Emhlabeni jikelele, izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zikhiqiza cishe amaphesenti angama-24 kagesi womhlaba futhi zihlinzeka abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1 ngogesi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi emhlabeni zikhiqiza ama-megawatts angu-675,000, amandla alingana namabhareli kawoyela ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.6, ngokusho kweNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. Kunezitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 ezisebenza e-United States, okwenza amandla kagesi abe umthombo wamandla amakhulu avuselelekayo ezweni.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi amanzi awelayo adala kanjani amandla futhi sifunde ngomjikelezo wamanzi odala ukugeleza kwamanzi okubalulekile kumandla kagesi. Uzothola nombono wokusetshenziswa okukodwa okuhlukile kwamandla kagesi okungathinta impilo yakho yansuku zonke.
Uma ubuka umfula udlula, kunzima ukucabanga ngamandla othwala wona. Uma wake wahamba ngesikebhe emanzini amhlophe, khona-ke uke wazizwa ingxenye encane yamandla omfula. Amanzi amhlophe ageleza adalwe njengomfula, ethwala amanzi amaningi ehla entabeni, evimba indlela encane. Njengoba umfula uphoqeleka ukuthi udlule kulo mgodi, ukugeleza kwawo kuyashesha. Izikhukhula zingesinye isibonelo sokuthi amanzi amaningi angaba namandla angakanani.
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi zisebenzisa amandla amanzi futhi zisebenzisa imishini elula ukuguqula lawo mandla abe ugesi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi kagesi empeleni zisekelwe emcabangweni olula kakhulu — amanzi ageleza edamini aphendula i-turbine, ephendula i-generator.
Nazi izingxenye eziyisisekelo zesitshalo sikagesi esivamile:
Umgodi oxhumanisa i-turbine ne-generator
Idamu – Izitshalo eziningi zikagesi ezisebenzisa amanzi zithembele edamini elibamba amanzi, okwenza kube nedamu elikhulu. Ngokuvamile, leli damu lisetshenziswa njengechibi lokuzijabulisa, njengeLake Roosevelt eDamini iGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukungena kwamanzi – Amasango edamini ayavuleka bese amandla adonsela amanzi adlule epayipini eliholela e-turbine. Amanzi akha ingcindezi njengoba egeleza kuleli payipi.
I-Turbine – Amanzi ashaya futhi aphendule ama-blade amakhulu e-turbine, axhunywe ku-generator ngaphezu kwawo ngendlela ye-shaft. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-turbine yezitshalo zamandla kagesi yi-Francis Turbine, ebukeka njengediski enkulu enama-blade agobile. I-turbine ingaba nesisindo esingamathani angu-172 futhi iphenduke ngesivinini sama-revolution angu-90 ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokusho kwe-Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Amajenereyitha – Njengoba ama-blade e-turbine ephenduka, nochungechunge lwama-magnet ngaphakathi kwejenereyitha luyaphenduka. Ama-magnet amakhulu ajikeleza adlule kuma-coil ethusi, akhiqize ugesi oshintshashintshayo (i-AC) ngokuhambisa ama-electron. (Uzofunda kabanzi ngendlela ijenereyitha esebenza ngayo kamuva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer engaphakathi kwendlu yamandla ithatha i-AC bese iyiguqula ibe ugesi we-voltage ephezulu.
Izintambo zikagesi – Kuzo zonke iziteshi zikagesi kuvela izintambo ezine: izigaba ezintathu zikagesi ezikhiqizwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye ne-neutral noma i-ground common kuzo zontathu. (Funda ukuthi Amagridi Okusabalalisa Amandla Asebenza Kanjani ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokudluliswa kwezintambo zikagesi.)
Ukugeleza kwamanzi – Amanzi asetshenzisiwe athwalwa ngamapayipi, abizwa ngokuthi ama-tailraces, bese ephinde angene emfuleni ongezansi komfula.
Amanzi asechibini abhekwa njengamandla agciniwe. Lapho amasango evuleka, amanzi ageleza nge-penstock aba amandla e-kinetic ngoba ayasebenza. Inani likagesi elikhiqizwayo linqunywa yizici eziningana. Ezimbili zalezo zici yivolumu yokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nenani lekhanda le-hydraulic. Ikhanda libhekisela ebangeni eliphakathi kobuso bamanzi nama-turbine. Njengoba ikhanda nokugeleza kwanda, nogesi okhiqizwayo uyakhula. Ikhanda livame ukuncika enanini lamanzi echibini.
