Menene ma'aunin aiki na injin turbin ruwa?
Ma'aunin aiki na injin turbin ruwa sun haɗa da kai, yawan kwararar ruwa, gudu, fitarwa, da inganci.
Kan ruwa na injin turbin yana nufin bambanci a cikin nauyin naúrar kuzarin kwararar ruwa tsakanin sashin shiga da sashin fitarwa na injin turbin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin H kuma aka auna a cikin mita.
Yawan kwararar ruwa na injin turbin ruwa yana nufin yawan kwararar ruwa da ke ratsawa ta cikin sashin giciye na injin turbin a kowane lokaci.
Saurin injin turbin yana nufin adadin sau da babban shaft na injin turbin ke juyawa a minti ɗaya.
Fitowar injin turbin ruwa tana nufin fitar da wutar lantarki a ƙarshen shaft na injin turbin ruwa.
Ingancin injin turbine yana nufin rabon fitowar injin turbine zuwa fitowar ruwan da ke kwarara.
Waɗanne nau'ikan injinan ruwa ne?
Ana iya raba injinan ruwa zuwa rukuni biyu: nau'in harin ramuwa da nau'in bugun zuciya. Injin harin ramuwa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan shida: injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (HL), injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (ZD), injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (ZZ), injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (XL), injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (GD), da injinan yaƙi mai gauraya (GZ).
Akwai nau'ikan turbines guda uku na impulse: turbines na nau'in bokiti (nau'in yankewa) (CJ), turbines na nau'in inclined (XJ), da turbines na nau'in famfo biyu (SJ).
3. Menene injin turbin responsive da kuma injin turbin pulse?
Ana kiran injin turbine na ruwa wanda ke canza kuzarin da ake iya samu, makamashin matsin lamba, da kuma kuzarin motsi na kwararar ruwa zuwa makamashin injiniya mai ƙarfi.
Ana kiran turbine na ruwa wanda ke canza kuzarin motsi na ruwa zuwa makamashin injiniya mai ƙarfi.
Menene halaye da kuma iyakokin amfani da injinan turbines masu gauraya?
Injin turbine mai gauraya, wanda kuma aka sani da injin turbine na Francis, yana kwararar ruwa yana shiga cikin injin turbine ta hanyar radial kuma yana gudana gaba ɗaya ta hanyar axial. Injin turbine mai gauraya yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikacen kan ruwa iri-iri, tsari mai sauƙi, aiki mai inganci, da ingantaccen aiki. Yana ɗaya daga cikin injin turbine na ruwa da aka fi amfani da shi a zamanin yau. Nisa tsakanin injin turbine da ruwa shine mita 50-700.
Menene halaye da kuma iyakokin amfani da injin turbin ruwa mai juyawa?
Turbine mai kwararar iska, kwararar ruwa a yankin impeller yana gudana a axial, kuma kwararar ruwa tana canzawa daga radial zuwa axial tsakanin ramukan jagora da impeller.
Tsarin propeller mai tsayayye abu ne mai sauƙi, amma ingancinsa zai ragu sosai idan ya kauce daga yanayin ƙira. Ya dace da tashoshin wutar lantarki masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da ƙananan canje-canje a kan ruwa, gabaɗaya daga mita 3 zuwa 50. Tsarin propeller mai juyawa yana da rikitarwa. Yana samun daidaitawa sau biyu na vents da ruwan wukake ta hanyar daidaita juyawar ruwan wukake da vents na jagora, faɗaɗa kewayon fitarwa na yankin inganci mai kyau da kuma samun kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na aiki. A halin yanzu, kewayon kan ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi yana daga 'yan mita zuwa 50-70m.
Menene halaye da kuma iyakokin amfani da injinan ruwa na bokiti?
