Menene sigogin aiki na injin turbin ruwa?
Siffofin aiki na asali na injin turbin ruwa sun haɗa da kai, ƙimar kwarara, gudu, fitarwa, da inganci.
Shugaban ruwa na injin turbine yana nufin bambanci a cikin nauyin nauyin ruwa mai gudana tsakanin sashin shigarwa da sashin fitarwa na injin turbine, wanda aka bayyana a cikin H kuma an auna shi cikin mita.
Matsakaicin kwararar injin turbine na ruwa yana nufin ƙarar kwararar ruwan da ke wucewa ta ɓangaren giciye na injin injin ɗin kowane lokaci naúrar.
Gudun injin turbine yana nufin adadin lokutan babban ramin injin ɗin yana juyawa a cikin minti daya.
Fitar da injin turbine na ruwa yana nufin fitowar wutar lantarki a ƙarshen shaft na turbin ruwa.
Ingantaccen injin turbine yana nufin rabon fitarwar turbine zuwa fitarwar ruwa.
Menene nau'ikan injin turbin ruwa?
Ana iya raba turbines na ruwa zuwa kashi biyu: nau'in counterattack da nau'in motsa jiki. Turbine counterattack ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda shida: injin turbine mai gauraya (HL), turbine mai ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ruwa (ZD), turbine mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ruwa (ZZ), turbine mai ƙayyadaddun ruwa (XL), ta hanyar turbine mai ƙayyadaddun ruwa (GD), kuma ta hanyar turbine kafaffen ruwa (GZ).
Akwai nau'i uku na turbins: nau'in guga (nau'in abun), turbunes nau'in turbines sau biyu (SJ).
3. Menene turbine counterattack da turbine turu?
Turbine na ruwa wanda ke jujjuya yuwuwar makamashi, kuzarin matsa lamba, da kuzarin motsa jiki na ruwa zuwa ingantaccen makamashin injina ana kiransa turbine na ruwa na counterattack.
Turbine na ruwa wanda ke juyar da makamashin motsi na ruwa zuwa ingantaccen makamashin injina ana kiransa injin turbine.
Menene halaye da iyakokin aikace-aikacen injin turbin da ke gudana?
Wani turbine mai haɗe-haɗe, wanda kuma aka sani da injin turbine Francis, yana da kwararar ruwa yana shiga cikin radially kuma yana fita gabaɗaya axially. Haɗaɗɗen turbines masu gudana suna da nau'ikan aikace-aikacen kan ruwa, tsari mai sauƙi, aiki mai dogaro, da ingantaccen inganci. Yana daya daga cikin injin turbin ruwa da aka fi amfani dashi a wannan zamani. Matsakaicin kewayon shugaban ruwa shine 50-700m.
Menene halaye da iyakokin aikace-aikacen injin turbin ruwa mai juyawa?
Axial flow turbine, da ruwa kwarara a cikin impeller yankin gudana axially, da kuma ruwa kwarara canza daga radial zuwa axial tsakanin jagora vanes da impeller.
Ƙaƙwalwar ƙayyadadden tsari yana da sauƙi, amma ingancinsa zai ragu sosai lokacin da ya ɓace daga yanayin ƙira. Ya dace da masana'antar wutar lantarki tare da ƙananan ƙarfi da ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ruwa, gabaɗaya daga mita 3 zuwa 50. Tsarin rotary propeller yana da ɗan rikitarwa. Yana samun daidaitawa guda biyu na vanes na jagora da ruwan wukake ta hanyar daidaita jujjuyawar ruwan wukake da jagororin jagora, faɗaɗa kewayon fitarwa na yanki mai inganci da samun kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na aiki. A halin yanzu, kewayon da ake amfani da kai na ruwa ya bambanta daga ƴan mita zuwa 50-70m.
Menene halaye da iyakokin aikace-aikacen injin turbin ruwa guga?
