Ina da abokina wanda ke cikin rayuwar sa kuma yana cikin koshin lafiya. Duk da cewa kwanaki ban ji daga gare ku ba, amma ana sa ran lafiya. A wannan rana na hadu da shi kwatsam, amma ya yi kama da sakaci. Ba zan iya damun damuwa da shi ba. Na ci gaba don neman cikakkun bayanai.
Ya numfasa a hankali ya ce, "Ina sha'awar yarinya kwanan nan." Ana iya cewa "kyakkyawan murmushi da kyawawan idanu" suna motsa zaren zuciyata. Duk da haka, iyaye a gida har yanzu suna cikin aji kuma suna da shakku, don haka ba a daɗe ba a ɗauke su aiki. "Bendina yana ƙara faɗi kuma ba zan yi nadama ba, kuma zan yi baƙin ciki ga Iraki", wanda ya sa na ji haka a yau. A koyaushe na san cewa kana da ilimi da yawa. Yanzu da za ku hadu a yau, ina so in nemi ku taimaka wa ma'aikata. Idan kaddara ta kayyade bisa ga dabi'a, tun lokacin da aka hadu da Rites shida, sunayen sunayen biyu za su yi aure kuma su yi kwangila a gida daya. Kyakkyawar dangantaka ba za ta ƙare ba, daidai da suna iri ɗaya. Tare da alkawarin farin kai, rubuta zuwa Hongjian, domin a iya rubuta haɗin gwiwar jajayen ganye a cikin bishiyar Mandarin. Idan akwai rashin jituwa, mu ma ya kamata mu “sake koke-koke, mu saki kulli, balle mu tsani juna, rabuwa da juna, wani yana gafartawa, kuma kowanne yana farin ciki.” Af, wannan yarinya tana da suna biyu na famfo ruwa da biyu suna don ajiyar makamashi.
Bayan naji haka, ko kadan ban yi fushi ba. A bayyane yake shugaban ku ne ya nemi ku yanke hukunci ko tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita tana da ƙimar saka hannun jari, amma kun ce tana da sabo kuma tana da kyau sosai. "Aure nagari bisa dabi'a ne ake yin shi, kuma ma'aurata nagari daga dabi'a ake yin su". Ba zan iya cewa komai game da ji. Amma idan aka zo batun tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su, kawai na tambayi wani babban mutum game da tsarin kimantawa na "haɗin kai mai girma biyar" bayan aikin gine-ginen fiye da 100 na ayyukan ajiyar famfo. Su ne wurin yanki, yanayin gini, yanayin waje, ƙirar injiniya da alamun tattalin arziki. Idan kuna so, kawai ku saurare ni don ku.
1. Wurin yanki
Akwai wata tsohuwar magana a cikin masana'antar gidaje cewa "wuri, wuri, wuri" shine "wuri, wuri, ko wuri". Wannan sanannen maganar Wall Street ta yadu sosai bayan da Li Ka-shing ya nakalto shi.
A cikin cikakken kimantawa na ayyukan ajiya mai famfo, wurin yanki shima shine na farko. Daidaiton aikin ma'ajiyar famfo ya fi yin hidima ga grid ɗin wuta ko haɓaka manyan sabbin sansanonin makamashi. Sabili da haka, wurin yanki na tashar wutar lantarki mai famfo ya fi maki biyu: ɗayan yana kusa da cibiyar ɗaukar nauyi, ɗayan kuma yana kusa da sabon tushen makamashi.
A halin yanzu, akasarin tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina ko ake ginawa a kasar Sin suna cikin cibiyar lodin wutar lantarki inda suke. Misali, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Guangzhou (kilwat miliyan 2.4) tana da nisan kilomita 90 daga Guangzhou, tashar wutar lantarki ta Ming Tombs (kilowatts miliyan 0.8) tana da nisan kilomita 40 daga birnin Beijing, tashar wutar lantarki ta Tianhuangping (kilowatt miliyan 1.8) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Shenzhou mai nisan kilomita 57. (kilwatts miliyan 1.2) yana cikin yankin birni na Shenzhen.
Bugu da kari, domin samun biyan bukatu na samar da sabbin makamashi cikin hanzari, a kusa da hadewar samar da ruwa da shimfidar wurare da samar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin hamada da hamadar Gobi, za a iya shirya wani sabon rukunin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a kusa da sabon tashar makamashin. Misali, tashoshin samar da wutar lantarkin da aka tanada a halin yanzu a yankunan Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Mongoliya ta ciki, da Shanxi da sauran wurare, baya ga biyan bukatu na cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki na cikin gida, musamman na sabbin ayyukan samar da makamashi.
Don haka batu na farko na cikakken kimantawa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi shine a ga inda aka fara haihuwa. Gabaɗaya, ajiyar famfo ya kamata ya bi ka'idodin rarraba rarrabawa, mai da hankali kan rarraba kusa da cibiyar ɗaukar nauyi da sabon yanki na makamashi. Bugu da ƙari, ga wuraren da ba tare da tashoshi na famfo ba, ya kamata kuma a ba da fifiko idan akwai kyakkyawan yanayin albarkatun.
