Emhlabeni wonke, izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zikhiqiza cishe amaphesenti angama-24 kagesi emhlabeni wonke futhi ziphakela abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni ugesi. Izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni zikhipha isamba esihlangene samamegawathi ayizi-675,000, amandla alingana namabharele kawoyela ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3.6, ngokusho kweLabhorethri Kazwelonke Yamandla Avuselelekayo. Kunezimboni ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenza e-United States, okwenza amandla kagesi ngamanzi abe umthombo omkhulu wamandla avuselelekayo ezweni.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi amanzi awelayo awadala kanjani amandla futhi sifunde ngomjikelezo we-hydrologic odala ukugeleza kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu ku-hydropower. Uzothola amazwibela ekusetshenzisweni okukodwa okuyingqayizivele kwamandla kagesi okungase kuthinte impilo yakho yansuku zonke.
Uma ubuka umfula ugeleza, kunzima ukucabanga amandla onawo. Uma uke waba i-white-water rafting, khona-ke uke wezwa ingxenye encane yamandla omfula. Ama-rapids amanzi amhlophe adalwa njengomfula, athwala amanzi amaningi ehla, avimbela amabhodlela ngendlela ewumngcingo. Njengoba umfula uphoqeleka ngale mbobo, ukugeleza kwawo kuyashesha. Izikhukhula ngesinye isibonelo sokuthi umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ungaba namandla kangakanani.
Izitshalo eziphehla amandla kagesi zisebenzisa amandla amanzi futhi zisebenzisa izinsimbi ezilula ukuguqula lawo mandla abe ugesi. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi empeleni zisekelwe embonweni olula - amanzi ageleza edamini aphendulela i-turbine, ephendula ijeneretha.
Nazi izingxenye eziyisisekelo zesikhungo esivamile sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi:
I-shaft exhuma i-turbine ne-generator
Idamu - Izitshalo eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zithembele edanyini elibamba amanzi, okwenza idamu elikhulu. Ngokuvamile, leli chibi lisetshenziswa njengechibi lokungcebeleka, njengeLake Roosevelt eDamu laseGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukuthatha - Amasango edamini avulekile futhi amandla adonsela phansi adonsa amanzi nge-penstock, ipayipi eliholela ku-turbine. Amanzi akha umfutho njengoba egeleza kuleli payipi.
I-turbine - Amanzi ashaya futhi aphendule ama-blade amakhulu e-turbine, exhunywe ku-generator ngaphezu kwayo ngendlela ye-shaft. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-turbine yezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi i-Francis Turbine, ebukeka njengediski elikhulu elinama-blade agobile. I-turbine ingaba nesisindo esingamathani angu-172 futhi iphenduke ngenani lama-revolutions angu-90 ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokusho kwe-Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Amajeneretha - Njengoba ama-turbine blades ephenduka, yenza kanjalo nochungechunge lwamagnethi ngaphakathi kwejeneretha. Ozibuthe abakhulu bazungeza amakhoyili ethusi adlule, bakhiqize ama-alternating current (AC) ngama-electron anyakazayo. (Uzofunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela ijeneretha esebenza ngayo kamuva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer ngaphakathi kwendlu yamandla ithatha i-AC futhi iyiguqule ibe yamanje yamandla kagesi aphezulu.
Izintambo zamandla - Kuzo zonke izizinda zamandla ziphuma izintambo ezine: izigaba ezintathu zamandla akhiqizwa kanyekanye kanye nokungathathi hlangothi noma umhlabathi ojwayelekile kuzo zontathu. (Funda Ukuthi Amagridi Okusabalalisa Amandla Asebenza Kanjani ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokudluliswa kwezintambo zikagesi.)
Ukuphuma kwamanzi - Amanzi asetshenzisiwe ahamba ngamapayipi, abizwa ngokuthi ama-tailraces, futhi aphinde angene emfuleni ezansi nomfula.
Amanzi asechibini athathwa njengamandla agciniwe. Lapho amasango evuleka, amanzi ageleza phakathi kwe-penstock abe amandla e-kinetic ngoba ahamba. Inani likagesi elikhiqizwayo linqunywa izici eziningana. Ezimbili zalezo zici umthamo wokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nenani lekhanda le-hydraulic. Ikhanda libhekisela ebangeni eliphakathi kwendawo yamanzi kanye nezinjini zomoya. Njengoba ikhanda nokugeleza kwanda, kanjalo nogesi okhiqizwayo. Ikhanda livamise ukuncika enanini lamanzi echibini.