Turbine mai nau'in guga, wanda kuma aka sani da turbine na Petion, yana aiki ta hanyar yin tasiri ga guga na injin turbin tare da tangential na kewaya turbine tare da jet daga bututun ƙarfe. Ana amfani da injin turbin ruwa mai nau'in guga don manyan kanan ruwa, tare da ƙananan nau'ikan guga da ake amfani da su don shugabannin ruwa na 40-250m da manyan nau'ikan bokitin da ake amfani da kawunan ruwa na 400-4500m.
7. Menene halaye da iyakokin aikace-aikacen injin turbin da aka karkata?
Turbine mai karkatar da ruwa yana samar da jet daga bututun ƙarfe wanda ke samar da kusurwa (yawanci digiri 22.5) tare da jirgin na impeller a mashigai. Ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in turbine na ruwa a kanana da matsakaitan tashoshi masu ƙarfin ruwa, tare da iyakar kai mai dacewa ƙasa da 400m.
Menene ainihin tsarin injin turbin ruwa irin guga?
Nau'in injin turbine na guga yana da abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri, waɗanda manyan ayyukansu sune kamar haka:
(l) Bututun bututun yana samuwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa daga bututun matsa lamba na sama da ke wucewa ta cikin bututun ƙarfe, samar da jet wanda ke yin tasiri ga mai kunnawa. Ƙarfin matsi na kwararar ruwa a cikin bututun ƙarfe yana jujjuya zuwa makamashin motsa jiki na jet.
(2) Allurar tana canza diamita na jet ɗin da aka fesa daga bututun ƙarfe ta hanyar motsa allurar, don haka kuma yana canza ƙimar shigar da injin turbin ruwa.
(3) Dabarun na kunshe da faifai da butoci da yawa da aka kafa akansa. Jet ɗin ya garzaya zuwa ga bokiti kuma yana tura musu kuzarin motsa jiki, ta haka ya tuƙi dabaran don juyawa da yin aiki.
(4) The deflector is located tsakanin bututun ƙarfe da impeller. Lokacin da injin turbine ya rage nauyin ba zato ba tsammani, mai jujjuyawar ya juya jet ɗin da sauri zuwa guga. A wannan lokaci, allurar za ta kusa kusa da wani wuri da ya dace da sabon kaya. Bayan bututun ƙarfe ya daidaita a cikin sabon matsayi, mai jujjuyawar ya dawo zuwa ainihin matsayin jet kuma ya shirya don mataki na gaba.
(5) Rumbun yana ba da damar kwararar ruwan da aka kammala su zama sumul a ƙasa, kuma matsa lamba a cikin rumbun yana daidai da matsa lamba na yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da rumbun don tallafawa masu ɗaukar injin injin ruwa.
9. Yadda ake karantawa da fahimtar alamar injin turbin ruwa?
Bisa ga JBB84-74 "Dokokin nadi na injin turbin" a kasar Sin, na'urar injin din ya ƙunshi sassa uku, an raba shi da "-" tsakanin kowane bangare. Alamar a kashi na farko ita ce harafin farko na Pinyin na kasar Sin don nau'in injin turbin ruwa, kuma lambobin Larabci suna wakiltar takamaiman saurin injin injin ruwa. Kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi haruffan Pinyin na Sinanci guda biyu, na farko yana wakiltar tsarin babban ramin injin injin ruwa, na ƙarshe kuma yana wakiltar halayen ɗakin sha. Kashi na uku shine madaidaicin diamita na dabaran a santimita.
Ta yaya aka fayyace madaidaicin diamita na nau'ikan injin turbin ruwa daban-daban?
Matsakaicin adadin diamita na injin turbine mai gudana shine matsakaicin matsakaicin diamita a gefen mashigai na ruwan wulakanci, wanda shine diamita a mahadar ƙananan zobe na impeller da gefen mashigan ruwan wukake.
The maras muhimmanci diamita na axial da karkata kwarara turbines ne diamita a cikin impeller jam'iyya a intersection na impeller ruwa axis da impeller jam'iyya.
Matsakaicin diamita na nau'in injin turbine na guga shine diamita da'irar farar wanda mai gudu ke tangal zuwa babban layin da ke cikin jet.
Menene manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cavitation a cikin injin turbin ruwa?
