Akụkọ Ike Mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 2021

Nchịkọta
Ike mmiri bụ ụzọ e si emepụta ike eletrik nke na-eji ike mmiri agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki. Ụkpụrụ ya bụ iji mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri (ike nwere ike) na-asọfe n'okpuru ọrụ ike ndọda (ike kinetic), dị ka mmiri na-eduga site na isi iyi mmiri dị elu dị ka osimiri ma ọ bụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri ruo na ọkwa dị ala. Mmiri na-asọ asọ na-akpali turbine ka ọ na-agbagharị ma na-akwali jenereta iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik. Mmiri dị elu na-esi n'okpomọkụ anyanwụ abịa ma na-ekpochapụ mmiri dị ala, yabụ enwere ike iwere ya dị ka nke na-eji ike anyanwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. N'ihi teknụzụ ya tozuru okè, ọ bụ ike mmeghari ohuru kachasị eji eme ihe n'obodo mmadụ ugbu a.
Dịka nkọwa nke nnukwu dam nke International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) si kwuo, a na-akọwa dam dị ka dam ọ bụla nke dị elu karịa mita 15 (site na ebe kachasị ala nke ntọala ruo n'elu dam) ma ọ bụ dam nwere elu dị n'etiti mita 10 na 15, nke na-emezu ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a:
Ogologo nke etiti dam agaghị eru mita 500;

Oke ebe nchekwa mmiri nke dam ahụ mepụtara agaghị eru otu nde kubik mita;
⑶ Oke mmiri kachasị na-asọfe nke dam ahụ na-achịkwa agaghị eru mita kubik 2000 kwa sekọnd;
Nsogbu nke ntọala dam siri ike karịsịa;
Nhazi nke ọdọ mmiri a dị oke egwu.

Dịka akụkọ BP2021 si kwuo, ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% nke mmepụta ike zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020, nke dị ala karịa mmepụta ike ọkụ coal (35.1%) na mmepụta ike gas (23.4%), nke nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ n'ụwa.
Na 2020, mmepụta ike mmiri bụ nke kachasị ukwuu na East Asia na Pacific, nke ruru 1643/4370=37.6% nke mkpokọta zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Mba kachasị na-emepụta ike mmiri n'ụwa bụ Chaịna, Brazil, United States, na Russia sochiri ya. Na 2020, mmepụta ike mmiri nke Chaịna ruru 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% nke mmepụta ike ọkụ eletrik niile nke Chaịna.
Ọ bụ ezie na mba Chaịna bụ mba mbụ n'ụwa n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ike mmiri, mana ọ dịghị elu n'usoro mmepụta ike mba ahụ. Mba ndị nwere oke mmepụta ike mmiri kachasị elu n'ime mmepụta ọkụ eletrik ha na 2020 bụ Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) na Kanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Na 2020, mmepụta ike China bụ nke a na-eji coal emepụta (nke ruru 63.2%), nke a na-esochikwa ike mmiri (nke ruru 17.0%), nke ruru 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% nke mmepụta ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na China nọ n'ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa n'ịmepụta ike mmiri, ọ rubeghị ọkwa kachasị elu ya. Dịka akụkọ World Energy Resources 2016 nke World Energy Council wepụtara si kwuo, 47% nke akụrụngwa ike mmiri China ka bụ nke a na-emepebeghị.

Ntụnyere nke usoro ike n'etiti mba anọ kachasị na-emepụta ike mmiri na afọ 2020
Site na tebụl ahụ, a pụrụ ịhụ na ike mmiri nke China ruru 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% nke mmepụta ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa. Agbanyeghị, oke ya na mmepụta ike ọkụ eletrik nke China (17%) dị ntakịrị elu karịa nkezi ụwa (16%).
E nwere ụdị mmepụta ike hydroelectric anọ: mmepụta ike hydroelectric ụdị dam, mmepụta ike hydroelectric nke a na-eji ọkpọkọ echekwa, mmepụta ike hydroelectric ụdị iyi, na mmepụta ike mmiri.

