Nchịkọta
Hydropower bụ usoro mmepụta ike nke na-eji ike mmiri nwere ike mee ka ọ ghọọ ike eletrik. Ụkpụrụ ya bụ iji mbelata nke ọkwa mmiri (ike nwere ike) na-asọba n'okpuru ọrụ ike ndọda (kinetic energy), dị ka iduga mmiri site na isi mmiri dị elu dị ka osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri gaa n'ọkwa dị ala. Mmiri na-asọ asọ na-eme ka turbine gbanwee ma mee ka ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Mmiri dị elu na-abịa site na okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ na-ekpochapụ mmiri dị ala, n'ihi ya, a pụrụ iwere ya dị ka iji ike anyanwụ na-apụtaghị ìhè. N'ihi nkà na ụzụ ya tozuru etozu, ọ bụ ike mmeghari ohuru na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọha mmadụ.
Dị ka International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) si kọwaa nnukwu mmiri mmiri, a na-akọwa dam dị ka mmiri ọ bụla nke nwere elu karịa mita 15 (site na ebe kachasị ala nke ntọala ruo n'elu mmiri mmiri) ma ọ bụ mmiri nke nwere elu n'etiti 10 na 15 mita, nke na-ezute ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a:
Ogologo ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe na-erughị mita 500;
Ikike nchekwa nchekwa nke dam ahụ mere agaghị erughị 1 nde cubic mita;
⑶ Oke ide mmiri na-aga n'ihu agaghị abụ ihe na-erughị 2000 cubic mita kwa nkeji;
Nsogbu nke ntọala dam siri ike karịsịa;
Nhazi nke mmiri mmiri a pụrụ iche.
Dị ka akụkọ BP2021 si kwuo, ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% nke ike ike ụwa n'afọ 2020, dị ala karịa ike ọkụ na-agba ọkụ (35.1%) na ike gas (23.4%), ọkwa nke atọ n'ụwa.
N'afọ 2020, ike ọkụ eletrik bụ nke kachasị na East Asia na Pacific, na-aza 1643/4370 = 37.6% nke mkpokọta ụwa.
Mba nke nwere igwe ọkụ eletrik kacha elu n'ụwa bụ China, Brazil, United States na Russia sochiri ya. N'afọ 2020, ọgbọ ọkụ mmiri nke China ruru 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% nke mkpokọta ọkụ eletrik China.
Ọ bụ ezie na China nọ n'ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa n'ihe gbasara ike ọkụ eletrik, ọ dịghị elu n'usoro nrụpụta ike nke mba ahụ. Mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ọgbọ ike mmiri na mkpokọta ọkụ eletrik ha na 2020 bụ Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) na Canada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
N'afọ 2020, a na-agbanye ọkụ ọkụ nke China tumadi coal (na-aza 63.2%), na-esote hydropower (na-aza ajụjụ maka 17.0%), na-aza 1322.0/4296.8 = 30.8% nke ọgbọ ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na China bụ onye mbụ n'ụwa na mmepụta ike mmiri, ọ rutebeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ya. Dị ka akụkọ World Energy Resources 2016 nke World Energy Council wepụtara, 47% nke akụ mmiri mmiri China ka emebebeghị.
Ntụnyere nrụnye ike n'etiti mba 4 kachasị elu na-emepụta ike eletrik na 2020
Site na tebụl, enwere ike ịhụ na ike mmiri nke China bụ 1322.0/4296.8 = 30.8% nke ọgbọ ike mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa. Otú ọ dị, oke ya na ngụkọta ọkụ eletrik nke China (17%) dị ntakịrị elu karịa nkezi zuru ụwa ọnụ (16%).
E nwere ụdị anọ nke mmepụta ike hydroelectric: ụdị dam ụdị hydroelectric ike ọgbọ, pumped nchekwa hydroelectric ike ọgbọ, iyi ụdị hydroelectric ike ọgbọ, na tidal ike ọgbọ.
Igwe mmiri mmiri ụdị ọkụ eletrik
Ụdị mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri, nke a makwaara dị ka mmiri mmiri mmiri. A na-emepụta ebe nchekwa site na ịchekwa mmiri n'ime oghere, a na-ekpebi ike kachasị ike ya site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda mmiri mmiri, ọnọdụ ntinye, na elu mmiri dị elu. A na-akpọ ọdịiche dị elu a isi, nke a makwaara dị ka isi ma ọ bụ isi, na ike ike nke mmiri na-adabere kpọmkwem na isi.
