Ta yaya ake raba manyan, matsakaici, da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki? Bisa ga ƙa'idodin da ake da su a yanzu, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin da aka shigar ƙasa da 25000 kW ana rarraba su a matsayin ƙanana; Matsakaicin girma tare da ƙarfin da aka shigar daga 25000 zuwa 250000 kW; Babban sikelin tare da ƙarfin da aka shigar fiye da 250000 kW.
Menene babban ƙa'idar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa?
Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric power) ita ce amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (tare da kan ruwa) don motsa juyawar injinan hydraulic (turbine na ruwa), suna mayar da makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji. Idan wani nau'in injina (janerata) an haɗa shi da injinan ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki yayin da yake juyawa, to makamashin inji ana mayar da shi makamashin lantarki. Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a wata ma'ana, tsari ne na canza makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji sannan zuwa makamashin lantarki.
Wadanne hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun hydraulic da kuma nau'ikan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na asali?
Ana zaɓar hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun ruwa bisa ga yawan ɗigon ruwa, kuma akwai hanyoyi guda uku na asali: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye. Amma waɗannan hanyoyin haɓakawa guda uku suma suna buƙatar dacewa da wasu yanayi na halitta na ɓangaren kogin. Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina bisa ga hanyoyin haɓakawa daban-daban suna da tsari daban-daban na cibiya da abubuwan gini, don haka an raba su zuwa nau'ikan asali guda uku: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye.
Wadanne ka'idoji ake amfani da su wajen rarraba ayyukan kiyaye ruwa da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa da gine-ginen noma, masana'antu, da gidaje masu dacewa?
Ya kamata a bi ƙa'idodin rarrabuwa da ƙira na ayyukan adana ruwa da cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki, SDJ12-78 ta bayar, kuma ya kamata a bi ka'idojin rarrabawa bisa girman aikin (jimillar adadin tafki, ƙarfin da aka shigar na tashar samar da wutar lantarki).
5. Menene kwararar ruwa, jimlar kwararar ruwa, da matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara?
Guduwar ruwa tana nufin yawan ruwan da ke ratsa kogi (ko tsarin hydraulic) a cikin wani yanki na lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin mita mai siffar cubic a kowace daƙiƙa; Jimlar kwararar ruwa tana nufin jimlar jimlar kwararar ruwa ta cikin ɓangaren kogin a cikin shekarar ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 104m3 ko 108m3; Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara yana nufin matsakaicin kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara na yankin kogin da aka ƙididdige bisa ga jerin ruwa da ke akwai.
6. Menene manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙananan ayyukan cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa?
Ya ƙunshi manyan sassa guda huɗu: tsarin riƙe ruwa (madatsun ruwa), tsarin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa (wutar malala ko ƙofofi), tsarin karkatar da ruwa (tashoshin karkatar da ruwa ko ramuka, gami da shafts na hawan ruwa), da gine-ginen tashar wutar lantarki (gami da hanyoyin ruwan wutsiya da tashoshin ƙarfafawa).
7. Menene tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai kwarara? Menene halayenta?
Ana kiran tashar wutar lantarki ba tare da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai tsari da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa irin ta ruwa. An zaɓi wannan nau'in tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa don ƙarfin da aka sanya bisa ga matsakaicin yawan kwararar ruwan kogin na shekara-shekara da kuma yiwuwar ma'aunin ruwa da aka samu. Ba za a iya aiki a cikakken ƙarfinsa a duk shekara ba tare da garantin kashi 80%, Gabaɗaya, yana isa ga aiki na yau da kullun na kimanin kwanaki 180; A lokacin rani, samar da wutar lantarki yana raguwa sosai zuwa ƙasa da kashi 50%, wani lokacin ma ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ba. Gudun ruwan kogin yana iyakance shi, kuma akwai ruwa mai yawa da aka yi watsi da shi a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa.
8. Menene fitarwa? Ta yaya za a kimanta fitarwar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma lissafin samar da wutar lantarki?
A cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ana kiran wutar lantarki da aka samar da saitin janareta na ruwa, yayin da fitowar wani yanki na kwararar ruwa a cikin kogi ke wakiltar albarkatun wutar lantarki na wannan sashe. Fitar kwararar ruwa ita ce makamashin ruwa a kowane lokaci.
N=9.81 QH
A cikin dabarar, Q shine ƙimar kwarara (m3/S); H shine kan ruwa (m); N shine fitowar tashar wutar lantarki (W); Matsakaicin ingancin janareta na wutar lantarki.
Tsarin da aka tsara don samar da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa shine
N=（6.0～8.0）QH
Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara shine
E=N· F
A cikin dabarar, N shine matsakaicin fitarwa; T shine sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara.
9. Menene tabbacin fitarwa? Menene manufarta?
Matsakaicin fitarwa da tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa za ta iya samarwa a tsawon lokaci, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙimar garantin ƙira, ana kiransa da garantin fitarwa na tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Tabbatar da fitarwa na tashoshin wutar lantarki ta ruwa muhimmin ma'auni ne, kuma muhimmin tushe ne na tantance ƙarfin da aka shigar na tashoshin wutar lantarki ta ruwa a matakin tsarawa da ƙira.
10. Nawa ne sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigarwa?
Matsakaicin lokacin aiki na cikakken nauyin janareta na wutar lantarki da aka saita a cikin shekara guda. Wannan muhimmin ma'auni ne don auna fa'idodin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa, kuma ana buƙatar sa'o'in amfani da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara su kai sama da awanni 3000.