Injin turbine na ruwa irin na bokiti, wanda aka fi sani da injin turbine na Petion, yana aiki ta hanyar shafa ruwan bokitin injin turbine a gefen da'irar injin turbine tare da jet daga bututun. Ana amfani da injin turbine na ruwa irin na bokiti don manyan kan ruwa, tare da ƙananan bokiti da ake amfani da su don kan ruwa na mita 40-250 da kuma manyan bokiti da ake amfani da su don kan ruwa na mita 400-4500.
7. Menene halaye da iyakokin amfani da injin turbin da aka zana?
Injin turbin ruwa mai karkata yana samar da wani jet daga bututun da ke samar da kusurwa (yawanci digiri 22.5) tare da matakin impeller a wurin shiga. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in injin turbin ruwa a ƙananan da matsakaitan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, tare da madaidaicin kewayon kai a ƙasa da mita 400.
Menene tsarin asali na injin turbin ruwa irin na bokiti?
Injin turbine na ruwa na bokiti yana da waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da overcurrent, waɗanda manyan ayyukansu sune kamar haka:
(l) Bututun bututun yana samuwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa daga bututun matsi na sama da ke ratsa bututun bututun, yana samar da jet wanda ke shafar impeller. Ƙarfin matsin lamba na kwararar ruwa a cikin bututun bututun yana canzawa zuwa kuzarin motsi na jet.
(2) Allurar tana canza diamita na jirgin da aka fesa daga bututun ta hanyar motsa allurar, ta haka ne kuma take canza saurin kwararar ruwa na injin turbin.
(3) Tayar tana da faifan diski da bokiti da dama da aka ɗora a kanta. Jet ɗin yana gudu zuwa ga bokitin kuma yana tura kuzarin motsi zuwa gare su, ta haka yana tura tayar don juyawa da yin aiki.
(4) Mai juyawa yana tsakanin bututun ƙarfe da kuma mai juyawa. Lokacin da injin turbine ya rage nauyin ba zato ba tsammani, mai juyawa zai juya jirgin zuwa cikin sauri zuwa ga bokiti. A wannan lokacin, allurar za ta rufe a hankali zuwa wurin da ya dace da sabon nauyin. Bayan bututun ƙarfe ya daidaita a sabon matsayin, mai juyawa zai koma wurin da ya dace da jet ɗin kuma ya shirya don aiki na gaba.
(5) Akwatin yana ba da damar fitar da ruwan da aka kammala daga ƙasa cikin sauƙi, kuma matsin lambar da ke cikin akwatin daidai yake da matsin lamba na yanayi. Ana kuma amfani da akwatin don tallafawa bearings na injin turbin ruwa.
9. Ta yaya ake karantawa da fahimtar alamar injin turbin ruwa?
A cewar JBB84-74 "Dokokin sanya wa samfuran injin turbine" a China, sanya wa injin turbine ya ƙunshi sassa uku, waɗanda aka raba da "-" tsakanin kowane ɓangare. Alamar da ke cikin ɓangaren farko ita ce harafin farko na Pinyin na kasar Sin don nau'in injin turbine na ruwa, kuma lambobin Larabci suna wakiltar takamaiman saurin injin turbine na ruwa. Kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi haruffan Pinyin na kasar Sin guda biyu, na farko yana wakiltar tsarin babban shaft na injin turbine na ruwa, na biyu kuma yana wakiltar halayen ɗakin shiga. Kashi na uku shine diamita na sifili na ƙafafun.
Ta yaya aka ƙayyade diamita na sunayen nau'ikan injinan ruwa daban-daban?
Diamita na musamman na injin turbin mai gauraye shine matsakaicin diamita a gefen shigar ruwan wukake, wanda shine diamita a mahadar zoben ƙasa na bututun da kuma gefen shigar ruwan wukake.
Diamita na musamman na turbines masu kwararar axial da karkace shine diamita a cikin ɗakin impeller a mahadar axis na impeller da ɗakin impeller.
Diamita mara iyaka na injin turbin ruwa irin na bokiti shine diamita na da'irar rami wanda mai gudu ke tangent zuwa babban layin a cikin jet.
Mene ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cavitation a cikin injinan ruwa?