N'etiti 1970s, onye injinia France bụ Bernard Forest de B é lidor bipụtara "Hydraulics ụlọ", nke kọwara ngwa ngwa hydraulic axis vetikal na kwụ ọtọ. N'afọ 1771, Richard Arkwright jikọtara hydraulics, nhazi mmiri, na mmepụta na-aga n'ihu iji rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi ụlọ. Zụlite usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma nweta usoro ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'afọ ndị 1840, e mepụtara netwọk ike eletrik iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik ma bufee ya na ndị ọrụ njedebe. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, e mepụtala ndị na-emepụta ọkụ na ugbu a enwere ike ijikọ ya na sistemụ hydraulic.
Ọrụ mmiri ọkụ mbụ nke ụwa bụ Cragside Country Hotel na Northumberland, England na 1878, ejiri mee ihe maka ọkụ. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, e meghere ọdụ ọkụ nke mbụ nkeonwe na Wisconsin, USA, ma mesịa tinye ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik iji nye ọkụ mpaghara.
Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Shilongba bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ na China, nke dị na Osimiri Tanglang na mpụga obodo Kunming, Yunnan Province. Ihe owuwu ahụ malitere na July 1910 (afọ Gengxu) wee mepụta ike na May 28, 1912. Ike arụnyere mbụ bụ 480 kW. Na Mee 25, 2006, ndị kansụl steeti kwadoro ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Shilongba ka o tinye ya na ngalaba nke isii nke ngalaba nchekwa ihe nchekwa ọdịnala obodo.
Dị ka akụkọ REN21's 2021 si kwuo, ikike arụnyere zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike mmiri na 2020 bụ 1170GW, ebe China na-abawanye site na 12.6GW, na-aza 28% nke mkpokọta ụwa, dị elu karịa Brazil (9%), United States (7%), na Canada (9.0%).
Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ BP nke 2021, ọgbọ ike ikuku ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020 bụ 4296.8 TWh, nke ike ọkụ mmiri China bụ 1322.0 TWh, na-aza 30.1% nke mkpokọta ụwa.
Ọgbọ ọkụ eletrik bụ otu n'ime isi mmalite nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ yana isi iyi ike maka ọgbọ ume ọhụrụ. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ BP nke 2021, mmepụta ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020 bụ 26823.2 TWh, nke ike ọkụ eletrik bụ 4222.2 TWh, na-aza 4222.2/26823.2 = 15.7% nke ọgbọ ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Ihe omuma a sitere na International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Dị ka ndebanye aha na Eprel 2020, enwere ugbu a dams 58713 n'ụwa niile, ebe China na-aza 23841/58713 = 40.6% nke mkpokọta ụwa.
Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ BP nke 2021, na 2020, ike mmiri nke China ruru 1322.0/2236.7 = 59% nke ọkụ eletrik na-emegharịghachi nke China, na-ewere ọnọdụ kachasị na ike ike mmeghari ohuru.
Dị ka International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], na 2020, ngụkọta hydropower ọgbọ n'ụwa ga-eru 4370TWh, nke China (31% nke zuru ụwa ọnụ mkpokọta), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), United States (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), India (3.5%), Japan (ürk 1). (2.0%), France (1.5%) na ndị ọzọ ga-enwe ọgbọ ike mmiri kacha ukwuu.
N'afọ 2020, mpaghara nwere ike ọkụ eletrik kachasị n'ụwa bụ East Asia na Pacific, na-aza 1643/4370=37.6% nke mkpokọta ụwa; N'ime ha, China bụ ndị ama ama, na-aza 31% nke mkpokọta ụwa, na-aza 1355.20/1643 = 82.5% na mpaghara a.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta ike hydroelectric dabara na mkpokọta arụnyere na ikike arụnyere nke nchekwa mgbapụta. China nwere ikike nrụpụta ike eletrik kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, yana n'ezie, ikike etinyere ya na ikike nchekwa nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nwekwara ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa. Dị ka International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report si kwuo, ikike arụnyere China nke ike mmiri (gụnyere nchekwa mgbapụta) ruru 370160MW na 2020, na-aza 370160/1330106 = 27.8% nke mkpokọta ụwa, ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa.
Ebe atọ Gorges Hydropower Station, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kacha ibu n'ụwa, nwere ikike nrụpụta ike mmiri kacha ukwuu na China. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Gorges atọ na-eji turbine Francis 32, nke ọ bụla 700MW, yana turbine 50MW abụọ, nwere ikike arụnyere 22500MW yana oke mmiri mmiri dị 181m. Ike nrụpụta ike na 2020 ga-abụ 111.8 TWh, ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu ahụ ga-abụ ijeri 203 ¥. A ga-emecha ya na 2008.
