Wabiyada dabiiciga ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin jiirar gaar ah. Biyaha ayaa ku qulqula hareeraha webiga oo hoos yimaada ficilka culeyska. Biyaha joogga sare waxay ka kooban yihiin tamar badan oo suurtagal ah. Iyada oo la kaashanayo qaab-dhismeedka haydarooliga iyo qalabka elektiroonigga ah, tamarta biyaha waxaa loo rogi karaa tamar koronto, taas oo ah, koronto-dhaliyaha biyaha. Mabda'a koronto-dhalintu waa soo-galinteena korantada, taas oo ah, marka kooreeyaha gooyo xadhkaha qulqulka magnetic ee goobta magnetic, waxay dhalin doontaa hadda. Waxaa ka mid ah, "dhaqdhaqaaqa" kirishbooyada ee goobta magnetic waxaa lagu gaaraa socodka biyaha ee saameeya marawaxadaha si loogu beddelo tamarta biyaha tamarta farsamada wareega; iyo goobta magnetic ku dhawaad had iyo jeer la sameeyo by xamaasad hadda ka mid ah nidaamka excitation socodka dhex dabaysha rotor matoor, taas oo ah, magnetism waxaa dhaliya koronto.
1. Waa maxay habka kicinta? Si loo xaqiijiyo beddelka tamarta, koronto-dhaliyaha isku-dhafka ah wuxuu u baahan yahay goob magnetic DC ah, iyo hadda DC ee abuura goobtan birlabeedka waxaa loo yaqaannaa hadda kacsanaanta koronto-dhaliye. Guud ahaan, habka loo sameeyo beer magnetic rotor koronto sida uu qabo mabda'a ka mid ah induction electromagnetic waxaa loo yaqaan excitation. Habka kicinta waxa loola jeedaa qalabka bixiya kicinta hadda ee koronto-dhaliyaha isku midka ah. Waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah koronto-dhaliyaha. Guud ahaan waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood oo waaweyn: unugga tamarta kicinta iyo xakamaynta kicinta. Unugga korantada kicinta ayaa bixiya kicinta hadda jirta ee rotor-ka koronto-dhaliyaha ah, iyo xakamaynta kicinta ayaa koontaroolaysa wax-soo-saarka unugga tamarta kicinta iyadoo loo eegayo calaamadda gelinta iyo shuruudaha sharci ee la bixiyay.
2. Shaqada nidaamka kicinta Nidaamka kicinta wuxuu leeyahay shaqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee soo socda: (1) Xaaladaha shaqada ee caadiga ah, waxay bixisaa koronto-dhaliyaha hadda jira, oo hagaajinaya dhaqdhaqaaqa kicinta sida waafaqsan sharciga la siiyay iyadoo loo eegayo koronto-dhaliyaha terminal iyo xaaladaha culeyska si loo ilaaliyo xasilloonida korantada. Waa maxay sababta xasilloonida korantada loo ilaalin karo iyadoo la hagaajinayo dhaqdhaqaaqa kacsanaanta? Waxa jira xidhiidh qiyaas ah oo u dhexeeya awoodda la kiciyay (ie, awood la'aan) Ed ee korantada koronto-dhaliyaha Ug, culeyska firfircoon ee hadda Ir ee koronto-dhaliyaha, iyo falcelinta isku-dhafka dheer ee Xd:
Awoodda la kiciyay ee Ed waxay la mid tahay qulqulka magnetic, iyo qulqulka magnetic wuxuu ku xiran yahay baaxadda hadda kacsanaanta. Marka xamaasadda xamaasaddu aanay isbeddelin, qulqulka magnetic iyo awoodda la kiciyay ee Ed waxba isma beddelin. Laga soo bilaabo qaacidada sare, waxaa laga arki karaa in korantada terminaalka ee koronto-dhaliyaha uu hoos u dhigi doono kororka firfircoonida hadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha adeegsadaha ee tayada korantada, danab ka dambeeya koronto-dhaliye waa inuu ahaadaa mid aan isbeddelin. Sida iska cad, habka lagu gaari karo shuruudan waa in la hagaajiyo xamaasadda hadda jirta ee koronto-dhaliyaha maaddaama uu hadda Ir-ka fal-celiska ahi is beddelo (taas oo ah, culeysku isbeddelo). (2) Marka loo eego shuruudaha culeyska, qulqulka kicinta