2. Yanayin gini
1. Yanayin yanayi
Binciken yanayin yanayi ya haɗa da kan ruwa, nisa zuwa tsayin daka, da ƙarfin ajiya mai tasiri na sama da ƙananan tafki. Ƙarfin da aka adana a cikin ma'ajiyar famfo shine ainihin ƙarfin yuwuwar kuzarin ruwa, daidai yake da samfurin bambancin tsayi da ƙarfin ruwa a cikin tafki. Don haka don adana makamashi iri ɗaya, ko dai ƙara bambancin tsayi tsakanin manyan tafkunan ruwa da na ƙasa, ko kuma ƙara ƙayyadaddun damar ajiya na ma'ajiyar famfo na sama da na ƙasa.
Idan an cika sharuɗɗan, ya fi dacewa a sami babban bambanci mai tsayi tsakanin babba da ƙananan tafki, wanda zai iya rage girman manyan tafkunan sama da na ƙasa da girman shuka da kayan aikin lantarki, da rage zuba jarin aikin. Koyaya, bisa ga matakin masana'antu na yanzu na raka'o'in ma'ajiyar famfo, tsayin tsayi da yawa zai haifar da babbar wahala a masana'antar naúrar, don haka mafi girma shine mafi kyau. Dangane da ƙwarewar injiniyanci, raguwar gabaɗaya tsakanin 400 zuwa 700m. Misali, shugaban tashar wutar lantarki ta Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station shine 430m; Shugaban da aka kima na Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station ne 447m; Shugaban Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tianchi mai tsayin mita 510; An kima shugaban tashar wutar lantarki ta Tianhuangping ya kai mita 526; Wanda aka kima shugaban tashar wutar lantarki ta Xilongchi ya kai mita 640; Wanda aka kima shugaban na Dunhua Pumped Storage Power Station ne 655m. A halin yanzu, tashar wutar lantarki ta Changlongshan tana da mafi girman girman amfani da mita 710, wanda aka gina a kasar Sin; Babban shugaban da ake amfani da shi na tashar wutar lantarkin da ake ginawa shine Tiantai mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, wanda girmansa ya kai mita 724.
Matsakaicin zurfin sararin samaniya shine rabo tsakanin nisan kwance da bambancin tsayi tsakanin sama da ƙananan tafki. Gabaɗaya magana, ya dace ya zama ƙarami, wanda zai iya rage yawan aikin injiniya na tsarin isar da ruwa da adana hannun jarin injiniya. Duk da haka, bisa ga kwarewar injiniya, ƙananan tazara zuwa tsayin daka zai iya haifar da matsaloli cikin sauƙi kamar tsarin injiniya da tsayi da gangaren gangara, don haka ya dace gabaɗaya don samun tazara zuwa tsayin daka tsakanin 2 da 10. Misali, nisa zuwa girman rabo na tashar ajiya mai famfo na Changlongshan shine 3.1; Nisa zuwa girman rabo na tashar ajiya na Huizhou shine 8.3.
Lokacin da filin tafki na sama da na ƙasa ya buɗe sosai, ana iya samar da buƙatar ajiyar makamashi a cikin ƙaramin yanki na tafki. In ba haka ba, ya zama dole don faɗaɗa yanki na kwandon tafki ko daidaita ƙarfin tafki ta hanyar faɗaɗawa da tonowa, da ƙara yawan aikin ƙasa da aikin injiniya. Domin famfo-ajiya ikon tashoshin da shigar iya aiki na 1.2 miliyan kilowatts da cikakken amfani hours na 6 hours, da ajiya iya aiki ga ikon samar da ka'idar bukatar game da miliyan 8 m3, 7 miliyan m3 da 6 miliyan m3 bi da bi a lokacin da ruwa shugaban ne 400m, 500m da 600m. A kan wannan, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da matattun ƙarfin ajiyar ruwa, ƙarfin ajiyar ajiyar asarar ruwa da sauran abubuwa don a ƙarshe ƙayyade yawan ƙarfin ajiyar tafki. Don saduwa da buƙatun ƙarfin tafki, yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ta hanyar damming ko faɗaɗa tonowa a cikin tafki tare da yanayin ƙasa.
Bugu da kari, yankin da aka kama na tafki na sama gaba daya kadan ne, kuma ana iya magance matsalar ambaliyar ruwan ta hanyar kara tsayin dam yadda ya kamata. Don haka, kunkuntar kwarin da ke mashigar babban tafkin ruwa shine wuri mai kyau don gina madatsar ruwa, wanda zai iya rage yawan cika dam.
2. Yanayin kasa
Duwatsu masu kore ne kawai suke kama da bango lokacin da suke nuni da daular shida.
—-Yuan Sadurah
Yanayin yanayin ƙasa ya haɗa da kwanciyar hankali na yanki, yanayin yanayin aikin injiniya na sama da ƙananan tafki da wuraren haɗin gwiwar su, yanayin yanayin aikin injiniya na watsa ruwa da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, da kayan gini na halitta.