Ewuola ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ nwere ọkwa ụwa n'akụkụ osimiri Yangtze River Jinsha nke Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, na Wudongde. Ngụkọta ike arụnyere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anọ a bụ 46508MW, nke bụ 46508/22500 = 2.07 ugboro arụnyere ikike nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri atọ nke Gorges nke 22500MW. Ike ike ya kwa afọ bụ 185.05/101.6 = ugboro 1.82. Baihetan bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị na China na-esote ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri atọ Gorges.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri atọ nke Gorges dị na China bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa. N'ime ọdụ ụgbọ elu 12 kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, China nwere oche isii. Itaipu Dam, bụ nke anọgoro n'ọkwa nke abụọ n'ụwa, ka Baihetan Dam na China kwagara n'ọkwa nke atọ.
Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọkụ eletrik kachasị n'ụwa na 2021
Enwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 198 nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW n'ụwa, nke China nwere 60, na-aza 60/198 = 30% nke mkpokọta ụwa. Ndị ọzọ bụ Brazil, Canada na Russia.
Enwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 198 nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW n'ụwa, nke China nwere 60, na-aza 60/198 = 30% nke mkpokọta ụwa. Ndị ọzọ bụ Brazil, Canada na Russia.
Enwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 60 nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW na China, ọkachasị 30 na Osimiri Yangtze, na-aza ọkara nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri China nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW.
Igwe ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW etinyere na China
Na-aga elu site na Gezhouba Dam na ịgafe tributaries nke Yangtze River site na atọ Gorges Dam, nke a bụ isi ike nke China na-ebufe ike site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na nke kasị ibu n'ụwa a cascade ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri: e nwere ihe dị ka 90 hydropower ọdụ na mainstream nke Yangtze River, gụnyere Gezhouba Dam na Osimiri 10 nke Wuji, Osimiri Wuji 10, Osimiri Wuji 10, Osimiri Wuji 10. 17 na Osimiri Minjiang, 25 na Osimiri Dadu, 21 na Osimiri Yalong, 27 na Osimiri Jinsha, na 5 na Osimiri Muli.
Tajikistan nwere mmiri mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa, Usoi Dam, nke dị elu nke 567m, nke dị 262m dị elu karịa mmiri mmiri artificial kasị elu dị ugbu a, nke Jinping Level 1 Dam. E hiwere Usoi Dam na February 18, 1911, mgbe oke ala ọmajiji dị nha 7.4 mere na Sarez, na mmiri mgbochi oke ala n'akụkụ osimiri Murgab gbochiri mmiri na-asọ asọ. Ọ kpalitere oke ala, gbochiri osimiri Murgab, wee guzobe mmiri mmiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa, Usoi Dam, na-akpụ Ọdọ Sares. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ dịghị akụkọ banyere ike hydroelectric ike.
N'afọ 2020, enwere mgbochi mmiri 251 nwere oke kachasị elu karịa 135m n'ụwa. Mmiri mmiri kachasị elu ugbu a bụ Jinping-I Dam, mmiri mmiri na-agba agba nke dị mita 305 n'ịdị elu. Na-esote bụ Nurek Dam na Osimiri Vakhsh na Tajikistan, nke ogologo ya ruru 300m.
Dam kacha elu n'ụwa na 2021
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmiri mmiri kachasị elu n'ụwa, bụ Jinping-I Dam na China, dị mita 305 n'ịdị elu, mana mmiri mmiri atọ a na-arụ na-akwado ịgafe ya. Mmiri mmiri Rogun na-aga n'ihu ga-abụ mmiri mmiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa, nke dị na Osimiri Vakhsh na ndịda Tajikistan. Ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mita 335 n'ogo wee malite ịrụ ya na 1976. A na-eche na a ga-arụ ọrụ site na 2019 ruo 2029, na-eri ihe owuwu nke ijeri dollar 2-5, ikike arụnyere 600-3600MW, na ike ọkụ kwa afọ nke 17TWh.
Nke abụọ bụ Bakhtiari Dam nke a na-arụ n'osimiri Bakhtiari na Iran, nke dị elu nke 325m na 1500MW. Ọnụ ego ọrụ a bụ ijeri US dollar abụọ na ike ọkụ 3TWh kwa afọ. Mmiri mmiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Osimiri Dadu na China bụ Shuangjiangkou Dam, nke dị elu nke 312m.