Abubuwan da ke haifar da cavitation a cikin injin turbin ruwa suna da rikitarwa. An yi imani da cewa rarraba matsa lamba a cikin mai gudu turbine bai dace ba. Alal misali, idan an shigar da mai gudu da tsayi sosai dangane da matakin ruwa na ƙasa, ruwan ruwa mai sauri da ke wucewa ta wurin ƙananan matsa lamba yana da wuyar isa ga matsa lamba na vaporization da kuma samar da kumfa. Lokacin da ruwa ke gudana zuwa yankin da ake da matsa lamba, saboda karuwar matsi, kumfa suna takure, sannan tarkacen ruwan yakan yi karo da sauri zuwa tsakiyar kumfa don cike gibin da ake samu ta hanyar damfara, wanda hakan ya haifar da tasirin hydraulic mai girma da tasirin electrochemical, yana haifar da zubar da ruwan wukake, wanda ya haifar da rami, zuma da ramuka kamar tukwane.
Menene manyan matakan hana cavitation a cikin injin turbin ruwa?
Sakamakon cavitation a cikin injin turbin ruwa shine haɓakar hayaniya, rawar jiki, da raguwar aiki mai ƙarfi, wanda ke haifar da yashwar ruwa, samuwar rami da saƙar zuma kamar pores, har ma da samuwar ramuka ta hanyar shiga, yana haifar da lalacewa ga naúrar da rashin iya aiki. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don kauce wa cavitation yayin aiki. A halin yanzu, manyan matakan hanawa da rage lalacewar cavitation sun haɗa da:
(l) Yi tsara mai gudu na turbine yadda ya kamata don rage ma'aunin cavitation na injin turbine.
(2) Inganta ingancin masana'anta, tabbatar da daidaitaccen siffar geometric da matsayin dangi na ruwan wukake, da kula da filaye masu santsi da goge.
(3) Yin amfani da kayan hana cavitation don rage lalacewar cavitation, kamar ƙafafun ƙarfe na bakin karfe.
(4) Daidaita ƙayyadaddun haɓaka haɓakar injin injin ruwa.
(5) Inganta yanayin aiki don hana injin turbin yin aiki a ƙananan kai da ƙananan kaya na dogon lokaci. Yawancin lokaci ba a ba da izinin injin turbin ruwa suyi aiki a ƙananan fitarwa (kamar ƙasa da 50% na ƙimar fitarwa). Don tashoshin wutar lantarki da yawa, ya kamata a guje wa ƙarancin nauyi na dogon lokaci da aiki mai nauyi na raka'a ɗaya.
(6) Ya kamata a biya kulawar lokaci da hankali ga ingancin walƙiya na gyaran gyare-gyare don guje wa mummunan ci gaban lalacewar cavitation.
(7) Yin amfani da na'urar samar da iska, ana shigar da iska a cikin bututun ruwan wutsiya don kawar da wuce gona da iri wanda zai iya haifar da cavitation.
Yaya aka rarraba manyan, matsakaita, da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Dangane da ka'idodin sashen na yanzu, waɗanda ke da ikon shigar da ƙasa da 50000 kW ana ɗaukar ƙananan; Matsakaicin kayan aiki tare da ƙarfin shigar 50000 zuwa 250000 kW; An shigar da ƙarfin da ya fi 250000 kW babba.
Menene ainihin ka'idar samar da wutar lantarki?
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine amfani da wutar lantarki (tare da kan ruwa) don fitar da injin hydraulic (turbine) don juyawa, mai da makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji. Idan aka haɗa wani nau'in injuna (janeneta) zuwa injin turbine don samar da wutar lantarki yayin da yake juyawa, sai injin injin ya canza zuwa makamashin lantarki. Ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki, a taƙaice, shine tsarin juya yuwuwar makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin injina sannan zuwa makamashin lantarki.
Menene hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun ruwa da ainihin nau'ikan tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Ana zaɓar hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa bisa ga juzu'in da aka tattara, kuma gabaɗaya akwai hanyoyin asali guda uku: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye.