Tsarin tsarewa da fitarwa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su ya kamata su guje wa kurakurai masu aiki, kuma yankin tafki bai kamata ya kasance da zabtarewar ƙasa ba, rugujewa, tarkace da sauran abubuwan ban mamaki na ƙasa. Ya kamata kogon da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kamata su guje wa ɗimbin duwatsu masu rauni ko karye. Lokacin da waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba za a iya kaucewa ta hanyar tsarin injiniya ba, yanayin yanayin ƙasa zai hana gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi famfo.
Ko da tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ta guje wa matsalolin da ke sama, yanayin yanayin ƙasa kuma yana tasiri sosai akan farashin aikin. Gabaɗaya, yayin da girgizar ƙasa ta ragu a yankin aikin da kuma ƙarfin dutsen, zai fi dacewa don rage farashin gina tashoshin wutar lantarki.
Dangane da halaye na gine-gine da halayen aiki na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su, ana iya taƙaita manyan matsalolin aikin injiniya kamar haka:
(1) Idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada, akwai ƙarin sarari don kwatantawa da zaɓin tashar tashar da wurin tafki na tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka zubar. Za a iya tantance wuraren da ke da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin ƙasa ko wahalar aikin injiniya ta hanyar aikin nazarin ƙasa a wurin binciken tashar da matakin tsara tasha. Matsayin binciken yanayin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci musamman a wannan matakin.
Duk da haka, abubuwan al'ajabi da abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya sau da yawa suna cikin haɗari da nesa, kuma menene mafi yawan mutane, don haka ba zai yiwu ba ga wanda yake da niyya ya isa gare ta.
——Daular Song, Wang Anshi
Binciken Wurin Babban Dam na Shitai Tushen Wutar Wuta a Lardin Anhui
(2) Akwai manyan koguna na injiniya na karkashin kasa, sassan rami mai tsayi mai tsayi, babban matsa lamba na ciki, binne mai zurfi da babban sikelin. Wajibi ne don nuna cikakken kwanciyar hankali na dutsen da ke kewaye da shi, da kuma ƙayyade hanyar hakowa, tallafi da nau'in sutura, iyaka da zurfin rami da ke kewaye da dutsen.
(3) Ƙarfin ajiya na tafki mai famfo gabaɗaya kaɗan ne, kuma farashin famfo yana da yawa yayin lokacin aiki, don haka adadin ɗigon ruwan na sama yana buƙatar kulawa sosai. Tafki na sama galibi yana saman dutsen, kuma galibi akwai ƙananan kwari kusa da shi. An zaɓi adadi mai yawa na tashoshi a cikin wuraren da ke da sifofin karst mara kyau don cin gajiyar fa'idar ƙasa. Matsalolin ruwan tafki da ke kusa da kwarin da zubar karst sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, waɗanda ke buƙatar mai da hankali a kai kuma a kula da ingancin ginin.
(4) Rarraba kayan da aka yi amfani da su don cika madatsar ruwa a cikin kwandon ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su shine babban mahimmanci don ƙayyade yawan amfani da kayan aiki. Lokacin da ajiyar kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yankin tono na tafki da ke sama da matattun ruwa kawai sun cika buƙatun cika madatsar ruwa kuma babu kayan cirewa, yanayin da ya dace na tono tushen kayan da ma'auni ya cika. Lokacin da kayan da ake cirewa saman ya yi kauri, ana iya magance matsalar amfani da kayan da ake cirewa a kan dam ɗin ta hanyar rarraba kayan dam ɗin. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a kafa ingantaccen tsarin yanayin ƙasa na sama da ƙananan tafki ta hanyar ingantattun hanyoyin bincike don ƙirar hakowa da cika ma'auni na kwandon ruwa.
(5) A lokacin aiki na tafki, kwatsam tashi da faɗuwar matakin ruwa suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa, kuma yanayin aiki na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan kwanciyar hankali na gangaren bankin tafki, wanda ya sa gaba da buƙatu mafi girma don yanayin yanayin ƙasa na gangaren bankin tafki. Lokacin da ba'a cika buƙatun ma'aunin tsaro na kwanciyar hankali ba, wajibi ne a rage saurin gangaren hakowa ko ƙara ƙarfin goyan baya, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin farashin injiniya.
(6) Tushen duk tankin tafki mai hana ruwa ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi famfo yana da buƙatu masu yawa don nakasu, magudanar ruwa da daidaito, musamman ga kafuwar dukkan tankin tafki mai hana ruwa a wuraren karst, rushewar karst a ƙasan tafki, nakasar tushe mara daidaituwa, jujjuya jacking na karst ruwa, karst isashen hankali, damuwa da damuwa da sauran lamurra.
(7) Saboda babban bambance-bambancen haɓakawa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi famfo, sashin jujjuyawar yana da buƙatu mafi girma don sarrafa abubuwan da ke wucewa ta cikin injin turbin. Wajibi ne a mai da hankali kan kariyar da magudanar ruwa na ingantaccen tushen magudanar ruwa a gefen baya na gangara a mashigar ruwa da mashigar ruwa da kuma ajiyar magudanan ruwa na lokacin ambaliya.