waxaa lagu hagaajiyaa si waafaqsan qaanuunka la bixiyay si loo hagaajiyo awoodda falcelinta. Maxay lagama maarmaan u tahay in la hagaajiyo awoodda falcelinta? Qalab koronto oo badan ayaa ku shaqeeya mabda'a soo-saarka korantada, sida Transformers, motors, alxanka, iwm. Awoodda koronto ee loo baahan yahay si loo dhiso goob birlabeed beddelan iyo qulqulka birlabeedka ee la keenay waxaa loo yaqaannaa koronto falcelineed. Dhammaan qalabka korantada ee leh gariiradaha elektromagnetic-ka ayaa isticmaala awood falcelineed si loo dhiso goob birlab ah. La'aanteed awood falcelin ah, matoorku ma wareego, transformer-ku ma awoodi doono inuu beddelo tamarta, iyo qalab badan oo koronto ah ma shaqeyn doono. Sidaa darteed, awoodda fal-celinta macnaheedu maaha awood aan faa'iido lahayn. Xaaladaha caadiga ah, qalabka korantada ma aha oo kaliya inuu helo tamarta firfircoon ee koronto-dhaliyaha, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu helo koronto fal-celin ah koronto-dhaliyaha. Haddii tamarta falcelinta ee shabagga korantadu ay gabaabsi tahay, qalabka korontadu ma yeelan doono awood falcelin ku filan si loo dhiso goob koronto oo caadi ah. Markaa qalabkan korantada ma sii wadi karaan shaqada la qiimeeyay, waxaana hoos u dhici doona danab ku shaqeeya korantada, taas oo saamaynaysa shaqada caadiga ah ee qalabka korantada. Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hagaajiyo awoodda fal-celinta iyadoo loo eegayo culeyska dhabta ah, iyo soo-saarka tamarta fal-celinta ee koronto-dhaliye waxay la xiriirtaa xajmiga qulqulka hadda. Mabda'a gaarka ah halkan laguma faahfaahin doono. (3) Marka shil gaaban oo gaaban uu ku dhaco nidaamka korantada ama sababo kale ayaa keena koronto-dhaliyaha terminal si dhab ah u dhaco, koronto-dhaliyuhu wuxuu noqon karaa mid xoog leh si loo hagaajiyo xadka xasilloonida firfircoon ee nidaamka tamarta iyo saxnaanta ficilka ilaalinta gudbinta. (4) Marka koronto-dhaliyaha koronto-dhaliyaha uu dhaco iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay daadinta degdega ah ee culeyska iyo sababo kale, koronto-dhaliyaha si xoog ah ayaa loo dhimi karaa si loo xaddido kororka xad-dhaafka ah ee danab-dhaliyaha. (5) Hagaajinta xasilloonida joogtada ah ee nidaamka awoodda. (6) Marka wareegga gaaban ee weji-ilaa-wejiga uu ka dhaco gudaha koronto-dhaliyaha iyo fiilooyinka rasaasta ama koronto-dhaliyaha koronto-dhaliyuhu aad u sarreeyo, demagnetization ayaa si dhakhso ah loo sameeyaa si loo xaddido ballaarinta shilka. (7) Awoodda fal-celinta ee koronto-dhaliyeyaasha isbar-bar yaacaya ayaa si macquul ah loo qaybin karaa.
3. Kala-soocidda nidaamyada kicinta Marka loo eego habka uu koronto-dhaliye u helo qulqulka qulqulka (taas oo ah, habka sahayda ee sahayda tamarta kicinta), nidaamka kicinta waxaa loo qaybin karaa kicinta dibadda iyo is-xakamaynta: hadda kacsanaanta laga helay sahayda kale ee tamarta waxaa loo yaqaan kicinta dibadda; Dareenka kicinta ee laga helo koronto-dhaliye laftiisa ayaa loo yaqaan is-xakameyn. Marka loo eego habka dib-u-habaynta, waxa loo qaybin karaa kicinta rotary iyo kicinta taagan. Nidaamka kicinta joogtada ah ma laha mashiinka kicinta gaarka ah. Haddii ay ka hesho awoodda kicinta ee koronto-dhaliye lafteeda, waxaa loo yaqaan 'self-excitation static excitation'. Is-xakamaynta joogtada ah ee is-xakamaynta ayaa loo qaybin karaa kicinta is-barbar-dhigga ah iyo kicinta is-xakamaynta.
