1, Albarkatun makamashin ruwa
Tarihin ci gaban ɗan adam da amfani da albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. A cewar fassarar Dokar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (wanda Kwamitin Aiki na Dokoki na Kwamitin Zamani na Majalisar Dokokin Jama'ar Ƙasa ya gyara), ma'anar makamashin ruwa ita ce: zafin iska da rana yana haifar da ƙafewar ruwa, tururin ruwa yana samar da ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara, faɗuwar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara yana samar da koguna da rafuka, kuma kwararar ruwa tana samar da makamashi, wanda ake kira makamashin ruwa.
Babban abin da ke cikin ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na zamani da amfani da su shine haɓaka da amfani da albarkatun ruwa, don haka mutane galibi suna amfani da albarkatun ruwa, albarkatun wutar lantarki na hydraulic, da albarkatun wutar lantarki na hydroelectric a matsayin ma'anar kalmomi. Duk da haka, a zahiri, albarkatun wutar lantarki na hydroelectric sun haɗa da nau'ikan abubuwan da ke ciki kamar albarkatun makamashin zafi na hydrothermal, albarkatun makamashin hydroelectric, albarkatun makamashin hydroelectric, da albarkatun makamashin teku.
(1) Albarkatun ruwa da makamashin zafi
Albarkatun ruwa da makamashin zafi an fi sanin su da maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi na halitta. A zamanin da, mutane sun fara amfani da albarkatun ruwa da zafi na maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi na halitta kai tsaye don gina baho, wanka, magance cututtuka, da motsa jiki. Mutanen zamani kuma suna amfani da albarkatun ruwa da makamashin zafi don samar da wutar lantarki da dumama. Misali, Iceland, tana da wutar lantarki ta lantarki ta awa biliyan 7.08 a shekara ta 2003, wanda aka samar da awa biliyan 1.41 na kilowatt ta amfani da makamashin geothermal (watau albarkatun makamashin zafi na ruwa). Kashi 86% na mazauna ƙasar sun yi amfani da makamashin geothermal (albarkatun makamashin zafi na ruwa) don dumama. An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Yangbajing mai ƙarfin kilowatt 25000 a Xizang, wadda kuma ke amfani da albarkatun makamashin geothermal (ruwa da makamashin zafi) don samar da wutar lantarki. A cewar hasashen masana, makamashin zafi mai ƙarancin zafi (amfani da ruwan karkashin kasa a matsayin matsakaici) wanda ƙasa za ta iya tattarawa a cikin kusan mita 100 a China kowace shekara zai iya kaiwa kilowatt biliyan 150. A halin yanzu, ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta geothermal da aka sanya a China shine kilowatts 35300.
(2) Albarkatun makamashin ruwa
Makamashin ruwa ya haɗa da kuzarin motsi da yuwuwar ruwa. A tsohuwar ƙasar Sin, albarkatun makamashin ruwa na koguna masu rikitarwa, magudanar ruwa, da magudanar ruwa an yi amfani da su sosai don gina injuna kamar ƙafafun ruwa, injinan ruwa, da injinan ruwa don ban ruwa, sarrafa hatsi, da kuma hushing shinkafa. A cikin shekarun 1830, an ƙirƙiro tashoshin ruwa kuma an yi amfani da su a Turai don samar da wutar lantarki ga manyan masana'antu kamar injinan fulawa, injinan auduga, da hakar ma'adinai. Injinan ruwa na zamani waɗanda ke tuƙa famfunan ruwa na centrifugal kai tsaye don samar da ƙarfin centrifugal don ɗaga ruwa da ban ruwa, da kuma tashoshin famfunan ruwa waɗanda ke amfani da kwararar ruwa don samar da matsin lamba na haƙar ruwa da kuma samar da matsin lamba mai yawa don ɗaga ruwa da ban ruwa, duk haɓakawa ne kai tsaye da amfani da albarkatun makamashin ruwa.
(3) Albarkatun makamashin ruwa
A shekarun 1880, lokacin da aka gano wutar lantarki, an ƙera injunan lantarki bisa ga ka'idar lantarki, kuma an gina tasoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric don canza makamashin hydraulic na tashoshin wutar lantarki na hydroelectric zuwa makamashin lantarki da kuma isar da shi ga masu amfani, wanda hakan ya haifar da ci gaba mai ƙarfi da amfani da albarkatun makamashin hydroelectric.