(8) Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su ba za su samar da manyan madatsun ruwa da manyan tafki ba. Tsayin madatsar ruwa da gangaren da aka tono da hannu na yawancin tafkunan sama da na ƙasa ba su wuce mita 150 ba. Matsalolin aikin injiniya na gidauniyar madatsar ruwa da tsaunuka masu tsayi ba su da wahala a magance su fiye da manyan madatsun ruwa da manyan tafkunan tasoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada.
3. Warehouse kafa yanayi
Ya kamata tafkuna na sama da na ƙasa su sami yanayin ƙasa wanda ya dace da damming. Kullum magana, da yin amfani da shugaban game da 400 ~ 500m aka dauke bisa ga shigar iya aiki na 1.2 miliyan kilowatts da amfani hours na cikakken ikon samar da 6 hours, wato, da kayyade ajiya iya aiki na pumped ajiya babba da ƙananan ruwa reservoirs ne game da 6 miliyan ~ 8 miliyan m3. Wasu tashoshi da aka zubar da su a zahiri suna da "ciki". Yana da sauƙi don samar da ƙarfin tafki ta hanyar damming. A wannan yanayin, ana iya dasa shi ta hanyar damming. Duk da haka, wasu tashoshi masu rumbun ajiya suna da ƙananan ƙarfin ajiya na halitta kuma suna buƙatar tono don samar da ƙarfin ajiya. Wannan zai kawo matsaloli guda biyu, daya shi ne tsadar ci gaba mai yawa, daya kuma shi ne cewa ana bukatar a hako ma’adana da yawa, kuma karfin ajiyar makamashin tashar wutar lantarki bai kamata ya yi yawa ba.
Bugu da ƙari ga buƙatun ƙarfin ajiya, aikin tafki mai famfo ya kamata kuma yayi la'akari da rigakafin zubar da ruwa, tono ƙasa da dutse da ma'auni, zaɓi nau'in madatsar ruwa, da dai sauransu, da kuma ƙayyade tsarin ƙira ta hanyar cikakkiyar kwatancen fasaha da tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya magana, idan za a iya samar da tafki ta hanyar damming, kuma an karɓi rigakafi na gida, yanayin samar da tafki yana da kyau sosai (duba siffa 2.3-1); Idan “basin” an kafa shi ta hanyar tono mai yawa, kuma an karɓi duk nau'in anti-sepage na basin, yanayin samar da tafki ya zama gama gari (duba siffa 2.3-2 da 2.3-3).
Ɗaukar tashar wutar lantarki ta Guangzhou tare da kyakkyawan yanayin samar da tafki a matsayin misali, yanayin samar da tafki na sama da na ƙasa yana da kyau, kuma za a iya samar da tafki ta hanyar damming, tare da babban tafki na 24.08 m3 da ƙananan tafki na 23.42 miliyan m3.
Bugu da kari, an dauki tashar wutar lantarki ta Tianhuangping a matsayin misali. Tafki na sama yana cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na reshe a gefen hagu na kogin Daxi, wanda ke kewaye da babban dam, madatsun ruwa guda huɗu, mashigar ruwa/kanti da kuma tsaunukan da ke kewaye da tafki. An shirya babban dam a cikin ɓacin rai a ƙarshen ƙarshen tafki, kuma an shirya madatsar ruwa a cikin mashigar huɗu na gabas, arewa, yamma da kudu maso yamma. Yanayin ajiya yana da matsakaici, tare da jimillar ƙarfin ajiya na 9.12 m3.
4. Yanayin tushen ruwa
Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su sun bambanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada, wato, "basin" na ruwa mai tsabta ana zubawa da baya da baya tsakanin tafki na sama da na ƙasa. A lokacin da ake yin famfo ruwa, ana zuba ruwan daga cikin tafki na ƙasa zuwa tafki na sama, kuma lokacin samar da wutar lantarki, ana sauke ruwan daga tafki na sama zuwa ƙasa. Don haka, matsalar tushen ruwa na tashar wutar lantarkin da aka yi amfani da shi ya fi dacewa don saduwa da wurin ajiyar ruwa na farko, wato, adana ruwan a cikin tafki da farko, da kuma ƙara yawan ruwan da aka rage saboda ƙazantawa da zubar da ruwa yayin aiki na yau da kullum. Ƙarfin ajiya mai famfo gabaɗaya yana cikin tsari na miliyan 10 m3, kuma buƙatun buƙatun ruwa ba su da yawa. Yanayin tushen ruwa a wuraren da ke da yawan ruwan sama da manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na kogi ba zai zama iyakance yanayin gina tashoshin wutar lantarkin da ake amfani da su ba. Duk da haka, ga yankunan da ba su da ɗanɗano irin su arewa maso yamma, yanayin tushen ruwa ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci. Wasu wurare suna da yanayin yanayin yanayi da yanayin aikin ginin ma'ajiyar famfo, amma mai yiwuwa ba a sami tushen ruwa don ajiyar ruwa na tsawon kilomita goma ba.
3. Sharadi na waje
Mahimman batutuwan shige da fice da muhalli shine a magance matsalar mallakar albarkatun jama'a da biyan diyya. Tsarin nasara ne da nasara da yawa.