Mmepụta ike hydroelectric ụdị dam
Ụdị ike mmiri nke mmiri, nke a makwaara dịka ụdị ike mmiri nke mmiri. A na-emepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri site na ịchekwa mmiri n'ime ebe a na-adọba mmiri, a na-ekpebikwa ike mmepụta kachasị ya site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti olu ebe nchekwa mmiri, ọnọdụ ebe a na-esi apụta, na ịdị elu elu mmiri. A na-akpọ ọdịiche dị n'ịdị elu a isi, nke a makwaara dị ka isi ma ọ bụ isi, ike mmiri nwere ike ịdị na ya dabere kpọmkwem na isi.
N'etiti afọ 1970, onye injinia France bụ Bernard Forest de Bé lidor bipụtara "Building Hydraulics", nke kọwara igwe nkụnye hydraulic axis kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ. Na 1771, Richard Arkwright jikọtara hydraulics, nhazi mmiri, na mmepụta na-aga n'ihu iji rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi ụlọ. Mepụta usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma nabata usoro ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Na afọ 1840, e mepụtara netwọk ike hydroelectric iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik ma nyefee ya nye ndị ọrụ njedebe. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, emepụtala jenereta ma ugbu a enwere ike ijikọ ya na sistemụ hydraulic.

Ọrụ mbụ e ji mmiri rụọ n'ụwa bụ Cragside Country Hotel dị na Northumberland, England n'afọ 1878, nke e ji mee ihe maka ọkụ. Afọ anọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, e meghere ọdụ ọkụ nkeonwe mbụ na Wisconsin, USA, e mesịkwara tinye ọtụtụ narị ọdụ ọkụ eletrik n'ọrụ iji nye ọkụ n'ógbè ahụ.
Ọdụ ike mmiri Shilongba bụ ọdụ ike mmiri mbụ na China, nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tanglang na mpụga obodo Kunming, Mpaghara Yunnan. Ọrụ ahụ malitere na Julaị 1910 (afọ Gengxu) ma mepụta ike na Mee 28, 1912. Ike mbụ etinyere bụ 480 kW. Na Mee 25, 2006, Kansụl Steeti kwadoro Ọdụ ike mmiri Shilongba ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ngalaba nchekwa ihe ochie mba nke isii.
Dịka akụkọ REN21 nke afọ 2021 si kwuo, ikike ike mmiri arụnyere n'ụwa niile na 2020 bụ 1170GW, ebe China na-amụba site na 12.6GW, nke ruru 28% nke mkpokọta ụwa, karịa Brazil (9%), United States (7%), na Canada (9.0%).
Dịka ọnụọgụgụ BP nke afọ 2021 si kwuo, mmepụta ike hydroelectric zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020 bụ 4296.8 TWh, nke mmepụta ike hydroelectric nke China bụ 1322.0 TWh, nke ruru 30.1% nke ngụkọta zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Mmepụta ike mmiri bụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa niile, ọ bụkwa isi ihe na-eme ka mmepụta ike mmeghari ohuru dị. Dịka ọnụọgụgụ BP nke afọ 2021 si kwuo, mmepụta ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020 bụ 26823.2 TWh, nke mmepụta ike mmiri bụ 4222.2 TWh, nke ruru 4222.2 / 26823.2 = 15.7% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Data a sitere na Kọmishọna Mba Nile Maka Mmiri Ozuzo (ICOLD). Dịka ndebanye aha na Eprel 2020 si kwuo, enwere ugbua dam 58713 n'ụwa niile, ebe China na-aza 23841/58713=40.6% nke mkpokọta zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Dịka ọnụọgụgụ BP nke afọ 2021 si kwuo, na afọ 2020, ike mmiri nke China ruru 1322.0/2236.7=59% nke ike mmeghari ohuru nke China, na-achịkwa ọkwa kachasị na mmepụta ike mmeghari ohuru.
Dịka International Hydropower Association (iha) [Akụkọ Ọnọdụ Hydropower 2021] si kwuo, na 2020, mmepụta ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-eru 4370TWh, nke China (31% nke mkpokọta ụwa), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), United States (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), India (3.5%), Norway (3.2%), Türkiye (1.8%), Japan (2.0%), France (1.5%) na ndị ọzọ ga-enwe mmepụta ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu.

