Taariikhda tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha

Saldhiggii ugu horreeyay ee koronto-dhaliyaha adduunka ayaa ka soo muuqday Faransiiska 1878-kii, halkaas oo laga dhisay xaruntii ugu horreysay ee koronto-dhaliye.
Hal-abuuraha Edison ayaa sidoo kale gacan ka geystay horumarinta saldhigyada tamarta biyaha laga dhaliyo. Sannadkii 1882-kii, Edison wuxuu dhisay Saldhigga Abel Hydropower ee Wisconsin, USA.
Bilowgii, awoodda saldhigyada tamarta laga dhaliyo waxay ahayd mid aad u yar. Sannadkii 1889-kii, saldhigga ugu weyn ee tamarta adduunka waxay ku taallaa Japan, laakiin awoodda lagu rakibay waxay ahayd 48 kW oo keliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, awoodda la rakibay ee saldhigyada tamarta biyaha ayaa lagu sameeyay horumar la taaban karo. Sannadkii 1892-kii, awoodda Saldhigga Korontada ee Niagara ee dalka Mareykanka waxay ahayd 44000 kW. Sannadkii 1895-kii, awoodda la rakibay ee Saldhigga Korontada ee Niagara waxay gaartay 147000 kW.

Ka dib markii la galay qarnigii 20aad, tamarta biyaha ee wadamada waaweyn ee horumaray waxay gaadheen horumar degdeg ah. Marka la gaaro 2021, awoodda korontada ee caalamiga ah ee lagu rakibay waxay gaari doontaa 1360GW.
Taariikhda isticmaalka tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha waxa la soo celin karaa in ka badan 2000 oo sano ka hor, iyada oo la isticmaalayo biyaha si loogu kaxeeyo taayirrada biyaha, makiinadaha biyaha, iyo kuwa biyaha wax soo saarka iyo nolosha.
Saldhiggii ugu horreeyay ee tamarta ee Shiinaha waxaa la dhisay 1904. Waxay ahayd Saldhigga Korontada ee Guishan oo ay dhiseen duullaankii Japan ee Taiwan, Shiinaha.
Saldhiggii ugu horreeyay ee korontada laga dhaliyo ee laga dhisay dhul-weynaha Shiinaha waxa uu ahaa Shilongba Hydropower Station oo ku yaalla Kunming, taas oo la billaabay Agoosto 1910-kii oo ay dhalisey Maajo 1912-kii, iyada oo wadarta awoodda lagu rakibay 489kW.
Labaatankii sano ee soo socda, xasillooni la'aanta xaaladda gudaha awgeed, horumarinta tamarta Shiinaha ma samayn horumar la taaban karo, waxaana la dhisay dhowr xarumo koronto oo yaryar, sida caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah Saldhigga tamarta Dongwo ee Luxian County, Sichuan, Saldhigga Duodi Hydropower ee Tibet, iyo Xiadao, Shunchang, iyo Saldhigyada Korontada Longxi ee Fujian.
Waqtigu wuxuu yimid intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Jabbaan, markii kheyraadka gudaha inta badan loo adeegsan jiray iska caabinta gardarrada, kaliya saldhigyo koronto oo yar-yar ayaa laga dhisay gobolka koonfur-galbeed, sida Taohuaxi Hydropower Station ee Sichuan iyo Nanqiao Hydropower Station ee Yunnan; Aagga ay Jabaan ku qabsatay, Japan waxa ay ka dhistay saldhigyo koronto oo waaweyn oo badan, sida caadiga ah Saldhigga tamarta Fengman ee ku taal webiga Songhua ee waqooyi bari Shiinaha.
Ka hor inta aan la aasaasin Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha, awoodda tamarta biyaha ee lagu rakibay dhul weynaha Shiinaha ayaa mar gaartay 900000 kW. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khasaarihii ka dhashay dagaalka, markii la aasaasay Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha, awoodda tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha ee Mainland waxay ahayd kaliya 363300 kW.
Ka dib markii la aasaasay Shiinaha cusub, tamarta biyuhu waxay heshay dareen iyo horumar aan hore loo arag. Ugu horrayn, dhawr mashruuc oo quwadda biyaha laga dhaliyo ah oo ka hadhay sannadihii dagaalka ayaa la dayactiray oo dib loo dhisay; Dhammaadkii qorshihii shanta sano ee ugu horeysay, Shiinuhu wuxuu dhisay oo dib u dhis ku sameeyay 19 saldhig oo koronto, wuxuuna bilaabay naqshadeynta iyo dhisidda mashruucyo waaweyn oo koronto ah oo iskiis ah. Saldhigga tamarta ee Zhejiang Xin'anjiang oo la rakibay oo dhan 662500 kilowatts ayaa la dhisay muddadan, sidoo kale waa xaruntii ugu horreysay ee koronto-koronto oo weyn oo uu naqeeyay, soo saaray, oo uu dhisay Shiinaha laftiisa.