1. Samuwar filaye da sake tsugunar da gine-gine
Iyalin mallakar filaye don gina tashar wutar lantarki mai dumama ya haɗa da yankin sama da ƙasa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yankin aikin samar da ruwa. Ko da yake akwai tafkunan ruwa guda biyu a cikin tashar da ake zuba wutar lantarki, domin tafkunan ba su da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna amfani da tafkunan halitta ko tafkunan da ake da su, yawan filayen da ake samu don yin gine-ginen ya fi na tashohin wutar lantarki da aka saba amfani da su; Domin galibin tafkunan tafkunan ana tono su ne, yankin da ake gina aikin samar da ruwa ya kan hada da wurin da ake zubar da ruwa a cikin tafki, don haka rabon da ake yi na aikin samar da ruwa a fannin aikin samar da filaye na aikin ya fi na tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada.
Wurin da ake zubar da ruwa a cikin tafki ya kunshi yankin da ke kasa da matakin tafki na yau da kullun, da kuma yankin da ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa da kuma yankin da tafki ya shafa.
Wurin gina aikin samar da ruwa ya ƙunshi gine-ginen aikin ruwa da yankin sarrafa aikin dindindin. An ƙayyade yankin aikin ginin cibiyar a matsayin yanki na wucin gadi da yanki na dindindin bisa ga manufar kowane fili. Ana iya mayar da ƙasar wucin gadi zuwa ga amfaninta na asali bayan amfani.
An ƙayyade iyakokin samun ƙasa don ginawa, kuma muhimmin aikin da ke biyo baya shine gudanar da bincike na alamun jiki na mallakar ƙasa don ginawa, don "san kanku kuma ku san ɗayan". Yafi yin bincike akan yawa, inganci, mallaka da sauran halayen jama'a, filaye, gine-gine, gine-gine, kayayyakin al'adu da wuraren tarihi, ma'adinan ma'adinai, da dai sauransu a cikin iyakokin samun fili don gine-gine.
Don yanke shawara, babban abin da ke damun shi shine ko mallakar filaye don gine-gine ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar girma da adadin filayen noma na dindindin, gandun dajin jin daɗin jama'a na farko, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu mahimmanci, manyan kayayyakin al'adu da wuraren tarihi, da ma'adinan ma'adinai.
2. Kariyar muhallin muhalli
Gina tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su dole ne su bi ka'idar " fifikon muhalli da ci gaban kore".
Gujewa wuraren da ke da alaƙa da muhalli shine muhimmin abin da ake buƙata don yuwuwar aikin. Wurare masu kula da muhalli suna nufin kowane nau'in wuraren kariya a duk matakan da aka kafa bisa doka da wuraren da suka fi dacewa da tasirin muhalli na aikin gini. Lokacin zabar wuraren, ya kamata a fara tantance wuraren kula da muhalli kuma a guje wa farko, musamman gami da layukan kariyar muhalli, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, wuraren shakatawa na duniya, wuraren kariyar tushen ruwan sha, wuraren shakatawa na gandun daji, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren shakatawa na ruwa na germplasm na kare albarkatun ruwa, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, shi ma wajibi ne don bincika yankin da ke da alaƙa da sararin samaniya, da dai sauransu. da ginin karkara, da kuma "layi uku da guda ɗaya".
Matakan kare muhalli muhimmin matakai ne don rage tasirin muhalli. Idan aikin bai shafi yankunan da ke da muhalli ba, yana yiwuwa ta fuskar kare muhalli, amma ba makawa gina aikin zai yi wani tasiri ga ruwa, iskar gas, sauti da muhalli, kuma ana bukatar daukar jerin matakan da aka yi niyya don kawar da ko rage illar illa, kamar maganin samar da ruwan sha da najasa a cikin gida, da fitar da kwararar halittu.
Gine-ginen shimfidar wuri hanya ce mai mahimmanci don cimma ingantaccen haɓakar famfo da adanawa. Tashoshin wutar lantarki na fantsama da ajiya gabaɗaya suna cikin wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan yanayin muhalli. Bayan kammala aikin, za a samar da tafkunan ruwa guda biyu. Bayan gyare-gyaren yanayin muhalli da gina yanayin ƙasa, ana iya haɗa su cikin wurare masu kyan gani ko wuraren shakatawa don cimma daidaituwar ci gaban tashar wutar lantarki da muhalli. Aiwatar da ra'ayi na "ruwa mai koren da koren duwatsu shine duwatsun zinariya da duwatsun azurfa". Misali, tashar ajiyar wutar lantarki ta Zhejiang Changlongshan ta kasance a cikin babban wurin da ake kallon filin wasan kwaikwayo na lardin Tianhuangping - Jiangnan Tianchi, kuma tashar wutar lantarki ta Qujiang ta kasance cikin yankin kariya na mataki na uku na yankin Lankeshan-Wuxijiang na lardin Lankeshan-Wuxijiang.
4. Injiniya zane
Ƙirar injiniya na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su ya haɗa da sikelin aikin, tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, ƙirar ƙungiyar gini, tsarin lantarki da na ƙarfe, da dai sauransu.
