni ezinhlanu nasezifundeni eziseningizimu ukuthi kuzosheshiswa ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo. Eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-21 eziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo azoqedwa futhi aqale ukusebenza. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kuzoqalwa ukwakhiwa kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-15 zamandla okugcina ampontshwa okuhlelwe ukuthi aqale ukusebenza ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-16. Isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali singaba ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200, esingahlangabezana nokufinyeleleka nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-250 ezifundazweni ezinhlanu nasezifundeni eziseNingizimu.
Ngenkathi zidweba ngenkuthalo umdwebo omuhle, izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zegridi yamandla zihlele kabusha impahla yazo yokugcina empontshiwe.
NgoNovemba wonyaka odlule, i-State Grid Corporation of China yadlulisela wonke u-51.54% ukulingana kwe-State Grid Xinyuan Holding Co., Ltd. ku-State Grid Xinyuan Group Co., Ltd. mahhala, futhi yahlanganisa izimpahla zayo zokugcina ezimpontshwa. Ngokuzayo, i-State Grid Xinyuan Group Co., Ltd. izoba inkampani yesikhulumi yebhizinisi le-State Grid elimpontshwayo lokugcina impahla.
Ngo-February 15, i-Yunnan Wenshan Electric Power, esebenza ngokuyinhloko ekuphehleni ugesi ngamanzi, yamemezela ukuthi ihlela ukuthenga ukulingana okungu-100% kwe-China Southern power grid peak peak shaving and frequency modulation power generation Co., Ltd. ephethwe yi-China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd. ngokushintshwa kwempahla nokukhishwa kwesabelo. Ngokwesimemezelo sangaphambilini, amandla e-Wenshan azoba inkundla yenkampani esohlwini lwebhizinisi lokugcina elimpontshwa le-China Southern Power Grid.
"Isitoreji esipompayo okwamanje sibonwa njengendlela yokugcina amandla avuthiwe, ethembekile, ehlanzekile futhi eyongayo emhlabeni. Ingase futhi inikeze isikhathi esidingekayo se-inertia yesistimu yamandla futhi iqinisekise ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesistimu. Iwusekelo olubalulekile lwesistimu entsha yamandla ngamandla amasha njengomzimba oyinhloko. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyathelo ezikhona zokushefa kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla, kunezinzuzo ezinkulu ezibanzi." U-Peng CAIDE, unjiniyela omkhulu weSinohydro, uveze.
Ngokusobala, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthuthukisa umthamo wegridi yamandla ukwamukela amandla amasha ukwakha isitoreji esimpontshwa noma isitoreji samandla e-electrochemical. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, imodi yokulondoloza amandla eyonga kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo kugridi yamandla yamanje isitoreji esipontshwa. Lokhu futhi kuwukuvumelana komphakathi wamanje wamazwe ngamazwe.
Intatheli ifunde ukuthi njengamanje, ukuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwamayunithi okumpompa nokugcina e-China ngokuyisisekelo kuqaphele ukwenziwa kwasendaweni, futhi ubuchwepheshe buvuthiwe. Izindleko zokutshala izimali zesikhathi esizayo kulindeleke ukuthi zigcinwe cishe ku-6500 yuan / kW. Nakuba izindleko nge-kilowatt ngayinye yomthamo omkhulu wokushefa wokuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwamandla wamalahle zingaba phansi njenge-500-1500 yuan, umthamo omkhulu wokushefa otholwe ukuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwamandla wamalahle nge-kilowatt ngayinye cishe ku-20%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwamandla wamalahle kudinga ukuthola umthamo omkhulu wokushefa we-1kW, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangempela kumayelana ne-2500-7500 yuan.
"Esikhathini esimaphakathi neside, ukugcinwa kwephampu kuwubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla ukonga kakhulu. Isiteshi samandla esipompelwa siwumthombo wamandla oguquguqukayo ohlangabezana nezidingo zesistimu entsha yamandla futhi unomnotho ongcono." Abanye abantu kulo mkhakha bagcizelele intatheli.
Ngokukhula kancane kancane kokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi, imboni yezokulondoloza ephonsiwe izongenisa intuthuko esheshayo.
NgoSepthemba wonyaka odlule, uMnyango Wezokuphatha Amandla Kazwelonke ukhiphe uhlelo lokuthuthukisa isikhathi esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside sokugcinwa kwephampu (2021-2035) (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo), olwahlongoza ukuthi ngo-2025, inani eliphelele lomthamo wokupompa osetshenziswayo lizophindeka kabili kunelohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-13, lifinyelele ngaphezu kwama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-62; Ngonyaka wezi-2030, isikali esiphelele somthamo wokupompa osetshenziswayo sizophinda kabili leso sohlelo lweminyaka eyi-14, sifinyelele cishe kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-120.
Njengengxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwesistimu entsha yamandla, kulindeleke ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yokwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, ukuhlukaniswa iziqephu zokugcinwa kwamandla, kungase kudlule okulindelekile.
Ngesikhathi “sohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu”, umthamo omusha wonyaka ofakiwe wokupompa uzofinyelela cishe kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyisi-6, futhi “uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu lweshumi nanhlanu” luzokhula lufinyelele kuma-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-12. Ngokusho kwedatha edlule, umthamo omusha wonyaka ofakiwe wesitoreji esimpontshwa cishe ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezi-2 kuphela. Ngokusekelwe esikalini esimaphakathi sokutshalwa kwezimali sama-yuan angu-5000 nge-kilowatt ngayinye, isikali esisha sonyaka sokutshala imali phakathi “nohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu” kanye “nohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-15” luzofinyelela cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 ngokulandelana.
“Uguquko olufuqwayo lwesitoreji seziteshi ezijwayelekile zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi” okukhulunywe ngaso ohlelweni nalo lubaluleke kakhulu. I-hybrid pumped storage eguqulwa isuka eziteshini ezivamile zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ngokuvamile inezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza kanye nezinzuzo ezisobala ekunikezeni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusha nokwakhiwa kwesistimu entsha yamandla, okufanele inakwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-15-2022
