A yanayin makamashi mai tsabta, wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana tsaye a matsayin ginshiƙi mai mahimmanci na sauyin makamashi, godiya ga yanayin sabuntawa, ƙarancin farashi, da ƙarfin daidaita nauyi mai ƙarfi. Daga manyan injinan ... Mai gudu yana da diamita na 30cm kuma ya ƙunshi ruwan wukake guda 13 masu laushi (kusurwar shiga 15°, kusurwar fita 20°) waɗanda aka shirya a radial; kewaye da mai gudu akwai ƙananan raƙuman jagora masu daidaitawa (ƙwanƙwasa 24, waɗanda aka yi da filastik ABS da haɗin firam na ƙarfe), waɗanda aka haɗa su da "zobe mai mulki," wanda zai iya daidaita buɗewar ramin jagora (0-30°). An yi murfin mai haske da acrylic. Ruwa (daga tsarin ruwa mai zagayawa wanda ƙaramin famfo ke jagoranta) yana gudana daidai cikin akwatin daga kowane gefe, wanda ƙananan raƙuman jagora ke jagoranta, kuma yana shafar ruwan wukake masu gudu a saurin kwarara na 20m/s, yana tura mai gudu ya juya (150 rpm, daidai da 125 rpm na ainihin naúrar). Tushen nunin motsi yana cikin canza kuzari na "cika ruwa mai kewaye": Lokacin da aka daidaita buɗewar ramin jagora zuwa 20°, na'urar auna kwarara tana nuna "ƙimar kwararar da aka kwaikwayi 5L/s", na'urar auna gudu tana daidaita a rpm 150, kuma samfurin janareta yana fitar da 220V. Lokacin da ake kwaikwayon "ƙaruwar kwarara a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa" (wanda aka buɗe gaba ɗaya), saurin turbin yana ƙaruwa zuwa 180 rpm, kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana ƙaruwa zuwa 240V. Allon a lokaci guda yana nuna "turbin Francis sun dace da kawunan ruwa na mita 50-700 kuma suna iya samun inganci na kashi 95%. Wannan ƙirar ta sa ƙa'idar amsawar "bambancin matsin lamba a ɓangarorin biyu na ruwan wukake da ke tuƙa turbin" ta zama mai sauƙin fahimta, yana bayyana dalilin da yasa turbin Francis su ne zaɓin da aka fi so don babban kan ruwa da kuma yawan kwararar ruwa. Tsarin turbin kwararar axial yana nuna fa'idodin "shan ruwa axial" ga ƙananan kawunan ruwa, yana nuna nau'ikan ruwan wukake masu gyara da waɗanda za a iya daidaitawa. Tsarin ruwan wukake mai daidaitawa yana da rotor mai diamita 40cm tare da ruwan wukake 6 waɗanda ke juyawa bisa ga yanayin kwararar ruwa (wanda injin micro servo ke sarrafawa), tare da kewayon daidaitawar kusurwar ruwan wukake daga -10° zuwa +15°. An shirya vanen jagora da rotor a haɗe, tare da ruwa yana gudana a cikin rotor a tsaye. Ruwan wukake suna juyawa ƙarƙashin tasirin tura ruwa da juyawarsu. Tsarin hulɗa na "daidaitaccen kan ruwa" na samfurin ya keɓance: Lokacin da masu sauraro suka zaɓi "ƙaramin kan ruwa 3-5m" (misali, kogi a cikin fili), an daidaita kusurwar ruwan zuwa +15° (ƙara yankin hulɗa da ruwa), buɗewar vane na jagora shine 30°, kuma saurin rotor shine rpm 60; canzawa zuwa "kan ruwa matsakaici 10-30m", an daidaita kusurwar ruwan zuwa 0°, saurin yana ƙaruwa zuwa rpm 100, kuma allon yana nuna "Turbines na kwararar axial na iya cimma inganci na 92% a yawan kwarara da ƙananan kan ruwa". Nunin kwatancen turbines masu daidaitawa da tsayin daka yana da ƙimar ilimi mafi girma: A ƙarƙashin ƙimar kwarara iri ɗaya, turbine mai daidaitawa, ta hanyar daidaita kusurwar ruwan, yana cimma inganci 8-10% sama da turbine mai tsayayyen