Na 2020, mpaghara kachasị emepụta ike eletrik mmiri n'ụwa bụ East Asia na Pacific, nke ruru 1643/4370=37.6% nke mkpokọta ụwa; N'ime ha, China pụtara ìhè karịsịa, nke ruru 31% nke mkpokọta ụwa, nke ruru 1355.20/1643=82.5% na mpaghara a.
Ọnụọgụ mmepụta ike mmiri na-adabere na ikike arụnyere na ikike arụnyere na nchekwa a na-etinye na pamp. China nwere ikike mmepụta ike mmiri na-arụ ọrụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, n'ezie, ikike arụnyere na ikike nchekwa a na-etinye na pamp bụkwa nke mbụ n'ụwa. Dịka Akụkọ Ọnọdụ Ike Mmiri Hydroelectric nke Mba Nile (iha) nke 2021 si kwuo, ikike ike mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na China (gụnyere nchekwa a na-etinye na pamp) ruru 370160MW na 2020, nke ruru 370160/1330106=27.8% nke ngụkọta zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ebute ụzọ n'ụwa.
Ọdụ ike mmiri Three Gorges, nke bụ ọdụ ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nwere ikike mmepụta ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu na China. Ọdụ ike mmiri Three Gorges na-eji turbine Francis 32, nke ọ bụla nwere 700MW, na turbine abụọ nwere 50MW, nwere ikike arụnyere nke 22500MW na ịdị elu nke dam nke 181m. Ike mmepụta ike na 2020 ga-abụ 111.8 TWh, ọnụ ahịa owuwu ga-abụ ¥ 203 ijeri. A ga-emecha ya na 2008.
E wuru ọdụ ike mmiri anọ dị elu n'ụwa niile n'akụkụ Osimiri Jinsha nke Osimiri Yangtze nke Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, na Wudongde. Oke ikike nke ọdụ ike mmiri anọ a dị bụ 46508MW, nke bụ 46508/22500=2.07 ugboro ikike nke ọdụ ike mmiri mmiri Three Gorges nke 22500MW. Ike mmepụta ike ya kwa afọ bụ 185.05/101.6=1.82 ugboro. Baihetan bụ ọdụ ike mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na China mgbe e mesịrị ọdụ ike mmiri Three Gorges.
Ugbu a, ọdụ ike mmiri Three Gorges dị na China bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Otu n'ime ọdụ ike mmiri iri na abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, China nwere oche isii. Ọdọ mmiri Itaipu, nke nọworo n'ọkwa nke abụọ kemgbe ụwa, abụrụla nke atọ site na Baihetan Dam na China.

Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik hydroelectric kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na 2021
E nwere ọdụ ọkụ mmiri 198 nwere ikike arụnyere n'ime ya nke karịrị 1000MW n'ụwa, nke China bụ 60, nke ruru 60/198 = 30% nke ngụkọta ụwa. Ndị na-esote bụ Brazil, Canada, na Russia.
E nwere ọdụ ọkụ mmiri 198 nwere ikike arụnyere n'ime ya nke karịrị 1000MW n'ụwa, nke China bụ 60, nke ruru 60/198 = 30% nke ngụkọta ụwa. Ndị na-esote bụ Brazil, Canada, na Russia.
E nwere ọdụ ọkụ eletrik iri isii nwere ikike karịrị 1000MW na China, ọkachasị 30 na mpaghara Osimiri Yangtze, nke gụnyere ọkara nke ọdụ ọkụ eletrik China nwere ikike karịrị 1000MW.

Ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric nwere ike arụnyere na China nke nwere ike karịrị 1000MW
Site n'ịgafe site na Ọdọ Mmiri Gezhouba ma gafere mmiri nke Osimiri Yangtze site na Ọdọ Mmiri Three Gorges, nke a bụ isi ike nke nnyefe ike China site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana ọdụ ọkụ cascade kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa: enwere ihe dị ka ọdụ ọkụ mmiri 90 na isi iyi nke Osimiri Yangtze, gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Gezhouba na Ọdọ Mmiri Three, 10 na Osimiri Wujiang, 16 na Osimiri Jialing, 17 na Osimiri Minjiang, 25 na Osimiri Dadu, 21 na Osimiri Yalong, 27 na Osimiri Jinsha, na 5 na Osimiri Muli.
Tajikistan nwere ọdọ mmiri okike kachasị elu n'ụwa, Usoi Dam, nke dị elu nke mita 567, nke dị mita 262 karịa ọdọ mmiri China kachasị elu, nke bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Jinping nke 1. E guzobere ọdọ mmiri Usoi na Febụwarị 18, 1911, mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke nha ya bụ 7.4 mere na Sarez, ebe mmiri mmiri nke sitere n'okike nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Murgab gbochiri mmiri ahụ. Ọ kpalitere nnukwu ala mmiri, gbochie Osimiri Murgab, wee mepụta ọdọ mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa, Usoi Dam, wee mepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Sares. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ dịghị akụkọ gbasara mmepụta ike eletrik hydroelectric.
Na 2020, e nwere dam 251 nke kachasị elu karịa mita 135 n'ụwa. Dam kachasị elu ugbu a bụ Dam Jinping-I, dam agbatịala agbagọ nke dị mita 305. Nke na-esote bụ Dam Nurek dị n'Osimiri Vakhsh na Tajikistan, nke dị mita 300 n'ogologo.

Ọdọ mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa na 2021
Ugbu a, dam mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa, nke a na-akpọ Jinping-I Dam na China, nwere elu nke mita 305, mana dam mmiri atọ a na-arụ na-akwado ịgafe ya. Dam mmiri Rogun nke na-aga n'ihu ga-aghọ dam mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa, nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Vakhsh na ndịda Tajikistan. Dam mmiri ahụ dị mita 335 n'ịdị elu ma a malitere ịrụ ya na 1976. A na-eme atụmatụ na a ga-amalite ọrụ ya site na 2019 ruo 2029, na ọnụ ahịa owuwu ya bụ ijeri dọla US 2-5, ikike arụnyere nke 600-3600MW, na mmepụta ike kwa afọ nke 17TWh.
Nke abụọ bụ Bakhtiari Dam nke a na-arụ n'Osimiri Bakhtiari na Iran, nke dị elu nke 325m na 1500MW. Ọnụ ego ọrụ a bụ ijeri dọla US abụọ na mmepụta ike kwa afọ nke 3TWh. Ọdọ mmiri Shuangjiangkou nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Osimiri Dadu na China bụ Ọdọ mmiri Shuangjiangkou, nke dị elu nke 312m.

A na-arụ ihe mgbochi mmiri karịrị mita 305
Ọdọmmiri Grande Dixence dị na Switzerland, nke kachasị elu n'ụwa n'afọ 2020, bụ nke dị mita 285.
Ọdọmmiri Kariba dị n'Osimiri Zambezi dị na Zimbabwe na Zambezi bụ ọdọmmiri Zambezi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke nwere ikike nchekwa mmiri kachasị elu. E wuru ya n'afọ 1959, o nwekwara ikike nchekwa mmiri nke 180.6 km3, wee soro ya bụ Ọdọmmiri Bratsk dị n'Osimiri Angara dị na Rọshịa, na Ọdọmmiri Akosombo dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kanawalt, nke nwere ikike nchekwa nke 169 km3.

Ebe nchekwa mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa
Ọdọ Mmiri Three Gorges, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Yangtze, nwere ikike nchekwa mmiri kachasị ukwuu na China. Emechara ya na 2008 ma nwee ikike nchekwa mmiri nke 39.3km3, nke nọ n'ọkwa nke 27 n'ụwa.
Ebe nchekwa kachasị ukwuu na China
Ọdọmmiri Tarbela kacha ibu n'ụwa bụ Ọdọmmiri Tarbela dị na Pakistan. E wuru ya n'afọ 1976 ma nwee ihe owuwu dị mita 143 n'ịdị elu. Ọdọmmiri ahụ nwere olu nke mita kubik nde 153 na ikike arụnyere na ya nke 3478MW.
Ụlọ ọrụ kacha ibu na China bụ Three Gorges Dam, nke e mechara na 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị mita 181 n'ịdị elu, olu akwa mmiri ahụ bụ mita kubik nde 27.4, ikike etinyere ya bụkwa 22500 MW. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke iri abụọ na otu n'ụwa.