A na-arụ ihe mgbochi karịrị mita 305
Ihe mgbochi ike ndọda kachasị elu n'ụwa n'afọ 2020 bụ Grande Dixence Dam na Switzerland, nke nwere elu 285m.
Ihe mgbochi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke nwere ikike nchekwa mmiri kachasị elu bụ Kariba Dam dị na Osimiri Zambezi na Zimbabwe na Zambezi. E wuru ya na 1959 ma nwee ikike nchekwa mmiri nke 180.6 km3, sochiri ya na Bratsk Dam na Osimiri Angara na Russia na Akosombo Dam na ọdọ mmiri Kanawalt, nke nwere ikike nchekwa nke 169 km3.
Mmiri mmiri kachasị n'ụwa
The atọ Gorges Dam, nke dị na isi iyi nke osimiri Yangtze, nwere ikike nchekwa mmiri kachasị na China. Emechara ya na 2008 ma nwee ikike nchekwa mmiri nke 39.3km3, ọkwa 27th na ụwa.
Nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na China
Mmiri mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Dam Tarbela na Pakistan. Ewubere ya na 1976 ma nwee nhazi nke mita 143 n'ịdị elu. Ihe mgbochi ahụ nwere oke mita cubic nde 153 yana ike arụnyere 3478MW.
Nnukwu mmiri mmiri na China bụ atọ Gorges Dam, nke arụchara na 2008. Ihe owuwu a dị mita 181 n'ịdị elu, ụda mmiri ahụ dị nde cubic 27.4, ikike arụnyere bụ 22500 MW. Enyere ọkwa iri abụọ na otu n'ụwa.
Ahụ mmiri mmiri kachasị n'ụwa
Osimiri Congo bụ nke Democratic Republic of Congo mejupụtara. Democratic Republic of Congo nwere ike wulite ikike arụnyere mba dị nde kilowatt 120 (120000 MW) yana ike kwa afọ nke ijeri kilowatt 774 (774 TWh). Malite na Kinshasa n'ebe dị elu nke mita 270 wee rute na mpaghara Matadi, osimiri ahụ dị warara, nke nwere akụkụ dị elu na mmiri na-asọ oyi. Omimi kacha elu bụ mita 150, yana mbelata ihe dị ka mita 280. Mmiri mmiri na-agbanwe mgbe nile, nke bara uru nke ukwuu maka mmepe nke ike mmiri. A na-eme atụmatụ ọkwa atọ nke nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na ọkwa mbụ bụ dam Pioka, nke dị na ókèala dị n'etiti Democratic Republic of Congo na Republic of Congo; Ọkwa nke abụọ Grand Inga Dam na ọkwa nke atọ Matadi dam dị na Democratic Republic of Congo. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pioka na-eji isi mmiri dị mita 80 ma na-ezube ịwụnye nkeji iri atọ, yana ngụkọta ikike nke nde kilowatts 22 na ike eletrik kwa afọ nke ijeri kilowatt 177, na Democratic Republic of Congo na Republic of Congo na-anata ọkara nke ọ bụla. Ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke Matadi na-eji isi mmiri dị mita 50 ma na-ezube ịwụnye nkeji iri atọ na isii, yana ikike nke nde kilowatt 12 na ike ike kwa afọ nke ijeri kilowatt 87. Akụkụ Yingjia rapids, nke nwere mbelata nke 100 mita n'ime kilomita 25, bụ akụkụ osimiri nwere akụrụngwa ike mmiri kacha gbado anya n'ụwa.