Abubuwan da ke haifar da cavitation a cikin injinan turbines na ruwa suna da rikitarwa. Gabaɗaya ana tsammanin cewa rarraba matsin lamba a cikin injinan turbines ba daidai ba ne. Misali, idan an sanya mai gudu sama da matakin ruwa na ƙasa, kwararar ruwa mai sauri da ke ratsa yankin da ke da ƙarancin matsin lamba yana iya kaiwa ga matsin lamba na turbines kuma ya samar da kumfa. Lokacin da ruwa ya kwarara zuwa yankin da ke da babban matsin lamba, saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba, kumfa yana taruwa, kuma ƙwayoyin kwararar ruwa suna karo da sauri zuwa tsakiyar kumfa don cike gibin da aka samar ta hanyar daskararren ruwa, ta haka yana haifar da babban tasirin hydraulic da tasirin lantarki, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ruwan wukake, wanda ke haifar da ramuka da ƙura kamar ƙuraje, har ma a shiga su samar da ramuka.
Wadanne manyan matakai ne ake dauka don hana cavitation a cikin injinan ruwa?
Sakamakon cavitation a cikin injinan ruwa shine samar da hayaniya, girgiza, da raguwar inganci sosai, wanda ke haifar da zaizayar ruwan wukake, samuwar ramukan rami da kuma kamar zuma, har ma da samuwar ramuka ta hanyar shiga, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ga na'urar da rashin iya aiki. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don guje wa cavitation yayin aiki. A halin yanzu, manyan matakan hana da rage lalacewar cavitation sun haɗa da:
(l) Tsarin injin turbine mai kyau don rage yawan cavitation na injin turbine.
(2) Inganta ingancin masana'antu, tabbatar da ingantaccen siffar geometric da matsayin ruwan wukake, da kuma kula da saman da ke da santsi da gogewa.
(3) Amfani da kayan hana cavitation don rage lalacewar cavitation, kamar ƙafafun ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe.
(4) Ka tantance tsayin da injin turbin ruwa ya yi daidai.
(5) Inganta yanayin aiki don hana injin turbin aiki a ƙarancin kai da ƙarancin kaya na dogon lokaci. Yawanci ba a yarda injin turbin ruwa su yi aiki a ƙarancin fitarwa ba (kamar ƙasa da kashi 50% na fitarwa da aka ƙididdige). Ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na na'urori da yawa, ya kamata a guji aiki na dogon lokaci na ƙaramin kaya da yawan aiki na na'ura ɗaya.
(6) Ya kamata a kula da inganci da kuma kulawa kan gyaran walda domin guje wa mummunan ci gaban lalacewar cavitation.
(7) Ta amfani da na'urar samar da iska, ana shigar da iska cikin bututun ruwan baya don kawar da iska mai yawa da ka iya haifar da cavitation.
Ta yaya ake rarraba manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki, matsakaici, da ƙananan?
A bisa ga ƙa'idodin sashe na yanzu, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin shigarwa ƙasa da 50000 kW ana ɗaukarsu ƙanana ne; Kayan aiki masu matsakaicin girma waɗanda ke da ƙarfin shigarwa daga 50000 zuwa 250000 kW; Ana ɗaukar ƙarfin shigarwa sama da 250000 kW a matsayin babba.
Menene babban ƙa'idar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa?
Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric power) ita ce amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (tare da kan ruwa) don tuƙa injinan hydraulic (turbine) don juyawa, suna canza makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji. Idan wani nau'in injina (generator) an haɗa shi da injin don samar da wutar lantarki yayin da yake juyawa, to makamashin inji za a mayar da shi makamashin lantarki. Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a wata ma'ana, ita ce hanyar mayar da makamashin ruwa mai yuwuwa zuwa makamashin inji sannan kuma zuwa makamashin lantarki.
Wadanne hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun hydraulic da kuma nau'ikan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na asali?
Ana zaɓar hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun hydraulic bisa ga raguwar da aka tattara, kuma gabaɗaya akwai hanyoyi guda uku na asali: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye.