Ụlọ ọrụ dam kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa
Ọ bụ Democratic Republic of Congo ka mejupụtara Osimiri Congo. Democratic Republic of Congo nwere ike ịmepụta ikike mba nke nde kilowatt 120 (120000 MW) na ike kwa afọ nke awa kilowatt 774 ijeri (774 TWh). Malite na Kinshasa n'ogo nke mita 270 wee ruo na mpaghara Matadi, ala osimiri ahụ dị warara, nwere akụkụ mmiri dị elu na mmiri na-asọ asọ. Omimi kachasị bụ mita 150, yana mbelata nke ihe dị ka mita 280. Mmiri na-agbanwe mgbe niile, nke bara uru nke ukwuu maka mmepe nke ike mmiri. Emebela atụmatụ ọkwa atọ nke nnukwu ọdụ ike mmiri, ọkwa nke mbụ bụ dam Pioka, nke dị n'ókèala dị n'etiti Democratic Republic of Congo na Republic of Congo; Grand Inga Dam nke ọkwa nke abụọ na dam Matadi nke ọkwa nke atọ dị na Democratic Republic of Congo. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pioka na-eji isi mmiri nke mita 80 ma na-eme atụmatụ itinye nkeji 30, nke nwere ike nke nde kilowatt 22 na ike kwa afọ nke ijeri kilowatt 177, ebe Democratic Republic of Congo na Republic of Congo na-enweta ọkara nke ọ bụla. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Matadi na-eji isi mmiri nke mita 50 ma na-eme atụmatụ itinye nkeji 36, nke nwere ike nke nde kilowatt 12 na ike kwa afọ nke ijeri kilowatt 87. Ngalaba Yingjia rapids, nke nwere mbelata nke mita 100 n'ime kilomita 25, bụ akụkụ osimiri nwere akụrụngwa ike mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa.
E nwere ọtụtụ ọdụ ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa karịa Ọdọ Mmiri Three Gorges nke a na-emechabeghị
Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo bụ osimiri dị larịị kachasị ogologo na China, nke dị na mpaghara Tibet Autonomous, yana otu n'ime osimiri kachasị elu n'ụwa. N'echiche, mgbe emechara ọdụ ike mmiri nke Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo, ikike arụnyere ga-eru 50000 MW, mmepụta ike ga-abụkwa okpukpu atọ nke nke Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), na-eru 300 TWh, nke ga-abụ ọdụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo bụ osimiri dị larịị kachasị ogologo na China, nke dị na mpaghara Tibet Autonomous, yana otu n'ime osimiri kachasị elu n'ụwa. N'echiche, mgbe emechara ọdụ ike mmiri nke Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo, ikike arụnyere ga-eru 50000 MW, mmepụta ike ga-abụkwa okpukpu atọ nke nke Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), na-eru 300 TWh, nke ga-abụ ọdụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
A gbanwere aha Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo ka ọ bụrụ "Osimiri Brahmaputra" mgbe ọ si n'ókèala Luoyu gbapụta ma banye India. Mgbe ọ gafere Bangladesh, a kpọgharịrị ya "Osimiri Jamuna". Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na Osimiri Ganges n'ókèala ya, ọ na-asọba n'Ọwara Bengal na Oke Osimiri India. Ogologo ya dum bụ kilomita 2104, ya na ogologo osimiri nke kilomita 2057 na Tibet, mbelata zuru oke nke mita 5435, na nkezi mkpọda dị na mbụ n'etiti osimiri ndị dị na China. A na-agbatị ala mmiri ahụ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ, yana ogologo kachasị elu nke ihe karịrị kilomita 1450 site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ na obosara kachasị elu nke kilomita 290 site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda. Elu nkezi dị ihe dị ka mita 4500. Ala ahụ dị elu n'ọdịda anyanwụ na ala n'ọwụwa anyanwụ, ebe nke kachasị ala dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Oke ala osimiri ahụ dum bụ square kilomita 240,480, nke bụ pasent 20 nke oke ala osimiri niile dị na Tibet, yana ihe dịka pasent 40.8 nke oke ala osimiri niile dị na Tibet, nke na-anọ n'ọnọdụ nke ise n'etiti oke osimiri niile dị na China.
Dịka data nke afọ 2019 si kwuo, mba ndị nwere oke oriri ọkụ eletrik kwa onye n'ụwa bụ Iceland (51699 kWh/onye ọ bụla) na Norway (23210 kWh/onye ọ bụla). Iceland na-adabere na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik geothermal na hydroelectric; Norway na-adabere na hydropower, nke bụ 97% nke usoro mmepụta ọkụ eletrik Norway.
Nhazi ike nke mba ndị nwere ala Nepal na Bhutan, ndị dị nso na Tibet na China, adabereghị na mmanụ ọkụ ala, kama ọ dabere na akụrụngwa ha bara ụba na hydraulic. A naghị eji ike hydroelectric eme ihe naanị n'ime obodo, kamakwa a na-ebupụ ya na mba ọzọ.