matsayi (ana nuna lanƙwasa mai inganci a ainihin lokaci akan allon), yana nuna fa'idar fasaha ta "turbines masu daidaitawa suna iya daidaitawa zuwa kewayon kwarara mai faɗi." Wannan kwatancen yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman wajen koyarwa game da ƙananan wutar lantarki a yankunan ban ruwa, yana taimaka wa ɗalibai su fahimci "dalilin da yasa ake amfani da injinan samar da wutar lantarki na axial-flow a cikin ƙananan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki na karkara." Tsarin injinan samar da wutar lantarki mai karkata shine "masanin daidaita kai," tare da axis ɗin ruwansa mai gudu a kusurwar 45° zuwa babban shaft (tsakanin ruwan da aka gauraya da injinan samar da wutar lantarki na axial-flow). Ana iya daidaita ruwan da samfurin ya yi daidai (daga -5° zuwa +25°), tare da na'urorin jagora da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki tare. Lokacin da kan da aka kwaikwayi ya ƙaru daga mita 40 zuwa mita 120, kusurwar ruwan zai daidaita ta atomatik daga +25° zuwa -5°, yana kiyaye saurin gudu mai daidaito na 120 rpm, yana nuna halayyar "babban inganci akan bambancin kai sau 3." Rufin mai haske yana ba da damar lura da hanyar kwarara ta musamman, kuma taswirar daidaiton inganci akan allon yana taimaka wa masu kallo su fahimci "daidaito tsakanin injinan samar da wutar lantarki mai gauraya da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na axial."
(2) Tsarin Turbine Mai Ƙarfi: Sakin Ƙarfin Ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa Mai "Karo"
Tsarin injin turbine na Pelton shine "zakarar wutar lantarki" don amfani da manyan kai, yana kwaikwayon ƙirar tashar wutar lantarki ta Leonhard a Switzerland. Bokiti 12 masu siffar kofi (kowannensu yana da ƙarfin 50mL, wanda aka yi da tagulla mai rufi da chrome) an rarraba su daidai gwargwado a kusa da mai gudu (diamita 25cm); bututun "bututun" (diamita 0.5cm) yana juyawa 360°. Ruwa mai matsin lamba (wanda famfon plunger ke bayarwa, wanda ke kwaikwayon kan mita 500-1000m) yana samar da jirgin sama mai sauri (50m/s) wanda ke shafar "raba" bokitin daidai, yana canza kuzarin motsi na ruwan zuwa makamashin injina na mai gudu mai juyawa. Babban abin da ke nuna ƙarfin lantarki shine canja wurin makamashi ta hanyar "tasirin jet": Lokacin da aka kunna bututun guda ɗaya, jirgin ruwa mai ruwa da ke shafar ƙafafun turbine yana haifar da "ƙarfin amsawa" mai bayyane (haɓaka na rotor nan take), yana kaiwa 300 rpm da ƙarfin fitarwa na janareta mai kwaikwayon 500W. Tare da bututun ƙarfe guda biyu (wanda aka tsara daidai gwargwado), saurin yana ƙaruwa zuwa 580 rpm kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki zuwa 980W. Allon yana nuna cewa "ingancin wannan nau'in injin turbine zai iya kaiwa kashi 90% a ƙarƙashin babban kan ruwa, kuma ruwan ba ya shiga cikin akwatin, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da ruwa mai yawan laka." Wannan ƙira ta bayyana a sarari cewa "canja wurin makamashin motsi ba ya dogara da matsin ruwa ba, amma kawai akan tasirin kwararar ruwa mai sauri," yana bayyana daidai dalilin da ya sa ya dace da "masana'antar wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai tsaunuka tare da kan sama da mita 100." Tsarin injin turbine mai juyi yana nuna sassaucin daidaitawa na "tasirin jet mai jujjuyawa," tare da bututun ƙarfe yana kusurwa 22.5° zuwa jirgin ƙafafun turbine, ruwan yana shafar ruwan wukake masu siffar cokali (rukune 18). Siffar hulɗa tana bawa masu kallo damar daidaita kusurwar bututun ƙarfe, suna lura da canjin saurin rotor - raguwar 10-15% lokacin da kusurwar ta karkace daga 22.5°, yana kwatanta tasirin daidaiton kusurwa akan inganci. Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan nau'in samfurin don kwatanta "ƙaramin ƙarfin ruwa a yankunan tsaunuka," wanda ya dace da "tsarin makamashi da aka rarraba tare da kan mita 20-300 da ƙananan kwararar ruwa." Tsarin injin turbin mai tasiri biyu yana ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi ta hanyar "ruwa yana shafar ruwan wukake sau biyu." Tayar turbin tana da layuka biyu na ruwan wukake; bayan tasirin farko, ruwan yana gudana ta cikin ƙafafun don shafar ƙasan Layer. Tayar mai haske tana bawa masu kallo damar ganin hanyar "tasiri biyu". Allon yana nuna cewa "yayin da ingancin ƙirar tasirin biyu ya ɗan yi ƙasa (75-85%), tsarinsa mai sauƙi da ƙarancin farashi ya sa ya dace da ƙananan ƙarfin ruwa na karkara." Wannan ƙira yana sa "hikimar amfani da makamashi a cikin ƙira masu sauƙi" a bayyane yake. (3) Nau'ikan Samfuran Injin Turbin Ruwa na Musamman: Zane-zane Masu ƙirƙira don Yanayi Masu Tsanani
Tsarin injin turbin kwan fitila mafita ce ta "fadi mai faɗi" ga tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki masu ƙarancin kai. Yana da tsarin "mai siffar kwan fitila" - janareta yana cikin akwati mai siffar kwan fitila a cikin hanyar kwararar ruwa, kuma injin turbin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shaft ɗin janareta (babu akwati mai karkace). Ruwa yana gudana ta cikin na'urar. Don tsayin kan da aka kwaikwayi na mita 2-8 (misali, tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa), injin rotor (diamita 40cm, ruwan wukake masu lanƙwasa 8) yana juyawa a rpm 80. Allon yana nuna "Turbin kwan fitila na iya samun inganci har zuwa 88%, wanda ya dace da tashoshin wutar lantarki na gefen kogi, tare da ƙarancin kuɗin injiniyan farar hula." Injin mai haske yana nuna halayyar "gudun ruwa kai tsaye", yana bayanin amfaninsa a aikace-aikacen ƙananan kai kamar hanyoyin ruwa da ban ruwa. Tsarin injin turbin ruwan yana nuna samar da wutar lantarki mai hanya biyu. Ruwan wukakensa na rotor suna da ƙirar "siffar S" mai daidaituwa, yana ba da damar injin rotor ya juya ko da kuwa ruwan yana gudana daga hagu zuwa dama ko dama zuwa hagu (rpm 60). An haɗa wannan samfurin da "tankin kwaikwayo na ruwa," wanda ke amfani da matakan ruwa masu tasowa da faɗuwa don ƙirƙirar kwarara mai daidaitawa, yana nuna zagayowar "samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin babban ruwa → samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin ƙarancin ruwa → rufewa a lokacin ruwan da ke tsayawa." Allon yana nuna "Turabin ruwa na ruwa suna amfani da ƙarfin hasken rana, ana iya sabunta su, kuma ana iya faɗi sosai." Wannan ƙira yana sa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin "makamashi mai tsabta da kuma yanayin halitta" a bayyane yake.
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-10-2025