Kukhona olunye uhlobo lwesitshalo samandla okuhambisa amanzi, esibizwa ngokuthi isitshalo sokugcina amanzi esipompiwe. Esitshalo samandla okuhambisa amanzi esivamile, amanzi avela echibini ageleza esitshalweni, aphume futhi athuthwe emfuleni. Isitshalo sokugcina amanzi esipompiwe sinamachibi amabili:
Idamu elingaphezulu – Njengesitshalo sikagesi esivamile, idamu lidala idamu. Amanzi akulesi sikhungo ageleza ngesitshalo sikagesi ukuze akhiqize ugesi.
Idamu Elingaphansi – Amanzi aphuma esiteshini sikagesi wamanzi agelezela edamini elingaphansi kunokuba aphinde angene emfuleni bese egeleza phansi komfula.
Sisebenzisa i-turbine ephendukayo, isitshalo singampompa amanzi sibuyele echibini elingaphezulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamahora angekho ngesikhathi sokusebenza kakhulu. Empeleni, i-reservoir yesibili igcwalisa kabusha i-reservoir engenhla. Ngokupompa amanzi abuyele echibini elingaphezulu, isitshalo sinamanzi amaningi okukhiqiza ugesi ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu.
Ijeneretha
Inhliziyo yesitshalo sikagesi samanzi yijenereyitha. Izitshalo eziningi zikagesi zamanzi zinamajenereyitha amaningana.
Ijeneretha, njengoba ungase uqagele, ikhiqiza ugesi. Inqubo eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngale ndlela iwukuzungeza uchungechunge lwama-magnet ngaphakathi kwama-coil entambo. Le nqubo ihambisa ama-electron, akhiqiza ugesi wamanje.
Idamu laseHoover linezinjini zokuphehla ugesi ezingu-17, ngasinye sazo esingakhiqiza ama-megawatts angu-133. Umthamo ophelele wesitshalo sikagesi samanzi saseHoover Dam ungama-megawatts angu-2,074. Injini ngayinye yenziwe ngezingxenye ezithile eziyisisekelo:
Njengoba i-turbine iphenduka, i-excitor ithumela ugesi ku-rotor. I-rotor iwuchungechunge lwama-electromagnet amakhulu ajikeleza ngaphakathi kwe-coil eboshwe ngokuqinile yocingo lwethusi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-stator. Insimu yamagnetic phakathi kwe-coil nama-magnet idala ugesi.
EDamini laseHoover, ugesi ongama-amps angu-16,500 uhamba usuka kujeneretha uye ku-transformer, lapho ugesi ukhuphuka khona ufike kuma-amps angu-230,000 ngaphambi kokuba udluliselwe.
Izitshalo zikagesi zamanzi zisebenzisa ithuba lenqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eqhubekayo - inqubo ebangela imvula ukuthi ine futhi imifula ikhuphuke. Nsuku zonke, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa inani elincane lamanzi emoyeni njengoba imisebe ye-ultraviolet ihlukanisa ama-molecule amanzi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi amasha akhishwa engxenyeni engaphakathi yoMhlaba ngomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Inani lamanzi adalwe kanye nenani lamanzi alahlekile cishe liyafana.
Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, umthamo wamanzi omhlaba wonke ungezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene. Ungaba uketshezi, njengasolwandle, emifuleni nasemvuleni; uqinile, njengasezinguzungeni zeqhwa; noma ube yigesi, njengasemvuleni wamanzi ongabonakali emoyeni. Amanzi ashintsha izimo njengoba eshukunyiswa yimimoya yomoya. Imisinga yomoya idalwa umsebenzi wokushisa welanga. Imijikelezo yomoya-yamandla idalwe yilanga elikhanya kakhulu enkabazwe kunakwezinye izindawo zomhlaba.
Imijikelezo yamandla omoya iqhuba ukuphakelwa kwamanzi eMhlabeni ngomjikelezo wawo, obizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wamanzi. Njengoba ilanga lishisa amanzi acwebezelayo, amanzi ayahwamuka abe umhwamuko emoyeni. Ilanga lishisa umoya, okwenza umoya ukhuphuke emoyeni. Umoya ubanda kakhulu phezulu, ngakho-ke njengoba umhwamuko wamanzi ukhuphuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube amaconsi. Lapho amaconsi amaningi eqoqana endaweni eyodwa, amaconsi angaba nzima ngokwanele ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelezo wamanzi ubalulekile ezitshalweni zikagesi wamanzi ngoba zincike ekugelezeni kwamanzi. Uma kungekho mvula eduze kwesitshalo, amanzi ngeke aqoqeke phezulu komfula. Njengoba kungekho manzi aqoqeka phezulu komfula, amanzi amancane ageleza esitshalweni sikagesi wamanzi futhi kukhiqizwa ugesi omncane.