Enwere ọtụtụ ọdụ ọkụ eletrik na ụwa karịa atọ Gorges Dam nke emechabeghị
Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo bụ osimiri dị larịị kachasị ogologo na China, nke dị na mpaghara Tibet kwụụrụ onwe ya, na otu n'ime osimiri kachasị elu n'ụwa. N'ụzọ doro anya, ka emechara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Yarlung Zangbo, ikike arụnyere ga-eru 50000 MW, na ike ọkụ ga-abụ ugboro atọ nke atọ Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), na-eru 300 TWh, nke ga-abụ ọdụ ọkụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo bụ osimiri dị larịị kachasị ogologo na China, nke dị na mpaghara Tibet kwụụrụ onwe ya, na otu n'ime osimiri kachasị elu n'ụwa. N'ụzọ doro anya, ka emechara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Yarlung Zangbo, ikike arụnyere ga-eru 50000 MW, na ike ọkụ ga-abụ ugboro atọ nke atọ Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), na-eru 300 TWh, nke ga-abụ ọdụ ọkụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
Osimiri Yarlung Zangbo ka a kpọgharịrị aha ya bụ "Osimiri Brahmaputra" ka o si na mpaghara Luoyu pụta banye India. Mgbe ọ gafesịrị Bangladesh, a kpọgharịrị ya “Osimiri Jamuna”. Mgbe ya na Osimiri Ganges kpakọrịtara n'ókèala ya, ọ na-asọba na Bay nke Bengal n'Oké Osimiri India. Ngụkọta ogologo ya bụ kilomita 2104, nke nwere ogologo osimiri dị kilomita 2057 na Tibet, ngụkọta nke mita 5435, yana nkezi mkpọda nke mbụ n'etiti nnukwu osimiri ndị dị na China. A na-agbatị basin ahụ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ, nke nwere ogologo kachasị karịa 1450 kilomita site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana obosara kachasị nke 290 kilomita site na ugwu ruo na ndịda. Nkezi elu dị ihe dị ka mita 4500. Ebe ahụ dị elu na ọdịda anyanwụ yana ala dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana nke kacha ala na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ngụkọta oke osimiri ahụ dị square kilomita 240480, na-aza 20% nke ngụkọta mpaghara osimiri niile dị na Tibet, yana ihe dịka 40.8% nke mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri na-asọpụta na Tibet, na-agbakwa ọkwa nke ise n'etiti osimiri niile dị na China.
Dabere na data 2019, mba ndị nwere ọkụ eletrik kachasị elu n'ụwa niile bụ Iceland (51699 kWh / mmadụ) na Norway (23210 kWh / mmadụ). Iceland na-adabere na ike geothermal na ike eletrik; Norway na-adabere na ike mmiri, nke na-akpata 97% nke usoro mmepụta ọkụ eletrik Norway.
Usoro ike nke mba ndị Nepal na Bhutan, nke dị nso na Tibet na China, anaghị adabere na mmanụ ọkụ, kama ọ bụ na akụ mmiri ha bara ụba. Ọ bụghị naanị na a na-eji ike hydroelectric eme ihe n'ime ụlọ, kamakwa a na-ebupụ ya.
Mgbapụta ọkụ nchekwa hydroelectric mmepụta ike
Ike mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ bụ usoro nchekwa ike, ọ bụghị usoro mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Mgbe ọchịchọ maka ọkụ eletrik dị ala, ikike mmepụta ọkụ eletrik na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, na-eme ka mgbapụta ọkụ eletrik na-agbanye mmiri na ọkwa dị elu maka nchekwa. Mgbe ọchịchọ maka ọkụ eletrik dị elu, a na-eji mmiri dị elu mee ihe maka ịmepụta ọkụ. Usoro a nwere ike melite itinye n'ọrụ ọnụego nke generator set na dị ezigbo mkpa na azụmahịa.
Nchekwa mgbapụta bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ike dị ọcha nke oge a na n'ọdịnihu. Mmụba dị ịrịba ama na isi mmalite ike mmeghari ume dị ka ikuku na ike anyanwụ, tinyere nnọchi ha nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta omenala, ebutela nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na grid ike ma kwusie ike na ọ dị mkpa nchekwa "batrị mmiri" nke mgbapụta mgbapụta.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta ike hydroelectric na-adabere kpọmkwem na ikike arụnyere nke nchekwa mgbapụta na-ejikọta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbapụta mgbapụta. Na 2020, enwere 68 na-arụ ọrụ yana 42 na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile.
Igwe ọkụ eletrik nke China na-ebute ụzọ n'ụwa, ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe nchekwa nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na-ebute ụzọ n'ụwa. Ndị na-esote bụ Japan na United States.
Ebe nchekwa nchekwa kacha n'ụwa bụ Bath County Pumped Storage Station na United States, nwere ikike arụnyere 3003MW.
Ebe nchekwa nchekwa kacha ukwuu na China bụ Huishou Pumped Power Station, nwere ikike arụnyere 2448MW.
Ebe nchekwa nchekwa nke abụọ kachasị na China bụ ọdụ ike nchekwa nke Guangdong Pumped, nwere ikike arụnyere 2400MW.
Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ọkụ nke China na-agbapụta agbagoro bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa. Enwere ọdụ ụgbọ atọ nwere ikike arụnyere karịa 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, dechara site na 2019 ruo 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, dechara na 2018), na Huanggou Pumped Power Station (1200MW, dechara na 1200MW).
Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ọkụ na-ebuli elu kachasị elu n'ụwa bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Yamdrok, nke dị na Tibet, China, na elu 4441 mita.
Stream hydroelectric ike ọgbọ
Run of the river hydropower (ROR), nke a makwaara dị ka runoff hydropower, bụ ụdị ọkụ eletrik na-adabere na ike mmiri mana ọ na-achọ naanị obere mmiri ma ọ bụ na-achọghị ịkwanye nnukwu mmiri maka ike ọkụ. Ọkụ mmiri na-asọpụta ike hydroelectric fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam anaghị achọ nchekwa mmiri ma ọ bụ naanị na-achọ ka e wuo obere ebe nchekwa mmiri. Mgbe ị na-arụ obere ebe nchekwa mmiri, a na-akpọ ebe nchekwa mmiri ndị a ọdọ mmiri ngbanwe ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri. N'ihi enweghị nnukwu ebe nchekwa mmiri, ike iyi iyi na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu maka mgbanwe mgbanwe mmiri nke oge a na isi iyi mmiri. Ya mere, a na-akọwakarị ụlọ ọrụ ike iyi dị ka isi mmalite ike na-adịte aka. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ewu ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa n'ime mmiri ọkụ nke nwere ike ịhazi oke mmiri n'oge ọ bụla, enwere ike iji ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-akpụ afụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ebu ibu.
Ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Sichuan kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Jirau Dam dị na Osimiri Madeira na Brazil. Ihe mgbochi ahụ dị mita 63 n'ịdị elu, ogologo 1500m, yana ikike arụnyere 3075MW. Emechara ya na 2016.
Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ mmiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Chief Joseph Dam na Osimiri Columbia na United States, nke dị mita 72, ogologo ya dị mita 1817, ikike arụnyere 2620 MW, na ike ọkụ kwa afọ nke 9780 GWh. Emechara ya na 1979.
Ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kacha ukwuu nke ụdị Sichuan dị na China bụ Dam Tianshengqiao II, nke dị na Osimiri Nanpan. Ihe mgbochi ahụ nwere ịdị elu nke 58.7m, ogologo 471m, olu nke 4800000m3, yana ikike arụnyere nke 1320MW. Emechara ya na 1997.
Nrụpụta ike tidal
A na-ebute ike tide site na ịrị elu na ọdịda nke oke mmiri nke oke osimiri na-ebute. N'ozuzu, a na-arụ ọdọ mmiri iji na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, ma enwekwara ike iji mmiri na-asọ asọ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Enweghị ọtụtụ ebe zuru ụwa ọnụ dabara adaba maka nrụpụta ike tidal, na enwere ebe asatọ na UK nke a na-eche na ha nwere ike izute 20% nke ọkụ eletrik nke obodo ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ mbụ nke ụwa bụ ụlọ ọrụ Lance tidal power, nke dị na Lance, France. E wuru ya site na 1960 ruo 1966 maka afọ 6. Ike arụnyere bụ 240MW.
Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Sihwa Lake Tidal na South Korea, nwere ikike arụnyere 254MW wee wuchaa ya na 2011.
Ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ dị na North America bụ Annapolis Royal Generating Station, nke dị na Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, n'ọnụ ụzọ Bay of Fundy. Ike arụnyere bụ 20MW ma emechara ya na 1984.
Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na China bụ Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, nke dị na ndịda Hangzhou, nwere ikike arụnyere naanị 4.1MW na 6 setịpụ. Ọ malitere ọrụ na 1985.
Nke mbụ n'ime mmiri na-emepụta ihe ugbu a nke North America Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project ka etinyere na Vancouver Island, Canada, na Septemba 2006.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewu nnukwu ọrụ ike tidal ike n'ụwa, MeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), na Pentland Firth, north Scotland, nwere ikike arụnyere 398MW ma na-atụ anya na a ga-arụcha ya na 2021.
Gujarat, India na-ezube iwulite ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmaahịa mbụ na South Asia. Awụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nwere ikike arụnyere 50MW na Gulf of Kutch dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke India, a malitere ịrụ ya na mbido 2012.
A na-eme atụmatụ Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project na Kamchatka Peninsula dị na Russia nwere ikike arụnyere 87100MW yana ikike nrụpụta ike nke 200TWh kwa afọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ike mmiri n'ụwa. Ozugbo emechara ya, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station ga-enwe ike arụnyere okpukpu anọ nke ọdụ ike Gorges atọ dị ugbu a.
Oge nzipu: Mee-25-2023