(1) Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa irin ta madatsar ruwa tana nufin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka gina a cikin hanyar kogi, tare da ɗigon ruwa mai yawa da kuma wani ƙarfin tafki, kuma tana kusa da madatsar ruwa.
(2) Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana nufin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda ke amfani da digon ruwa na kogin gaba ɗaya don karkatar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, ba tare da tafki ko ƙarfin sarrafawa ba, kuma tana kan wani kogi mai nisa da ke ƙasa.
(3) Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai hade tana nufin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda ke amfani da digo na ruwa, wanda aka gina shi ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa kuma aka yi amfani da digo na halitta na tashar kogi, tare da wani takamaiman ƙarfin ajiya. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki tana kan hanyar ruwa ta ƙasa.
Menene kwararar ruwa, jimlar kwararar ruwa, da matsakaicin kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara?
Yawan kwarara yana nufin yawan ruwan da ke ratsawa ta cikin kogin (ko tsarin hydraulic) a kowane lokaci na raka'a, wanda aka bayyana a cikin mita mai siffar cubic a kowace daƙiƙa;
Jimillar ruwan da ke kwarara yana nufin jimlar ruwan da ke kwarara ta cikin ɓangaren kogi a cikin shekarar ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 104m3 ko 108m3;
Matsakaicin ƙimar kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara yana nufin matsakaicin ƙimar kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara Q3/S na ɓangaren kogi da aka ƙididdige bisa ga jerin ruwan da ke akwai.
Menene manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙaramin aikin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa?
Ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: tsarin riƙe ruwa (madatsun ruwa), tsarin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa (wuraren malalewa ko ƙofofi), tsarin karkatar da ruwa (tashoshin karkatar da ruwa ko ramuka, gami da sandunan da ke daidaita matsin lamba), da kuma gine-ginen tashar wutar lantarki (gami da hanyoyin ruwan wutsiya da tashoshin ƙarfafawa).
18. Menene tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai kwarara? Menene halayenta?
Ana kiran tashar wutar lantarki ba tare da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai tsari da tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai gudana ba. Wannan nau'in tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana zaɓar ƙarfin da aka sanya shi bisa ga matsakaicin yawan kwararar ruwa na kowace shekara na tashar kogin da kuma yuwuwar samun kan ruwa da zai iya samu. Samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin rani yana raguwa sosai, ƙasa da kashi 50%, kuma wani lokacin ma ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ba, wanda kwararar ruwa ta asali ta kogin ke takaita shi, yayin da akwai ruwa mai yawa da aka yi watsi da shi a lokacin damina.
19. Menene fitarwa? Yadda ake kimanta fitarwa da kuma lissafin samar da wutar lantarki ta tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa?
A cikin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (masana'anta), wutar lantarki da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ke samarwa ana kiranta fitarwa, kuma fitowar wani sashe na kwararar ruwa a cikin kogi yana wakiltar albarkatun makamashin ruwa na wannan sashe. Fitar kwararar ruwa tana nufin adadin kuzarin ruwa a kowane lokaci na raka'a. A cikin lissafin N=9.81 η QH, Q shine ƙimar kwararar ruwa (m3/S); H shine kan ruwa (m); N shine fitowar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (W); η shine ma'aunin inganci na janareta mai samar da wutar lantarki. Tsarin kimanin fitarwa na ƙananan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa shine N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara shine E=NT, inda N shine matsakaicin fitarwa; T shine sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara.
Menene sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigarwa?
Yana nufin matsakaicin lokacin aiki na cikakken nauyin na'urar janareta ta ruwa a cikin shekara guda. Yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana don auna fa'idodin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa su sami sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara sama da awanni 3000.
21. Menene daidaitawar yau da kullun, daidaitawar mako-mako, daidaitawar shekara-shekara, da daidaitawar shekaru da yawa?
(1) Tsarin yau da kullun: yana nufin sake rarraba kwararar ruwa cikin dare da rana, tare da lokacin ƙa'ida na awanni 24.