(1) Tashar wutar lantarki ta nau'in madatsar ruwa tana nufin tashar wutar lantarki da aka gina a cikin tashar kogi, tare da digo mai tauri da wani ma'aunin tafki, kuma tana kusa da dam.
(2) Tashar wutar lantarki mai karkatar da ruwa tana nufin tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke amfani da ɗigon ruwan kogin gabaɗaya don karkatar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, ba tare da tafki ko ikon sarrafa wutar lantarki ba, kuma tana kan wani kogi mai nisa.
(3) Tashar wutar lantarki mai haɗaɗɗiyar tana nufin tashar wutar lantarki da ke amfani da digon ruwa, wani yanki da aka kafa ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa kuma wani ɓangare na amfani da ɗigon ruwa na tashar kogi, tare da takamaiman ƙarfin ajiya. Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan tashar kogin da ke ƙasa.
Menene kwarara, jimillar magudanar ruwa, da matsakaicin kwararar shekara?
Matsakaicin kwarara yana nufin ƙarar ruwan da ke wucewa ta ɓangaren giciye na kogin (ko tsarin na'ura mai aiki da ruwa) a kowane lokaci naúrar, wanda aka bayyana a cikin mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya;
Jimillar kwararar ruwan tana nufin jimillar yawan ruwan da ke gudana a cikin sashin kogi a cikin shekara ta ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 104m3 ko 108m3;
Matsakaicin adadin kwarara na shekara-shekara yana nufin matsakaicin ƙimar kwararar shekara-shekara Q3/S na sashin kogin da aka ƙididdige bisa jerin abubuwan ruwa da ake da su.
Wadanne abubuwa ne babban aikin karamin tashar tashar ruwa?
Ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: gine-gine masu riƙe ruwa (dams), tsarin zubar da ruwa (magudanar ruwa ko ƙofofi), tsarin karkatar da ruwa (tashoshin karkata ko ramuka, gami da daidaita matsi), da gine-ginen masana'antar wutar lantarki (ciki har da tashoshi na tailwater da tashoshin ƙarfafawa).
18. Menene tashar samar da wutar lantarki? Menene halayensa?
Tashar wutar da ba ta da tafki mai daidaitawa ana kiranta tashar wutar lantarki mai gudu. Irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana zaɓar ƙarfin da aka girka bisa ga matsakaicin yawan magudanar ruwa na shekara-shekara na tashar kogin da kuma yuwuwar shugaban ruwan da zai iya samu. Rashin wutar lantarki a lokacin rani yana raguwa sosai, ƙasa da kashi 50%, wani lokacin ma ba za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki ba, wanda yakan hana ruwa gudu a lokacin damina.
19. Menene fitarwa? Yadda za a ƙididdige abin da ake fitarwa da ƙididdige yawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki?
A cikin tashar samar da wutar lantarki (plant), wutar lantarki da na’urar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar da ita ake kira Output, kuma fitowar wani bangare na ruwa a cikin kogi yana wakiltar albarkatun makamashin ruwa na wannan sashe. Fitowar ruwa yana nufin adadin kuzarin ruwa a kowane lokaci guda. A cikin ma'auni N = 9.81 η QH, Q shine yawan gudu (m3 / S); H shine shugaban ruwa (m); N shine fitowar tashar wutar lantarki (W); η shine ingantaccen ƙididdiga na janareta na lantarki. Matsakaicin tsarin samar da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki shine N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara shine E=NT, inda N shine matsakaicin fitarwa; T shine lokutan amfani na shekara.
Menene sa'o'in amfani na shekara na iya aiki?
Yana nufin matsakaicin cikakken lokacin aiki na rukunin janareta na ruwa a cikin shekara guda. Yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana don auna fa'idar tattalin arziƙin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ana buƙatar ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki su sami sa'o'in amfani da su na shekara fiye da sa'o'i 3000.
21. Menene daidaitawar yau da kullun, daidaitawar mako-mako, daidaitawar shekara-shekara, da daidaitawar shekaru masu yawa?
(1) Ka'ida ta yau da kullun: tana nufin sake rarraba kwararar ruwa a cikin yini da dare, tare da lokacin ka'ida na sa'o'i 24.