1. Ma'aunin aikin
Ma'auni na injiniya na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi ya haɗa da ƙarfin da aka shigar, adadin ci gaba da ci gaba da sa'o'i, babban yanayin yanayin ruwa na tafki da sauran sigogi.
Zaɓin ƙarfin da aka shigar da adadin ci gaba da ci gaba da cikakken sa'o'i na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi ya kamata a yi la'akari da buƙatu da yiwuwar. Buƙatar tana nufin buƙatar tsarin wutar lantarki, kuma yana iya komawa ga yanayin ginin tashar wutar lantarki da kanta. Hanyar gabaɗaya ta dogara ne akan nazarin yanayin aiki na tsarin wutar lantarki daban-daban don tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka ɗora da su da buƙatun tsarin wutar lantarki don adadin ci gaba da cikakken sa'o'i, don zana tsarin ƙarfin da aka shigar da hankali da adadin ci gaba da cikakken sa'o'i, kuma don zaɓar ƙarfin da aka shigar da adadin ci gaba da cikakken sa'o'i ta hanyar simintin samar da wutar lantarki da cikakkiyar kwatancen fasaha da tattalin arziki.
A aikace, hanya mai sauƙi don fara tsara ƙarfin da aka shigar da cikakken sa'o'i masu amfani shine da farko ƙayyade ƙarfin naúrar bisa ga kewayon shugaban ruwa, sa'an nan kuma ƙayyade jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar da cikakken sa'o'i masu amfani bisa ga makamashin ajiya na halitta na ajiyar ajiya. A halin yanzu, a cikin kewayon 300m ~ 500m ruwa matakin drop, da zane da kuma masana'antu fasahar na naúrar da rated iya aiki na 300000 kilowatts ne balagagge, da barga aiki yanayi ne mai kyau, da aikin injiniya yi gwaninta ne mafi arziki (wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa da shigar iya aiki na mafi yawan pumped-storage ikon tashoshin a karkashin gini ne kullum wani ko da adadin na 3000 kilowatts da ake bukata a cikin lissafin kilowatts. layout, kuma a ƙarshe mafi rinjaye shine kilowatts miliyan 1.2). Bayan da aka fara zaɓar ƙarfin naúrar, ana bincikar ajiyar makamashi na halitta na tashar wutar lantarki mai famfo bisa ga yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa na sama da ƙananan tafki, da asarar kai na samar da wutar lantarki da yanayin famfo. Alal misali, ta hanyar bincike na farko, idan matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin ruwa tsakanin babba da ƙananan tafki na tashar wutar lantarki mai famfo ya kai kimanin 450m, yana da kyau a zaɓi 300000 kilowatts na ƙarfin naúrar; Ƙarfin ajiya na halitta na sama da ƙananan tafki yana da kimanin kilowatt miliyan 6.6, don haka za'a iya la'akari da raka'a hudu, wato, jimlar da aka shigar shine kilowatts miliyan 1.2; Haɗe tare da buƙatar tsarin wutar lantarki, bayan wasu fadadawa da hakowa na tafki bisa ga yanayin yanayi, jimlar ajiyar makamashi za ta kai kilowatt miliyan 7.2, daidai da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki na 6 hours.
Halin matakin ruwa na tafki ya haɗa da matakin ruwa na yau da kullun, mataccen ruwa da matakin ambaliya. Gabaɗaya, ana zaɓar matakin yanayin ruwa na waɗannan tafkunan bayan an zaɓi adadin ci gaba da ci gaba da sa'o'i da ƙarfin shigar.
2. Tsarin hydraulic
A gabanmu akwai kogin da yake birgima, a bayanmu kuma akwai fitilu masu haske. Haka rayuwarmu take, fada da gudu.
——Waƙar Masu Gina Ruwa
Tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa don ma'ajiyar famfo gabaɗaya sun haɗa da tafki na sama, ƙaramin tafki, tsarin isar da ruwa, gidan wutar lantarki na ƙasa da tashar canji. Mahimmin mahimmin ƙira na ɗakunan ruwa na sama da na ƙasa shine don samun babban ƙarfin ajiya ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin farashin injiniya. Yawancin tafkunan sama suna amfani da haɗin hakowa da damming, kuma yawancinsu suna fuskantar madatsun ruwa. Dangane da yanayin yanayin ƙasa, ana iya magance zubar da ruwan tafki na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar rigakafin ɓarnawar tafki da labule da ke kewaye da tafki. Kayayyakin rigakafin tsutsawa na iya zama farantin kankare kwalta, geomembrane, bargon yumbu, da sauransu.
Tsarin tsari na tashar wutar lantarki mai famfo
A lokacin da dukkanin rigakafin tsutsotsin tafki dole ne a yi amfani da su don tafki na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su, fom ɗin rigakafin dam da fom ɗin rigakafin zubar da ruwa ya kamata a yi la'akari da su gaba ɗaya, don gujewa ko rage haɗin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsarin rigakafi daban-daban gwargwadon iko da kuma inganta amincin. Za a yi amfani da dukan kwandon ruwa mai cike da ruwa mai yawa don rigakafin tsutsawa a ƙasan tafki. Tsarin rigakafin tsutsawa a ƙasan tafki ya kamata ya dace da babban nakasu ko nakasar da ba ta dace ba sakamakon babban cikawa.