Kunolunye uhlobo lwemboni yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, olubizwa nge-pumped-storage plant. Embonini evamile yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, amanzi aphuma edamini ageleza esitshalweni, aphume futhi ehliselwa ngomfudlana. Isitshalo esinamaphampu sinezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezimbili:
Ichibi elingaphezulu - Njengesikhungo esivamile sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, idamu lakha indawo yokugcina amanzi. Amanzi akuleli chibi ageleza endaweni yokuphehla ugesi ukuze akhe ugesi.
Idamu elingaphansi - Amanzi aphuma embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi agelezela endaweni engaphansi kwamanzi kunokuba aphinde angene emfuleni futhi ageze ezansi nomfula.
Ngokusebenzisa i-turbine ehlehliswayo, isitshalo singampompa amanzi sibuyele endaweni engaphezulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamahora angasebenzi kakhulu. Empeleni, ichibi lesibili ligcwalisa kabusha ichibi elingaphezulu. Ngokumpompa amanzi emuva kwedamu elingaphezulu, lesi sikhungo sinamanzi amaningi okukhiqiza ugesi ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kakhulu.
I-Generator
Inhliziyo yesikhungo samandla kagesi ngamanzi ijeneretha. Izitshalo eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zinamajeneretha amaningana.
Ijeneretha, njengoba ubungaqagela, ikhiqiza ugesi. Inqubo eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngale ndlela ukuzungezisa uchungechunge lozibuthe ngaphakathi kwamakhoyili ocingo. Le nqubo inyakazisa ama-electron, akhiqiza amandla kagesi.
Idamu iHoover linamajeneretha ayi-17, ngalinye lingakhiqiza amamegawathi afinyelela ku-133. Umthamo usuwonke wesikhungo sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi i-Hoover Dam singamamegawathi ayizi-2,074. Ijeneretha ngayinye yenziwe izingxenye ezithile eziyisisekelo:
Njengoba i-turbine iphenduka, i-excitor ithumela amandla kagesi ku-rotor. I-rotor iwuchungechunge lozibuthe bakagesi abakhulu abazungeza ngaphakathi kwekhoyili enenxeba eliqinile yocingo lwethusi, olubizwa ngokuthi i-stator. Insimu kazibuthe phakathi kwekhoyili nozibuthe yenza amandla kagesi.
Edamu le-Hoover, amandla amanje angu-16,500 amps asuka ku-generator aye ku-transformer, lapho amarampu amanje afika ku-230,000 amps ngaphambi kokudluliselwa.
Izitshalo eziphehla amandla kagesi zisebenzisa ithuba lenqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eqhubekayo - inqubo eyenza imvula ine kanye nemifula iphakame. Nsuku zonke, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa amanzi amancane emkhathini njengoba imisebe ye-ultraviolet ihlukanisa ama-molecule amanzi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi amasha akhishwa engxenyeni engaphakathi yoMhlaba ngokusebenzisa intaba-mlilo. Inani lamanzi elidaliwe kanye nenani lamanzi alahlekile licishe lifane.
Noma nini, umthamo wamanzi emhlabeni uhlukene ngezindlela eziningi. Kungaba uketshezi, njengasolwandle, emifuleni nasemvuleni; okuqinile, njengasezinguzunga zeqhwa; noma okunegesi, njengakumhwamuko wamanzi ongabonakali osemoyeni. Amanzi ashintsha izifunda njengoba enyakaziswa iplanethi ngamaza omoya. Imisinga yomoya ikhiqizwa umsebenzi wokushisa welanga. Imijikelezo yomoya yamanje idalwa ilanga elikhanya kakhulu enkabazwe kunakwezinye izindawo zeplanethi.