Habka kicinta ee inta badan la isticmaalo waa isbarbardhigga kicinta kacsanaanta, sida ka muuqata sawirka hoose. Waxay ku helaysaa awoodda kicinta iyada oo loo marayo transformer-ka toosiyaha ee ku xiran meesha laga soo saaro koronto-dhaliyaha, oo ay siiso koronto-dhaliyaha hadda ka dib hagaajinta.
Jaantuska fiilooyinka ee nidaamka kicinta kicinta ee isbarbar-dhigga
Nidaamka kicinta isbarbar-dhigga ee is-barbar-dhigga wuxuu inta badan ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda: Transformer, rectifier, qalab demagnetization, kontaroolaha nidaaminta iyo qalabka ilaalinta korontadda. Shantan qaybood ayaa siday u kala horreeyaan u dhammaystiraan hawlaha soo socda:
(1) Transformer Excitation: Iska yaree danabka dhamaadka mishiinka ilaa danab u dhigma rectifier-ga.
(2) Rectifier: Waa xudunta u ah nidaamka oo dhan. Wareegga buundada oo si buuxda loo kontroolo oo saddex-waji ah ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa si loo dhamaystiro hawsha beddelka AC ilaa DC.
(3) Aaladda Demagnetization-ka: Qalabka demagnetization-ku waxa uu ka kooban yahay laba qaybood, kuwaas oo kala ah beddelka demagnetization-ka iyo iska-caabiyaha demagnetization. Qalabkani wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay demagnetization-ka degdega ah ee unugga haddii ay dhacdo shil.
(4) Xakamaynta xakamaynta: Qalabka xakamaynta ee nidaamka kicinta ayaa isbeddelaya qulqulka hadda jira iyada oo la xakameynayo xagasha conduction of thyristor ee qalabka hagaajinta si loo gaaro saameynta habaynta awoodda fal-celinta iyo tamarta koronto-dhaliyaha.
(5) Ilaalinta xad-dhaafka ah: Marka wareegga rotor-ka koronto-dhaliyaha uu leeyahay koronto-dhaaf, wareeggu wuxuu daaran yahay si uu u isticmaalo tamarta xad-dhaafka ah, xaddido qiimaha xad-dhaafka ah, iyo ilaalinta dabaysha rotor-ka koronto-dhaliyaha iyo qalabkiisa ku xiran.
Faa'iidooyinka habka is-barbar-dhigga is-barbar-dhigga ee nidaamka kicinta dareenka waa: qaab-dhismeedka fudud, qalab yar, maalgelin hooseeya iyo dayactir yar. Khasaaraha ayaa ah in marka koronto-dhaliye ama hab-wareejin gaaban yahay, in qulqulka kicinta uu baaba'o ama aad hoos ugu dhaco, halka qulqulka kicinta waa in si weyn loo kordhiyo (tusaale kacsi qasab ah) waqtigan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo la tixgelinayo in cutubyada waaweyn ee casriga ahi ay inta badan isticmaalaan baska xiran, iyo korantada korantada sare ee guud ahaan waxay ku qalabaysan yihiin ilaalin degdeg ah iyo kalsooni sare, tirada unugyada isticmaalaya habkan kicinta ayaa sii kordhaya, tani sidoo kale waa habka kicinta ee lagu taliyey xeerar iyo tilmaamo. 4. Bareegga korantada ee cutubka Marka cutubka la dejiyo oo la xiro, qayb ka mid ah tamarta makaanikada ayaa la kaydiyaa sababtoo ah wareegitaanka weyn ee rotor-ka. Qaybtan tamarta waxaa si buuxda loo joojin karaa oo keliya ka dib marka loo beddelo tamarta kulaylka is jiid-jiidka, xajinta hagaha iyo hawada. Maaddaama luminta hawadu ay u dhiganto labajibbaaran xawaaraha tooska ah ee wareegga, xawaaraha rotor-ku si dhakhso ah ayuu hoos ugu dhacayaa marka hore, ka dibna wuxuu socon doonaa muddo dheer xawaare hooseeya. Marka unuggu uu ku socdo wakhti dheer xawaare hooseeya, baadiyaha riixa ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gubo sababtoo ah filimka saliidda ee u dhexeeya saxanka muraayadda ee hoos yimaada madaxa riixida iyo baadiyaha xajinta lama dhisi karo. Sababtan awgeed, inta lagu jiro habka xidhitaanka, marka xawaaraha unuggu hoos ugu dhaco qiime cayiman, nidaamka bareegga cutubku wuxuu u baahan yahay