Shugaban ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi yana da girma, kuma matsa lamba ta hanyar tsarin tashar ruwa yana da girma. A cewar shugaban ruwa, ana iya amfani da yanayin yanayin ƙasa na dutsen da ke kewaye, girman bututun bifurcated, da sauransu.
Bugu da kari, domin tabbatar da kare lafiyar tashar wutar lantarki, tashar wutar lantarkin da aka yi amfani da ita kuma tana bukatar tsara tsarin zubar da ruwa da sauransu, wadanda ba za a yi cikakken bayani a nan ba.
3. Tsarin ƙungiyar gini
Babban ayyuka na ƙungiyar gine-ginen ƙirar tashar wutar lantarki ta famfo sun haɗa da: nazarin yanayin ginin aikin, jujjuyawar gini, tsara kayan aiki, babban aikin ginin, sufurin gine-gine, wuraren gine-ginen gine-gine, tsarin gine-gine na gine-gine, tsarin gine-gine na gaba (lokacin gini), da dai sauransu.
A cikin aikin ƙira, ya kamata mu yi cikakken amfani da yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa na tashar tashar, haɗa yanayin gini da tsarin ƙirar injiniya, kuma a cikin ƙa'idar amfani da ƙasa mai ƙarfi da tattalin arziƙi, da farko zana tsarin ginin injiniya, ma'aunin aikin ƙasa da tsarin shimfidar gini na gabaɗaya, don rage yawan aikin gonakin ƙasa da rage farashin aikin.
A matsayinta na babbar kasa ta gine-gine, tsarin kula da gine-gine na kasar Sin ya shahara a duniya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ma'ajiyar famfo ta kasar Sin ta yi bincike da yawa masu fa'ida a cikin gine-ginen kore, R&D da aikace-aikacen manyan kayan aiki, da ginanniyar fasaha. Wasu fasahohin gine-gine sun kai ko haɓaka matakin duniya. An yafi nuna a cikin ƙara balagagge dam yi fasahar, da sabon ci gaba na high-matsi bifurcated bututu yi fasahar, da babban adadin nasara ayyuka na karkashin kasa powerhouse kogon kungiyar tono da kuma goyon bayan fasahar a karkashin hadaddun ilimin kasa yanayi, da ci gaba da ƙirƙira na karkata shaft yi fasaha da kuma kayan aiki, da gagarumin nasarori na mechanized da fasaha gini na TBM, da kuma a cikin nasara yi na ginin rami TBM.
4. Electromechanical da karfe tsarin
Tsaye-tsaye-mataki-ɗaki-ɗaki-ruwa-ruwa mai juyar da ma'ajiya ana amfani da su gabaɗaya a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su. Dangane da ci gaban injin injin famfo, kasar Sin tana da karfin kere-kere da kera injin injin famfo tare da sashin kai mai girman mita 700 da kilowatt 40000 a kowace karfin naúrar, haka nan da zane, da masana'anta, da sanyawa, ba da izini da kuma samar da dakunan ajiya da yawa tare da sashin kai 100-700m da 400000 kowace kilowatts ko ƙasa da haka. Ta fuskar kula da ruwa na tashar samar da wutar lantarki, shugabannin ruwa na Jilin Dunhua, Guangdong Yangjiang da Zhejiang Changlongshan da aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da wutar lantarkin da ake ginawa, duk sun haura mita 650, wadanda ke kan gaba a duniya; Shugaban da aka amince da shi na tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Zhejiang Tiantai ya kai mita 724, wanda shi ne mafi girman shugaban tashar wutar lantarkin da aka yi amfani da shi a duniya. Gabaɗaya ƙira da wahalar masana'anta na rukunin yana kan matakin jagora na duniya. A cikin ci gaban injinan janareta, manyan injinan janareta na tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina kuma ana kan gina su a kasar Sin suna tsaye ne, masu hawa uku, masu sanyaya iska, injina masu jujjuyawa. Akwai raka'a biyu na Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station tare da rated gudun 600r/min da rated iya aiki na 350000 kW. Wasu raka'a na Guangdong Yangjiang Pumped Tashar Wutar Lantarki an sanya su aiki tare da rating gudun 500r/min da rated iya aiki na 400000 kW. Gabaɗaya ƙarfin kera injin janareta ya kai matakin ci gaba a duniya. Bugu da kari, tsarin lantarki da na karfe kuma sun hada da injinan ruwa, injiniyoyin lantarki, sarrafawa da kariya, tsarin karfe da sauran bangarorin, wadanda ba za a sake su a nan ba.
Kayan aikin kera na'urorin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kasar Sin suna haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin jagorancin babban ruwa, babban ƙarfin aiki, babban abin dogaro, kewayon fa'ida, saurin canzawa, da haɓakawa.