Albarkatun wutar lantarki da muke magana a kai a yanzu galibi ana kiransu albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa. Baya ga albarkatun ruwan kogi, teku kuma tana ɗauke da makamashin ruwa mai yawa, raƙuman ruwa, gishiri da zafin jiki. An kiyasta cewa albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa na teku na duniya sun kai kilowatts biliyan 76, wanda ya ninka adadin ka'idar ajiyar wutar lantarki na ruwa na kogi da ke ƙasa sau 15. Daga cikinsu, makamashin ruwa yana da kilowatts biliyan 3, makamashin raƙuman ruwa yana da kilowatts biliyan 3, makamashin bambancin zafin jiki yana da kilowatts biliyan 40, kuma makamashin bambancin gishiri yana da kilowatts biliyan 30. A halin yanzu, fasahar ci gaba da amfani da makamashin ruwa ne kawai ta kai wani mataki na aiki wanda za a iya haɓaka shi a babban mataki wajen amfani da albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa ta ruwa ta hanyar ɗan adam. Ci gaba da amfani da wasu hanyoyin makamashi har yanzu suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike don cimma sakamako mai kyau a fannin fasaha da tattalin arziki da kuma cimma ci gaba da amfani da shi. Ci gaba da amfani da makamashin teku da muke magana a kai galibi shine ci gaba da amfani da makamashin ruwa. Jan hankalin Wata da Rana zuwa saman teku na Duniya yana haifar da sauye-sauye a matakin ruwa lokaci-lokaci, wanda aka sani da raƙuman ruwa. Sauyin ruwan teku yana samar da makamashin ruwa. A ka'ida, makamashin ruwa makamashi ne na injiniya wanda canjin matakan ruwa ke samarwa.
Masana'antun sarrafa magudanar ruwa sun bayyana a ƙarni na 11, kuma a farkon ƙarni na 20, Jamus da Faransa sun fara gina ƙananan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na magudanar ruwa.
An kiyasta cewa makamashin da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana tsakanin kilowatts biliyan 1 zuwa biliyan 1.1, tare da samar da wutar lantarki na kimanin kilowatts biliyan 1240 a kowace shekara. Albarkatun makamashin da ake amfani da su a ruwa na kasar Sin suna da karfin wutar lantarki na kilowatts miliyan 21.58 da kuma samar da wutar lantarki na kilowatt biliyan 30 a kowace shekara.
Babban tashar wutar lantarki ta teku a duniya a halin yanzu ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta Rennes da ke Faransa, wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki kilowatts 240,000. An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a China, wato tashar wutar lantarki ta Jizhou Tidal da ke Guangdong, a shekarar 1958, tare da karfin wutar lantarki kilowatts 40. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Tidal ta Zhejiang Jiangxia, wacce aka gina a shekarar 1985, tana da karfin wutar lantarki kilowatts 3200, kuma tana matsayi na uku a duniya.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tekunan China, ajiyar makamashin raƙuman ruwa ya kai kimanin kilowatts miliyan 12.85, makamashin ruwa ya kai kimanin kilowatts miliyan 13.94, makamashin bambancin gishiri ya kai kimanin kilowatts miliyan 125, kuma makamashin bambancin zafin jiki ya kai kimanin kilowatts biliyan 1.321. A taƙaice, jimillar makamashin teku a China ya kai kimanin kilowatts biliyan 1.5, wanda ya ninka adadin makamashin da aka adana a ka'idar kilowatts miliyan 694 na wutar lantarki a kogin ƙasa, kuma yana da fa'ida mai faɗi don ci gaba da amfani. A zamanin yau, ƙasashe a faɗin duniya suna saka hannun jari sosai wajen bincike kan hanyoyin fasaha don haɓakawa da amfani da albarkatun makamashi masu yawa da ke ɓoye a cikin teku.
2, Albarkatun makamashin ruwa
Albarkatun makamashin ruwa gabaɗaya suna nufin amfani da makamashin da ke gudana a cikin ruwan kogi zuwa aikin fitarwa da kuma juya janareton ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki. Kwal, mai, iskar gas, da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya suna buƙatar amfani da albarkatun mai da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, yayin da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba ta cinye albarkatun ruwa ba, amma tana amfani da makamashin kwararar kogi.
(1) Albarkatun Makamashin Ruwa na Duniya
Jimillar albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa a koguna a duk duniya shine kilowatts biliyan 5.05, tare da samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa sa'o'in kilowatt tiriliyan 44.28 a kowace shekara; Albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa da za a iya amfani da su a fasaha sune kilowatts biliyan 2.26, kuma samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara zai iya kaiwa sa'o'in kilowatt tiriliyan 9.8.
A shekarar 1878, Faransa ta gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a duniya wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na kilowatts 25. Zuwa yanzu, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a duk duniya ya wuce kilowatts miliyan 760, tare da samar da wutar lantarki na kilowatts tiriliyan 3 a kowace shekara.