in la isticmaalo. Bareegga cutubku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay bareegga koronto, bareegga farsamada iyo bareegga la isku daray. Bareegga korantada waa in la gaabiyaa istaatarka saddex-waji-dhaliye ee mashiinnada dhammaadka ka dib marka koronto-dhaliyaha la gooyo oo la gooyo, lana sugo xawaaraha unugga inuu hoos ugu dhaco ilaa 50% ilaa 60% xawaaraha la qiimeeyay. Iyada oo loo marayo taxane ah hawlgallo macquul ah, awoodda bareegga ayaa la bixiyaa, iyo maamulaha kicinta wuxuu u wareegayaa habka bareegga korontada si uu ugu daro kicinta hadda ee rotor rotor-ka. Sababtoo ah koronto-dhaliyaha ayaa wareegaya, stator-ku wuxuu keenaa haddal gaaban oo gaaban oo hoos yimaada ficilka rotor magnetic field. Qulqulka korantada ee la dhaliyo waxa uu ka soo horjeedaa jihada aan firfircoonayn ee rotor-ka, kaas oo ka ciyaara door bireed. Habka lagu ogaanayo bareegyada korantada, korantada bareegga ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu bixiyo dibadda, taas oo si dhow ula xiriirta qaab dhismeedka wareegga ugu weyn ee nidaamka kicinta. Siyaabo kala duwan oo lagu helo koronto kicinta biriiga ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka hoose.
Siyaabo kala duwan oo lagu helo koronto kicinta biriiga
Habka ugu horreeya, qalabka kicinta ayaa ah habka fiilooyinka kicinta ee is-barbar-dhigga. Marka dhamaadka mishiinku uu wareego gaaban yahay, transformer-ka kicinta ma laha wax koronto ah. Korontada bareegga waxay ka timaad transformer-ka barreega u go'an, transformer-ku wuxuu ku xiran yahay tamarta warshadda. Sida kor ku xusan, mashaariicda tamarta biyaha badankoodu waxay adeegsadaan nidaamka kicinta kicinta static rectifier, waana ka dhaqaale badan tahay in loo isticmaalo buundada hagaajinta nidaamka kicinta iyo nidaamka bireega korantada. Sidaa darteed, habkan lagu helo koronto kicinta bireega ayaa aad u badan. Shaqada bareegga korontada ee habkani waa sida soo socota:
(1) Xubinta wareegga wareegga waa la furay, nidaamkana waa la kala jaray.
(2) Dabaysha rotor-ku waa demagnetized.
(3) Dareemaha korantada ee dhinaca labaad ee beddelka kicinta ayaa la furay.
(4) Halbeegga biriiga korantada ee wareegga gaaban waa xiran yahay.
(5) Dareemaha korantada ee dhinaca labaad ee beddelka barriga korantada waa xiran yahay.
(6) Buundada hagaajinta ee thyristor ayaa kicisay si ay u qabato, unugguna waxa uu galaa xaalada barriga korantada.
(7) Marka xawaraha unuggu eber yahay, biriiga korantada ayaa la sii daayaa (haddii la isku daray bareegga la isticmaalo, marka xawaaruhu gaaro 5% ilaa 10% xawaaraha la qiimeeyay, bareegga makaanikada ayaa la mariyaa). 5. Nidaamka kicinta caqliga Warshada tamarta tamarta ee caqliga leh waxaa loola jeedaa warshad koronto-dhal ama koox xarun koronto leh oo leh macluumaad digitization, iskuxirid isgaarsiineed, jaangooyo isku dhafan, isdhexgalka ganacsiga, hagaajinta hawlgalka, iyo go'aan qaadashada caqliga leh. Dhirta tamarta tamarta ee caqliga leh waxay si toos ah u qaybsantaa lakabka habsocodka, lakabka cutubka, iyo lakabka kantaroolka saldhiga, iyada oo la adeegsanayo qaab dhismeedka 3-lakab 2-shabakad habka lakabka nidaamka (Shabakadda GOOSE, Shabakadda SV) iyo shabakada lakabka xakamaynta saldhiga (Shabakadda MMS). Warshada tamarta tamarta ee caqliga leh waxay u baahan tahay in lagu taageero qalab caqli-gal ah. Maaddaama nidaamka xakamaynta xudunta u ah matoor-dhaliye-mareenka, horumarinta tignoolajiyada ee nidaamka kicinta ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara dhismaha dhirta tamarta biyaha ee caqliga leh.