5. Alamomin tattalin arziki
Yanayin gine-gine da tasirin waje na aikin ajiya mai famfo, bayan tantance tsarin ƙirar aikin, a ƙarshe za a nuna su a cikin ma'ana, wato saka hannun jari a kowane kilowatt na aikin. Ƙananan zuba jari a kowane kilowatt, mafi kyawun tattalin arzikin aikin.
Bambance-bambancen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun yanayin ginin tashoshin wutar lantarki na famfo a bayyane yake. Saka hannun jari a kowane kilowatt yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da yanayin gini da ƙarfin shigar da aikin. A shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta amince da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda 11, tare da matsakaicin jarin da ya kai yuan 5367 a kowace kilowatt; Ayyuka 14 sun kammala binciken kafin a yi yuwuwar, kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin saka hannun jari a kowane kilowatt shine yuan 5425.
Bisa kididdigar farko, yawan jarin da ake zubawa a kowace kilowatt na manyan ayyukan ajiya da ke karkashin aikin farko a shekarar 2022 yana tsakanin 5000 zuwa 7000 yuan/kilowatt. Saboda yanayi daban-daban na yanki na yanki, matsakaicin matakin saka hannun jari a kowane kilowatt na makamashin ajiya da aka yi amfani da shi a yankuna daban-daban ya bambanta sosai. Gabaɗaya, yanayin ginin tashoshin wutar lantarki a kudanci, gabashi da tsakiyar kasar Sin yana da kyau, kuma jarin da ake zubawa a kowace kilowatt ba ya da yawa. Saboda rashin kyawun yanayin aikin injiniya da rashin kyawun yanayin tushen ruwa, matakin farashin rukunin a yankin arewa maso yamma ya yi yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na kasar Sin.
Don yanke shawara na saka hannun jari, muna buƙatar mayar da hankali kan saka hannun jari a kowane kilowatt na aikin, amma ba za mu iya magana kawai game da gwarzo na saka hannun jari a kowace kilowatt ba, in ba haka ba yana iya haifar da yunƙurin masana'antu don fadada sikelin a makance. An fi nunawa a cikin abubuwan da ke biyo baya:
Na farko, ƙara ƙarfin shigar da aka fara gabatarwa a matakin tsarawa. Kamata ya yi mu yi la'akari da yare game da wannan yanayin. Ɗauki wani aiki tare da shirin da aka tsara na 1.2 kilowatts a farkon matakin tsarawa a matsayin misali, kuma tsarin naúrar shine raka'a 300000 kilowatts hudu. Idan kewayon shugaban ruwa ya dace, kuma tare da ci gaban fasaha, ana samun yanayin zaɓin 350000kW na injin guda ɗaya, to bayan cikakkiyar kwatancen fasaha da tattalin arziki, ana iya ba da shawarar 1.4 miliyan kW a matsayin tsarin wakilci a cikin mataki na farko. Duk da haka, idan na asali shirin 4 raka'a na 300000 KW yanzu an yi la'akari da ƙara 2 raka'a zuwa 6 raka'a 300000 KW, wato, shigar da damar tashar wutar lantarki da aka karu daga 1.2 miliyan KW zuwa 1.8 miliyan KW, sa'an nan shi ne gaba ɗaya yi imani da cewa wannan canji ya canza da aiki fuskantarwa tsarin aiki, da ikon da tsarin da ake bukata domin kara da tsare-tsaren na aikin, da tsarin da ake bukata don aiwatar da wasu dalilai. gaba ɗaya. Gabaɗaya, haɓakar adadin raka'a yakamata ya faɗi cikin iyakokin daidaitawa.
Na biyu shine rage cikakken sa'o'in amfani. Idan aka kwatanta makamashin da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa bankin caji. Sa'an nan za a iya amfani da ƙarfin da aka shigar a matsayin ƙarfin fitarwa, kuma cikakken lokacin amfani shine tsawon lokacin da za a iya amfani da bankin wutar lantarki. Don tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su, lokacin da aka adana makamashi iri ɗaya ne, ana iya kwatanta cikakken sa'o'in amfani da ƙarfin da aka shigar. A halin yanzu, bisa ga buƙatun tsarin wutar lantarki, ana la'akari da cikakken tanadin famfo na yau da kullun a matsayin 6h. Idan yanayin ginin tashar wutar lantarki yana da kyau, yana da kyau a haɓaka cikakken sa'o'in amfani da naúrar a farashi mai sauƙi. Tare da saka hannun jari iri ɗaya a kowace kilowatt, tashar wutar lantarki tare da cikakkun sa'o'in amfani da yawa na iya taka rawa sosai a cikin tsarin. Duk da haka, an yi tunanin cewa za a ƙara yawan ƙarfin da aka shigar (miliyan 1.2 kW → 1.8 kW miliyan) kuma za a rage yawan lokutan amfani da cikakken ƙarfin (6h → 4h). Ta wannan hanyar, ko da yake ana iya rage yawan saka hannun jari a kowace kilowatt, don tsarin, ɗan gajeren lokacin amfani ba zai iya biyan bukatun tsarin ba, kuma rawar da yake takawa a cikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki zai ragu sosai.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-08-2023