Mmepụta ike hydroelectric nke a na-echekwa na pamped
Mmiri eletriki a na-eji echekwa ihe bụ ụzọ nchekwa ike, ọ bụghị ụzọ mmepụta nke ọkụ eletrik. Mgbe ọchịchọ maka ọkụ eletrik dị ala, ikike mmepụta ọkụ eletrik karịrị akarị na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, na-eme ka ọkpọkọ eletrik ahụ gbapụta mmiri ruo n'ọkwa dị elu maka nchekwa. Mgbe ọchịchọ maka ọkụ eletrik dị elu, a na-eji mmiri dị elu emepụta ike. Usoro a nwere ike ime ka ọsọ ojiji nke ihe na-emepụta ihe dịkwuo mma ma dịkwa oke mkpa n'azụmahịa.
Nchekwa ọkpọkọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke sistemụ ike dị ọcha nke oge a na nke ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu. Mmụba dị ukwuu na isi mmalite ike mmeghari ohuru dịka ikuku na ike anyanwụ, tinyere nnọchi ha nke jenereta ọdịnala, ewetala nrụgide na-abawanye na grid ike ma mesie ike mkpa ọ dị ịchekwa "batrị mmiri".
Ọnụọgụ mmepụta ike mmiri eletrik kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na ikike arụnyere nke nchekwa ọkpọkọ ma ọ dabere na ọnụọgụ nchekwa ọkpọkọ. Na 2020, e nwere 68 na-arụ ọrụ na 42 na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile.
Ọ bụ mba Chaịna na-emepụta ike eletrik site na mmiri, nke bụ mba mbụ n'ụwa, ya mere ọnụọgụgụ ebe a na-echekwa ike ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụkwa ọrụ bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa. Ndị na-esote bụ Japan na mba Amerịka.

Ebe nchekwa ọkụ eletrik kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Bath County Pumped Storage Station dị na United States, nke nwere ike nke 3003MW.
Ebe nchekwa ike kachasị ukwuu na China bụ Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, nke nwere ike arụnyere na ya nke 2448MW.
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na China bụ ọdụ ọkụ eletrik nke Guangdong Pumped Storage, nke nwere ike nke 2400MW.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike nchekwa nke China na-arụ ọrụ na-ebute ụzọ n'ụwa. E nwere ọdụ atọ nwere ikike arụnyere ihe karịrị 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, arụchara site na 2019 ruo 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, emechara na 2018), na Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, emechara na 2019).
Ebe nchekwa ike kachasị elu n'ụwa bụ Ọdụ ike mmiri Yamdrok, nke dị na Tibet, China, n'ogo nke mita 4441.