(2) Daidaita mako-mako: Lokacin daidaitawa shine mako guda (kwana 7).
(3) Tsarin shekara-shekara: Sake rarraba kwararar ruwa a cikin shekara guda, inda kawai za a iya adana wani yanki na ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri a lokacin ambaliya, ana kiransa ƙa'idodin shekara-shekara (ko ka'idojin yanayi); Ikon sake rarraba ruwa mai shigowa cikin shekara bisa ga buƙatun amfani da ruwa ba tare da buƙatar watsi da ruwa ana kiransa ƙa'idar shekara-shekara.
(4) Tsarin shekaru masu yawa: Lokacin da adadin tafki ya yi girma isa don adana ruwa mai yawa a cikin shekaru masu yawa a cikin tafki, sannan a ware shi zuwa ga bushewar shekaru masu yawa don ƙa'idar shekara-shekara, ana kiran shi tsarin shekaru masu yawa.
22. Menene digon kogi?
Bambancin tsayin da ke tsakanin sassan giciye biyu na sashin kogin da ake amfani da shi ana kiransa digo; Bambancin tsayi tsakanin saman ruwa a tushe da bakin kogin ana kiransa jimlar digo.
23. Menene hazo, tsawon lokacin hazo, tsananin hazo, yankin hazo, cibiyar ruwan sama?
Hazo shine jimillar adadin ruwan da ya faɗo kan wani wuri ko yanki a wani ɗan lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin millimeters.
Tsawon hazo yana nufin tsawon lokacin hazo.
Girman hazo yana nufin adadin hazo kowane lokaci naúrar, wanda aka bayyana a mm/h.
Yankin hazo yana nufin wurin kwance da hazo ya rufe, wanda aka bayyana a cikin km2.
Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama tana nufin wani karamin yanki inda guguwar ruwan sama ta ta'allaka.
24. Menene kiyasin zuba jari na injiniya? Ƙimar zuba jari na injiniya da kasafin kudin injiniya?
Kasafin kudin injiniya takarda ce ta fasaha da tattalin arziki wacce ke tattara duk wasu kuɗaɗen ginin da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin tsarin kuɗi. Kasafin kuɗi na ƙira na farko shine muhimmin sashi na takaddun ƙira na farko da kuma babban tushe don tantance ma'anar tattalin arziki. Kasafin kudin da aka amince da shi wata muhimmiyar alama ce da jihar ta amince da ita don saka hannun jari na gine-gine, kuma shi ne kuma ginshikin shirya muhimman tsare-tsare na gine-gine da kuma zane-zane. Ƙididdigan saka hannun jarin injiniya shine adadin saka hannun jari da aka yi yayin matakin nazarin yiwuwa. Kasafin kudin injiniya shine adadin jarin da aka yi a lokacin ginin.
Menene manyan alamomin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki?
(1) Saka hannun jari na kilowatt na raka'a yana nufin saka hannun jarin da ake buƙata kowace kilowatt na ƙarfin shigar.
(2) Saka hannun jari na naúrar makamashi yana nufin saka hannun jarin da ake buƙata a kowace sa'a kilowatt na wutar lantarki.
(3) Kudin wutar lantarki shine kuɗin da ake biya a kowace awa na wutar lantarki.
(4) Sa'o'in yin amfani da shekara-shekara na ƙarfin da aka shigar shine ma'auni na matakin amfani da kayan aikin tashar wutar lantarki.
(5) Farashin siyar da wutar lantarki shine farashin kowace sa'a kilowatt na wutar lantarki da aka siyar da shi zuwa grid.
Yadda za a lissafta manyan alamomin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Ana ƙididdige manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki bisa ga tsari mai zuwa:
(1) Raka'a kilowatt zuba jari = jimlar zuba jari a ginin tashar wutar lantarki / jimlar shigar da tashar wutar lantarki
(2) Saka hannun jari na raka'a = jimlar zuba jari a ginin tashar wutar lantarki/matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na tashar wutar lantarki
(3) Sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigar=matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara/ jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-28-2024