(2) Daidaitawa ta mako-mako: Lokacin daidaitawa shine mako ɗaya (kwana 7).
(3) Dokar shekara-shekara: Ana kiran sake rarraba ruwan da ke kwarara cikin shekara guda, inda kawai wani ɓangare na ruwan da ya wuce kima za a iya adana shi a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, da ƙa'idar shekara-shekara da ba ta cika ba (ko ƙa'idar yanayi); Ikon sake rarraba ruwan da ke shigowa cikin shekara gaba ɗaya bisa ga buƙatun amfani da ruwa ba tare da buƙatar barin ruwa ba ana kiransa ƙa'idar shekara-shekara.
(4) Tsarin shekaru da yawa: Idan girman ma'ajiyar ta isa ta adana ruwan da ya wuce kima tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin ma'ajiyar, sannan a ware shi zuwa shekaru da yawa na bushewa don tsarin shekara-shekara, ana kiransa tsarin shekaru da yawa.
22. Menene digon kogi?
Bambancin tsayi tsakanin sassan biyu na ɓangaren kogin da ake amfani da shi ana kiransa da digo; Bambancin tsayi tsakanin saman ruwa a wurin da kuma bakin kogin ana kiransa jimillar digo.
23. Menene ruwan sama, tsawon lokacin ruwan sama, ƙarfin ruwan sama, yankin ruwan sama, cibiyar ruwan sama?
Ruwan sama shine jimillar adadin ruwan da ke faɗuwa a wani wuri ko yanki a cikin wani lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin milimita.
Tsawon lokacin ruwan sama yana nufin tsawon lokacin ruwan sama.
Ƙarfin ruwan sama yana nufin adadin ruwan sama a kowane lokaci na raka'a, wanda aka bayyana a cikin mm/h.
Yankin ruwan sama yana nufin yankin kwance wanda ruwan sama ya rufe, wanda aka bayyana a cikin km2.
Cibiyar ruwan sama tana nufin ƙaramin yanki inda ruwan sama ya taru.
24. Menene kimanta jarin injiniya? Kimanta jarin injiniya da kasafin kuɗin injiniya?
Kasafin kuɗi na injiniya takarda ce ta fasaha da tattalin arziki wadda ke tattara duk kuɗin gini da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin tsarin kuɗi. Kasafin kuɗi na farko muhimmin ɓangare ne na takardun ƙira na farko kuma babban tushe ne na tantance hankali kan tattalin arziki. Kasafin kuɗi da aka amince da shi gabaɗaya muhimmin alama ne da gwamnati ta amince da shi don saka hannun jari na asali na gini, kuma shine tushen shirya tsare-tsaren gini na asali da ƙirar tayin. Kimanta saka hannun jari na injiniya shine adadin saka hannun jari da aka yi a lokacin karatun yuwuwar. Kasafin kuɗi na injiniya shine adadin saka hannun jari da aka yi a lokacin aikin gini.
Mene ne manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa?
(1) Zuba jarin kilowatt na raka'a yana nufin jarin da ake buƙata a kowace kilowatt na ƙarfin da aka shigar.
(2) Zuba jarin makamashi na raka'a yana nufin jarin da ake buƙata a kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki.
(3) Kudin wutar lantarki shine kudin da ake biya a kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki.
(4) Sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigarwa ma'auni ne na matakin amfani da kayan aikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
(5) Farashin da ake sayarwa na wutar lantarki shine farashin kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki da aka sayar zuwa ga grid.
Yadda ake lissafin manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa?
Ana ƙididdige manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa bisa ga wannan dabarar:
(1) Zuba jari na kilowatt na raka'a = jimlar jarin da aka zuba a gina tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa/jimillar ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka sanya
(2) Zuba jari a fannin makamashi na raka'a = jimillar jarin da aka zuba a gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa/matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa
(3) Sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigarwa = matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara/jimillar ƙarfin shigarwa
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-28-2024