Intii lagu jiray xilligii "Hor-u-socod-weyn", mashaariicda cusub ee tamarta-biyoodka ee Shiinaha ayaa gaaray 11.862 milyan kW. Mashaariicda qaar si buuxda looma soo bandhigin, taasoo keentay in mashaariicda qaar lagu khasbo inay joojiyaan dhismaha ka dib markii ay bilaabeen. Saddexda sano ee soo socota ee masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah, tiro badan oo mashaariic ah ayaa la hakiyay ama dib loo dhigay. Marka la soo koobo, laga bilaabo 1958 ilaa 1965, horumarinta tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha waxay ahayd mid aad u dhib badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 31 saldhig oo koronto, oo ay ku jiraan Xin'anjiang ee Zhejiang, Xinfengjiang ee Guangdong, iyo Xijin ee Guangxi, ayaa sidoo kale la hawlgeliyay si loogu isticmaalo koronto. Guud ahaan, warshadaha tamarta tamarta ee Shiinaha waxay gaadheen heer horumar ah.
Waxaa la gaaray xilligii “Kacaanka Dhaqanka”. Inkasta oo dhismaha tamarta biyaha mar kale ay soo gaadhay faragelin ba'an iyo burbur, go'aanka istiraatijiyadeed ee dhismaha khadka saddexaad ayaa sidoo kale siisay fursad naadir ah horumarinta tamarta tamarta galbeedka Shiinaha. Muddadan, 40 saldhig oo koronto, oo ay ku jiraan Liujiaxia oo ku taal gobolka Gansu iyo Gongzui ee gobolka Sichuan, ayaa la hawl galiyay koronto. Awoodda la rakibay ee Saldhigga Liujiaxia Hydropower waxay gaartay 1.225 milyan kW, taasoo ka dhigaysa xaruntii ugu horreysay ee koronto ee Shiinaha oo lagu rakibay in ka badan hal milyan oo kW. Inta lagu jiro muddadan, waxaa sidoo kale la dhisay xaruntii tamarta kaydinta bamka ee ugu horeysay ee Shiinaha, Gangnan, Hebei. Isla markaana waxa muddadaas la bilaabay ama dib loo bilaabay 53 mashruuc oo koronto oo waaweyn iyo kuwo dhexdhexaad ah. Sannadkii 1970-kii, Mashruuca Gezhouba oo lagu rakibay 2.715 milyan kW ayaa bilaabmay, taas oo calaamad u ah bilawga dhismaha saldhigyada tamarta biyaha ee qulqulka weyn ee webiga Yangtze.
Kadib dhamaadkii “Kacaankii Dhaqanka”, gaar ahaan ka dib Kalfadhigii Saddexaad ee loo dhan yahay ee Golaha Dhexe ee 11aad, warshadaha tamarta tamarta ee Shiinaha waxa ay mar kale gashay marxalad horumar degdeg ah. Tiro ka mid ah mashaariicda tamarta biyaha sida Gezhouba, Wujiangdu, iyo Baishan ayaa dardar galiyay, Saldhigga Korontada ee Longyangxia oo leh halbeeg dhan 320000 kW ayaa si rasmi ah u bilowday dhismaha. Intaa ka dib, dabayshii guga ee dib-u-habaynta iyo furitaanka, nidaamka dhismaha tamarta tamarta ee Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale si joogto ah isu beddelaya oo wax cusub abuuraya, oo muujinaya firfircooni weyn. Inta lagu jiro muddadan, saldhigyada tamarta kaydinta bamka ayaa sidoo kale gaadhay horumar la taaban karo, iyada oo wejigii koowaad ee bamgareynta iyo kaydinta Panjiakou, Hebei, iyo Guangzhou bilaabay; Korontada yar yar ayaa sidoo kale soo koreysa, iyadoo la hirgelinayo dufcaddii ugu horreysay ee 300 oo koronto koronto oo miyi ah; Marka la eego awoodda biyaha ee baaxadda weyn, dhismaha dhowr xarumood oo waaweyn oo koronto, sida Tianshengqiao Class II oo lagu rakibay 1.32 milyan kW, Guangxi Yantan oo lagu rakibay 1.21 milyan kW, Yunnan Manwan oo lagu rakibay 1.5 milyan kW, Saldhigga Hydropower Lijiaxia oo leh awood kW ah, wuxuu leeyahay 2 milyan oo kW ah. Isla markaana waxa la soo agaasimay khubaro ku xeel dheer arrimaha gudaha oo soo bandhigay 14-ka mawduuc ee laga dhisayo Saldhigga Korontada ee Saddexda Gorge, waxaana ajandaha lagu soo daray dhismaha Mashruuca Saddexda Doog.
Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ee qarnigii 20aad, dhismaha tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha ayaa si degdeg ah u horumaray. Bishii Sebtembar 1991, dhismaha Ertan Hydropower Station ee Panzhihua, Sichuan, ayaa bilaabmay. Dood iyo diyaargarow badan ka dib, bishii December 1994-kii, waxa si rasmi ah u bilaabmay Mashruuca Saldhigga Korontada ee Saddex Gorge. Marka la eego saldhigyada kaydinta tamarta bamka, Ming Tombs ee Beijing (800000kW), Tianhuangping ee Zhejiang (1800000kW), iyo Guangzhou's bamamka kaydinta wajiga II (12000000kW) ayaa sidoo kale si isdaba joog ah loo bilaabay; Xagga tamarta yar yar, waxaa la hirgeliyay dhismaha dufcaddii labaad iyo saddexaad ee korontadda korontada ee gobollada miyiga. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, awoodda tamarta biyaha ee Shiinaha ayaa kordhay 38.39 milyan kW.
Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay qarniga 21-aad, waxaa la dhisayaa 35 xarumood oo waaweyn oo quwadda biyaha laga dhaliyo ah, iyadoo wadarta guud ee la rakibay ay dhan tahay 70 milyan oo kW, oo ay ku jiraan saldhigyo koronto oo aad u waaweyn oo badan sida Mashruuca Three Gorges 22.4 milyan kW iyo Xiluodu 12.6 milyan kW. Inta lagu jiro muddadan, celcelis ahaan in ka badan 10 milyan kW ayaa la hawlgaliyay sannad kasta. Sannadkii 2008 kii ugu taariikhda badnaa, ayaa waxa si rasmi ah loogu xidhay unuggii u dambeeyay ee Mashruuca Saddexda Gorge ee xarunta bangiga midig ee korontada, waxaana la hawlgeliyay dhammaan 26-ka qaybood ee Mashruuca Saddexda Gooj ee markii horeba loo nashqadeeyey Kaalimaha Korontada ee baananka midig iyo bidix.
Tan iyo tobankii sano ee labaad ee qarnigii 21-aad, saldhigyada waaweyn ee tamarta biyaha ee ku yaal qulqulka ugu weyn ee webiga Jinsha ayaa si isdaba joog ah loo horumariyay oo si joogto ah loo hawlgeliyay si loo dhaliyo koronto. Saldhigga Korontada ee Xiluodu oo lagu rakibay 12.6 milyan kW, Xiangjiaba oo lagu rakibay 6.4 milyan kW, Saldhigga Korontada ee Baihetan oo lagu rakibay 12 milyan yuan, Saldhigga Korontada ee Wudongde oo lagu rakibay 10.2 milyan yuan, iyo saldhigyo kale oo waaweyn oo tamarta korontada laga dhaliyo ayaa la geliyay shaqada si koronto loo dhaliyo. Waxaa ka mid ah, hal unug oo lagu rakibay awoodda Saldhigga Korontada ee Baihetan ayaa gaartay 1 milyan kW, taasoo gaartay heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka. Marka la eego saldhigyada kaydinta tamarta bamka, laga bilaabo 2022, waxaa jiray kaliya 70 saldhigyada kaydinta tamarta bamka ah ee laga dhisayo aagga hawlgalka ee Grid State ee Shiinaha, iyada oo la rakibay awoodda 85.24 milyan kilowatts, taas oo ahayd 3.2 jeer iyo 4.1 jeer 2012, siday u kala horreeyaan. Waxaa ka mid ah, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station waa xarunta ugu weyn ee lagu rakibay kaydinta tamarta bamka, iyada oo wadarta la rakibay ay dhan tahay 3.6 milyan kilowatts.
Iyada oo kor u qaadista joogtada ah ee yoolka "dual carbon" iyo xoojinta joogtada ah ee ilaalinta deegaanka, horumarinta tamarta tamarta Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale wajahaysa xaalado cusub. Marka hore, saldhigyada tamarta yar yar ee ku yaal meelaha la ilaaliyo waxay sii wadi doonaan inay baxaan oo xidhaan, marka labaad, saamiga tamarta qoraxda iyo dabaysha ee awoodda cusub ee la rakibay ayaa sii wadi doonta inay kordhiso, saamiga tamarta biyuhu si isku mid ah ayaa hoos u dhici doona; Ugu dambeyntii, waxaan diiradda saari doonaa dhismaha mashaariicda waaweyn ee tamarta biyaha, iyo sayniska iyo macquulnimada mashaariicda dhismaha ayaa sii wadi doona inay kordho.