Umqondo oyisisekelo wamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ukusebenzisa amandla oketshezi oluhambayo ukuze kuguqulwe i-turbine blade. Ngokuvamile, idamu elikhulu kufanele lakhiwe phakathi nomfula ukuze lenze lo msebenzi. Ukusungulwa okusha kusizakala ngomqondo wamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ngezinga elincane kakhulu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ugesi kumadivayisi kagesi aphathwayo.
Umsunguli uRobert Komarechka wase-Ontario, eCanada, uqhamuke nomqondo wokufaka amajeneretha amancane kagesi emanzini ezithendeni zezicathulo. Ukholelwa ukuthi la ma-micro-turbine azokhiqiza ugesi owanele ukunika amandla cishe noma iyiphi idivayisi. NgoMeyi 2001, uKomarechka wathola ilungelo lobunikazi ledivayisi yakhe eyingqayizivele esebenzisa unyawo.
Kunesimiso esiyisisekelo kakhulu sendlela esihamba ngayo: Unyawo luwela kusukela esithendeni kuya ozwaneni ngesikhathi sesinyathelo ngasinye. Njengoba unyawo lwakho luwela phansi, amandla ehla ngesithende sakho. Uma ulungiselela isinyathelo sakho esilandelayo, ugoqa unyawo lwakho phambili, ngakho amandla adluliselwa ebholeni lonyawo lwakho. Kubonakala sengathi uKomarechka waqaphela lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sokuhamba futhi usethuthukise umqondo wokusebenzisa amandla alo msebenzi wansuku zonke.
Kunezingxenye ezinhlanu "zezicathulo ezine-hydroelectric generator assembly" kaKomarechka, njengoba kuchaziwe ku-patent yayo:
Uketshezi – Uhlelo luzosebenzisa uketshezi oluhambisa ugesi.
Amasaka okugcina uketshezi – Isaka elilodwa lifakwa esithendeni kanti elinye lifakwa engxenyeni yezinzwane zesicathulo.
Imifudlana - Imifudlana ixhumanisa isikhwama ngasinye ne-microgenerator.
I-Turbine – Njengoba amanzi ehamba phambili naphambili emthambekeni, ashukumisa ama-blade e-turbine encane.
I-Microgenerator – I-generator itholakala phakathi kwezikhwama ezimbili ezigcwele uketshezi, futhi ifaka i-vane rotor, eqhuba umgodi bese iphendula i-generator.
Njengoba umuntu ehamba, ukucindezelwa koketshezi olusesikhwameni esisesithendeni sesicathulo kuzophoqa uketshezi ukuthi ludlule emhubheni lungene kwi-hydroelectric generator module. Njengoba umsebenzisi eqhubeka nokuhamba, isithende sizophakanyiswa futhi ingcindezi ephansi izofakwa esikhwameni ngaphansi kwebhola lonyawo lomuntu. Ukunyakaza koketshezi kuzozungeza i-rotor kanye ne-shaft ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi.
Kuzohlinzekwa isokhethi yangaphandle yokuxhuma izintambo kudivayisi ephathekayo. Iyunithi yokukhipha amandla ingafakwa futhi ebhandeni lomsebenzisi. Amadivayisi kagesi angaxhunywa kule yunithi yokukhipha amandla, ezohlinzeka ngogesi oqhubekayo.
“Njengoba inani lamadivayisi aphathekayo asebenza ngebhethri likhula,” kusho ilungelo lobunikazi, “kunesidingo esikhulayo sokuhlinzeka ngomthombo kagesi ohlala isikhathi eside, oguquguqukayo, nosebenza kahle.” UKomarechka ulindele ukuthi idivayisi yakhe izosetshenziselwa ukunika amandla amakhompyutha aphathekayo, omakhalekhukhwini, abadlali be-CD, abamukeli be-GPS kanye nemisakazo enezindlela ezimbili.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-21-2022