Mmepụta ike hydroelectric stream
Mmiri nke ike mmiri nke osimiri (ROR), nke a makwaara dị ka ike mmiri nke na-agba ọsọ, bụ ụdị ike mmiri nke na-adabere na ike mmiri mana naanị obere mmiri ma ọ bụ na-anaghị achọ nchekwa nnukwu mmiri maka mmepụta ike. Ike mmiri nke na-agba ọsọ n'osimiri anaghị achọ nchekwa mmiri ma ọ bụ naanị iwu obere ebe nchekwa mmiri. Mgbe a na-ewu obere ebe nchekwa mmiri, a na-akpọ ebe nchekwa mmiri ndị a ọdọ mmiri mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'ihu. N'ihi enweghị ebe nchekwa mmiri buru ibu, mmepụta ike mmiri na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe olu mmiri n'oge na isi iyi mmiri. Ya mere, a na-akọwakarị ebe ike mmiri dị ka isi iyi ike na-agba ọsọ. Ọ bụrụ na e wuru ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa n'ebe ike mmiri nke nwere ike ịchịkwa mmiri n'oge ọ bụla, enwere ike iji ya dị ka ebe ike ịkpụcha elu ma ọ bụ ebe ike ibu isi.
Ọdụ mmiri kacha ibu n'ụwa bụ Jirau Dam dị n'Osimiri Madeira na Brazil. Ọdụ mmiri ahụ dị mita 63 n'ogologo, mita 1500 n'ogologo, yana ikike nrụnye 3075 MW. Emechara ya na 2016.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Chief Joseph Dam dị n'Osimiri Columbia na United States, nke dị mita 72 n'ogologo, mita 1817 n'ogologo, ikike arụnyere na ya bụ 2620 MW, yana ike mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ nke 9780 GWh. E mechara ya na 1979.
Ọdụ kacha ibu n'ụdị ọkụ eletrik Sichuan na China bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Tianshengqiao II, nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Nanpan. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu nke mita 58.7, ogologo ya bụ mita 471, olu ya bụ mita 4800000, yana ikike arụnyere ya nke mita 1320. Emechara ya na 1997.

Mmepụta ike mmiri
Ike mmiri ozuzo na-esi n'ọkwa mmiri oké osimiri apụta ma na-ebelata. N'ozuzu, a na-ewu ebe nchekwa mmiri iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik, mana enwerekwa ojiji kpọmkwem nke mmiri ozuzo iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik. Enweghị ọtụtụ ebe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mmepụta ike osimiri, e nwekwara ebe asatọ na UK nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ha nwere ike iru 20% nke ọchịchọ ọkụ eletrik mba ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike mbụ e ji ebili mmiri rụọ n'ụwa bụ ụlọ ọrụ ike Lance tidal, nke dị na Lance, France. E wuru ya site na 1960 ruo 1966 ruo afọ 6. Ike e tinyere na ya bụ 240MW.
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Sihwa Lake Tidal dị na South Korea, nke nwere ike nke 254MW ma arụchara ya na 2011.
Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik mbụ dị na North America bụ Annapolis Royal Generating Station, nke dị na Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, n'ọnụ ụzọ Bay of Fundy. Ike nrụnye ya bụ 20MW ma e mechachara ya na 1984.
Ọdụ ike kachasị na China bụ Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, nke dị na ndịda Hangzhou, nwere ikike arụnyere naanị 4.1MW na set 6. Ọ malitere ọrụ na 1985.
E tinyere ihe mbụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nke North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project na Vancouver Island, Canada, na Septemba 2006.
Ugbu a, a na-ewu ọrụ ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, MeyGen (ọrụ ike mmiri MeyGen), na Pentland Firth, ugwu Scotland, nke nwere ike itinye 398MW ma a na-atụ anya na a ga-emecha ya na 2021.
Gujarat, India na-eme atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ọkụ eletrik mbụ nke azụmahịa na South Asia. E tinyere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịrụnye nke 50MW na Gulf of Kutch dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ India, a malitekwara ịrụ ya na mbido afọ 2012.
Ọrụ Penzhin Tidal Power Plant nke a haziri atụmatụ ya na Kamchatka Peninsula na Russia nwere ikike arụnyere nke 87100MW na ikike mmepụta ike kwa afọ nke 200TWh, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Ozugbo arụchara ya, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station ga-enwe ikike arụnyere nke okpukpu anọ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Three Gorges dị ugbu a.