Dhirta tamarta tamarta ee caqliga leh, marka lagu daro dhamaystirka hawlaha aasaasiga ah sida bilaabista iyo joojinta qalabka dhalisa marawaxadaha, kordhinta iyo hoos u dhigida awoodda falcelinta, iyo xiritaanka degdegga ah, nidaamka kicinta waa in sidoo kale awood u yeesho inuu la kulmo IEC61850 qaabeynta xogta iyo hawlaha isgaarsiinta, iyo taageerada isgaarsiinta ee shabakada lakabka xakamaynta saldhigga (Shabakadda MMS) iyo shabakada lakabka habka (VOSE Network). Qalabka nidaamka kicinta waxaa lagu habeeyaa lakabka cutubka qaab dhismeedka saldhigga tamarta tamarta, iyo cutubka isku-dhafka, terminalka caqliga leh, qaybta kontoroolka caawinta iyo qalabka kale ama qalabka caqliga leh ayaa lagu habeeyaa lakabka habka. Qaab dhismeedka nidaamka ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka hoose.
Nidaamka kicinta caqliga
Kombiyuutarka martida loo yahay ee lakabka kantaroolka saldhigga ee warshadda tamarta tamarta ee caqliga leh waxay buuxisaa shuruudaha isgaadhsiinta IEC61850, waxayna u dirtaa calaamadda nidaamka kicinta kumbuyuutarka martida loo yahay ee nidaamka kormeerka iyada oo loo marayo shabakadda MMS. Nidaamka kicinta caqliga leh waa inuu awood u yeesho inuu ku xidho shabakadda GOOSE iyo furayaasha shabakadda SV si ay u ururiyaan xogta lakabka habka. Lakabka habsocodku wuxuu u baahan yahay in xogta ay soo saarto CT, PT iyo qaybaha maxaliga ahi ay dhamaantood yihiin qaab dhijitaal ah. CT iyo PT waxay ku xidhan yihiin unugga isku-darka ah (Transformers-ka elektaroonigga ah waxaa ku xidhan fiilooyinka indhaha, iyo transformers-ka korantada waxaa ku xiran fiilooyinka). Ka dib markii xogta hadda iyo danabku yihiin digitized, waxay ku xiran yihiin beddelka shabakadda SV iyada oo loo marayo fiilooyinka indhaha. Qaybaha maxalliga ah ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu xidho terminaalka caqliga leh iyada oo loo sii marayo fiilooyinka, furaha ama calaamadaha analoogga ayaa loo beddelaa calaamadaha dhijitaalka ah waxaana loo gudbiyaa shabakadda GOOSE iyada oo loo marayo fiilooyinka indhaha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, nidaamka kicinta ayaa asal ahaan shaqada isgaadhsiinta leh lakabka kantaroolka saldhigga ee shabakadda MMS iyo lakabka nidaamka GOOSE/SV. Marka lagu daro buuxinta isdhexgalka macluumaadka shabakada ee heerka isgaadhsiinta IEC61850, nidaamka kicinta caqliga leh waa inuu sidoo kale lahaadaa la-socod online ah oo dhamaystiran, ogaanshaha cilladaha caqli-gal ah iyo hawlgal tijaabo ah oo ku habboon iyo dayactir. Waxqabadka iyo saameynta codsiga ee qalabka kicinta caqliga ee si buuxda u shaqeeya ayaa u baahan in lagu tijaabiyo codsiyada injineernimada dhabta ah ee mustaqbalka.
Waqtiga boostada: Oct-09-2024