Imijikelezo yamanje yomoya ihambisa amanzi omhlaba ngomjikelezo wawo, obizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-hydrologic. Njengoba ilanga lishisa amanzi awuketshezi, amanzi ayahwamuka abe umhwamuko emoyeni. Ilanga lishisa umoya, okwenza umoya ukhuphuke emkhathini. Umoya ubanda kakhulu phezulu, ngakho njengoba umhwamuko ukhuphuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube amaconsi. Uma amaconsi anele enqwabelana endaweni eyodwa, amaconsi angase asinde ngokwanele ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelezo we-hydrologic ubalulekile ezitshalweni eziphehla amandla ngamanzi ngoba zincike ekugelezeni kwamanzi. Uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwemvula eduze kwesitshalo, amanzi ngeke aqoqele phezulu. Njengoba kungekho manzi aqoqa umfudlana, amanzi amancane ageleza embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi futhi kukhiqizwa ugesi omncane.
Umqondo oyisisekelo wamandla kagesi ukusebenzisa amandla oketshezi olunyakazayo ukuze uphendule i- turbine blade. Ngokujwayelekile, kufanele kwakhiwe idamu elikhulu phakathi nomfula ukuze lenze lo msebenzi. Ukusungulwa okusha kusebenzisa umqondo wokuphehlwa ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ugesi wezinto eziphathwayo zikagesi.
Umsunguli uRobert Komarechka wase-Ontario, eCanada, uqhamuke nombono wokubeka ama-generator amancane aphehla ugesi ematheni ezicathulo. Ukholelwa ukuthi lawa ma-micro-turbines azokhiqiza ugesi owanele ukuphehla cishe noma iyiphi igajethi. Ngo-May 2001, uKomarechka wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lomshini wakhe oyingqayizivele ohamba ngezinyawo.
Kunesimiso esiyisisekelo endleleni esihamba ngayo: Unyawo luwela isithende ukuya ozwaneni phakathi nesinyathelo ngasinye. Njengoba unyawo lwakho luhlala phansi, amandla ehliswa ngesithende sakho. Uma ulungiselela isinyathelo sakho esilandelayo, ugoqa unyawo lwakho phambili, ngakho amandla adluliselwa ebhola lonyawo lwakho. U-Komarechka ngokusobala wasiqaphela lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sokuhamba futhi uye wakha umqondo wokuhlanganisa amandla alo msebenzi wansuku zonke.
Kunezingxenye ezinhlanu "ezicathulweni ezine-hydroelectric generator" zikaKomarechka, njengoba kuchazwe kulungelo layo lobunikazi:
Uketshezi - Uhlelo luzosebenzisa uketshezi olusebenza ngogesi.
Amasaka okubamba uketshezi - Isaka elilodwa libekwe esithendeni kanti elinye libekwe engxenyeni yezinzwane zesicathulo.
Ama-conduits - Amapayipi axhuma isikhwama ngasinye ku-microgenerator.
I-Turbine - Njengoba amanzi eya emuva naphambili eyedwa, inyakazisa izindwani ze-turbine encane.
I-Microgenerator - Ijeneretha itholakala phakathi kwamasaka amabili agcwele uketshezi, futhi ihlanganisa i-vane rotor, eshayela i-shaft futhi iphendulela i-generator.
Lapho umuntu ehamba, ukucindezelwa koketshezi olusesakeni esisesithendeni sesicathulo kuzophoqelela uketshezi ngomsele futhi lungene kumojula ye-hydroelectric generator. Njengoba umsebenzisi eqhubeka nokuhamba, isithende sizophakanyiswa futhi kuzofakwa umfutho obheke phansi esakeni ngaphansi kwebhola lonyawo lomuntu. Ukuhamba koketshezi kuzozungeza i-rotor ne-shaft ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Isokhethi yangaphandle izonikezwa ukuxhuma izintambo kudivayisi ephathekayo. Iyunithi ephumayo yokulawula amandla ingase futhi ihlinzekwe ukuthi igqokwe ebhandeni lomsebenzisi. Izinto zikagesi zingase zixhunywe kule yunithi ephumayo yokulawula amandla, ezohlinzeka ngogesi oqhubekayo.
“Ngokwenyuka kwenani lemishini ephathwayo esebenza ngebhethri,” ifundeka kanjalo ilungelo lobunikazi,” kunesidingo esandayo sokuhlinzeka ngomthombo kagesi ohlala isikhathi eside, oguquguqukayo, osebenza kahle.” UKomarechka ulindele ukuthi idivayisi yakhe izosetshenziselwa ukunika amandla amakhompiyutha aphathwayo, omakhalekhukhwini, izidlali zama-CD, izamukeli ze-GPS kanye nemisakazo yezindlela ezimbili.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-21-2022