(2) Albarkatun wutar lantarki na kasar Sin
Kasar Sin tana daya daga cikin kasashen da ke da albarkatun makamashin ruwa mafiya arziki a duniya. A cewar sabon binciken albarkatun ruwa, ajiyar makamashin ruwa na ka'idar kilowatts miliyan 694 a kasar Sin, kuma samar da makamashin ruwa na ka'idar kilowatts tiriliyan 6.08 a kowace shekara, wanda ke matsayi na farko a duniya a fannin ajiyar makamashin ruwa; Karfin amfani da albarkatun ruwa na kasar Sin a fannin fasaha shine kilowatts miliyan 542, tare da samar da wutar lantarki na kilowatts tiriliyan 2.47 a kowace shekara, kuma karfin amfani da shi a fannin tattalin arziki shine kilowatts miliyan 402, tare da samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na kilowatts tiriliyan 1.75, dukkansu suna matsayi na farko a duniya.
A watan Yulin shekarar 1905, an gina tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta kasar Sin, wato tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Guishan da ke lardin Taiwan, da karfin wutar lantarki na kVA 500. A shekarar 1912, an kammala tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a babban yankin kasar Sin, wato tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Shilongba da ke Kunming, lardin Yunnan, don samar da wutar lantarki, tare da karfin wutar lantarki na kilowatts 480. A shekarar 1949, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a kasar ya kai kilowatts 163000; zuwa karshen shekarar 1999, ta bunkasa zuwa kilowatts miliyan 72.97, ta biyu bayan Amurka kuma ta zo ta biyu a duniya; Zuwa shekarar 2005, jimillar karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a kasar Sin ya kai kilowatts miliyan 115, wanda ya zo na farko a duniya, wanda ya kai kashi 14.4% na karfin wutar lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi da kuma kashi 20% na jimillar karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa.
(3) Halayen Makamashin Wutar Lantarki na Ruwa
Ana sake sabunta makamashin lantarki ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ruwa na yanayi akai-akai, kuma mutane na iya ci gaba da amfani da shi. Mutane kan yi amfani da kalmar 'ba ta ƙarewa' don bayyana sabunta makamashin lantarki na ruwa.
Makamashin wutar lantarki na ruwa ba ya cinye mai ko fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin samarwa da aiki. Kudin gudanarwa da aiki, farashin samar da wutar lantarki, da tasirin muhalli sun yi ƙasa da na samar da wutar lantarki ta zafi, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tushen makamashi mai rahusa.
Makamashin wutar lantarki na ruwa yana da kyakkyawan aiki na daidaita wutar lantarki, fara aiki cikin sauri, kuma yana taka rawa sosai wajen sarrafa wutar lantarki. Yana da sauri da inganci, yana rage asarar wutar lantarki a lokutan gaggawa da haɗari, kuma yana tabbatar da tsaron wutar lantarki.
Makamashin wutar lantarki na ruwa da makamashin ma'adinai suna cikin makamashin farko da aka dogara da albarkatu, wanda ake mayar da shi makamashin lantarki kuma ake kira makamashin sakandare. Ci gaban makamashin ruwa tushen makamashi ne wanda ke kammala ci gaban makamashi na farko da kuma samar da makamashi na biyu a lokaci guda, tare da ayyuka biyu na gina makamashi na farko da kuma gina makamashi na biyu; Ba a buƙatar tsarin haƙo ma'adinai guda ɗaya, sufuri, da ajiya, wanda ke rage farashin mai sosai.
Gina ma'ajiyar ruwa don haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa zai canza yanayin muhalli na yankunan karkara. A gefe guda, yana buƙatar nutsewa cikin wasu filaye, wanda ke haifar da ƙaura daga baƙi; A gefe guda kuma, yana iya dawo da yanayin ƙasa na yankin, ƙirƙirar sabuwar muhallin muhalli na ruwa, haɓaka rayuwar halittu, da kuma sauƙaƙe sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, ban ruwa, yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka jigilar kaya. Saboda haka, a cikin tsara ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ya kamata a yi la'akari gaba ɗaya don rage mummunan tasirin da zai yi wa muhallin muhalli, kuma haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana da fa'idodi fiye da rashin amfani.
Saboda fa'idodin makamashin ruwa, ƙasashe a faɗin duniya yanzu suna ɗaukar manufofi waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga ci gaban makamashin ruwa. A shekarun 1990, makamashin ruwa ya kai kashi 93.2% na jimillar ƙarfin da aka shigar a Brazil, yayin da ƙasashe kamar Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand, da Kanada ke da rabon wutar lantarki na sama da kashi 50%.
A shekarar 1990, kason samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa zuwa wutar lantarki mai amfani a wasu ƙasashe a duniya ya kai kashi 74% a Faransa, kashi 72% a Switzerland, kashi 66% a Japan, kashi 61% a Paraguay, kashi 55% a Amurka, kashi 54% a Masar, kashi 50% a Kanada, kashi 17.3% a Brazil, kashi 11% a Indiya, da kuma kashi 6.6% a China a wannan lokacin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-24-2024