11. Menene ƙa'idojin yau da kullun, ƙa'idojin mako-mako, ƙa'idojin shekara-shekara, da ƙa'idojin shekaru da yawa?
Dokar yau da kullum tana nufin sake rarraba kwararar ruwa cikin dare da rana, tare da zagayowar tsari na awanni 24. Dokar mako-mako: Tsarin tsari shine mako guda (kwana 7). Dokar shekara-shekara: Sake rarraba kwararar ruwa cikin shekara guda. Idan aka yi watsi da ruwa a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, za a iya tsara wani ɓangare na ruwan da ya wuce kima da aka adana a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira tsarin shekara-shekara mara cikawa (ko tsarin yanayi); Dokar kwararar ruwa wacce za ta iya sake rarraba ruwan da ke shigowa gaba ɗaya cikin shekara bisa ga buƙatun amfani da ruwa ba tare da buƙatar barin ruwa ba ana kiranta dokar shekara-shekara. Dokar shekaru da yawa: Idan yawan ruwan ya isa, ana iya adana ruwan da ya wuce kima a cikin magudanar ruwa na tsawon shekaru da yawa, sannan ana iya amfani da ruwan da ya wuce kima don rama gibin. Dokar shekara-shekara, wacce ake amfani da ita kawai a cikin shekaru da yawa na bushewa, ana kiranta dokar shekaru da yawa.
12. Menene faɗuwa da kuma tudun kogi?
Bambancin tsayi tsakanin saman ruwa na sassan biyu na ɓangaren kogin da aka yi amfani da shi ana kiransa da digo; Bambancin tsayi tsakanin saman ruwa na sassan biyu na tushen kogin da bakin teku ana kiransa jimillar digo. Tsawon digo a kowane yanki ana kiransa gangare.
13. Menene ruwan sama, tsawon lokacin ruwan sama, ƙarfin ruwan sama, yankin ruwan sama, cibiyar ruwan sama?
Ruwan sama shine jimillar adadin ruwan da ke faɗowa a wani wuri ko yanki a cikin wani lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin milimita. Tsawon lokacin ruwan sama yana nufin tsawon lokacin ruwan sama. Ƙarfin ruwan sama yana nufin adadin ruwan sama a kowane yanki, wanda aka bayyana a cikin milimita a kowace awa. Yankin ruwan sama yana nufin yankin kwance wanda ruwan sama ya rufe, wanda aka bayyana a cikin km2. Cibiyar ruwan sama tana nufin ƙaramin yanki na gida inda ruwan sama ya taru.
14. Menene ƙimar garantin ƙira ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa? Adadin garanti na shekara-shekara?
Adadin garantin ƙira na tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana nufin kashi na adadin lokutan aiki na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru da yawa na aiki idan aka kwatanta da jimillar lokutan aiki; Adadin garanti na shekara-shekara yana nufin kashi na shekarun aikin samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun a cikin jimillar shekarun aiki.
Menene manufar shirya littafin aikin zane?
Manufar shirya littafin aikin ƙira ga ƙananan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa shine a tantance aikin gini na asali da kuma zama tushen shirya takardun ƙira na farko. Yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gini na asali kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da hukumomi masu ƙwarewa za su iya aiwatar da ƙa'idojin tattalin arziki.
Menene babban abin da ke cikin littafin aikin ƙira?
Babban abin da ke cikin littafin aikin ƙira ya ƙunshi fannoni takwas:
Ya kamata ya haɗa da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin rahoton nazarin yiwuwar ruwa da kuma tsarin da za a bi. Ya yi daidai da tsarin farko, tare da bambance-bambancen kawai a cikin zurfin matsalar binciken.
Yin nazari da kuma bayyana yanayin injiniyan yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa na yankunan gini a cikin magudanar ruwa, ana iya gudanar da tarin taswira na 1/500000 (1/200000 ko 1/100000), tare da ƙaramin aikin binciken ƙasa. Fayyace yanayin ƙasa, zurfin ƙasa, zurfin rufin kogi, da manyan batutuwan ƙasa a cikin yankin tsarin ƙira da aka keɓe.
Tattara bayanan ruwa, bincika da lissafta, sannan ka zaɓi manyan sigogin ruwa.
Aikin aunawa. Tattara taswirar yanayin ƙasa 1/50000 da 1/10000 na yankin ginin; taswirar yanayin ƙasa 1/1000 zuwa 1/500 na yankin masana'anta a wurin ginin.
Yi lissafin daidaita ruwa da kwararar ruwa. Zaɓa da lissafin matakai da kawuna daban-daban na ruwa; Lissafin daidaiton wutar lantarki da makamashi na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci; Zaɓin farko na ƙarfin da aka shigar, samfurin naúrar, da wayoyi na babban lantarki.
Kwatanta kuma zaɓi nau'ikan tsarin hydraulic da shimfidu na hub, sannan a gudanar da lissafin hydraulic, structural da stability, da kuma lissafin adadin injiniya.
Binciken kimanta tattalin arziki, nuna buƙatar da kuma kimanta hankali kan tattalin arziki game da ginin injiniya.
Kimanta tasirin muhalli, kimanta jarin injiniya, da kuma tsarin aiwatar da aikin injiniya.
17. Menene kimanta jarin injiniya? Kimanta jarin injiniya da hasashen injiniya?
Kimantawar injiniya takarda ce ta fasaha da tattalin arziki wadda ke shirya duk kuɗaɗen gini da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin tsarin kuɗi. Kimantawar ƙirar farko muhimmin ɓangare ne na takardar ƙira ta farko kuma babban tushe ne na tantance hankali kan tattalin arziki. Jimillar kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi an amince da shi a matsayin muhimmiyar alama ta jarin gini na asali, kuma shine tushen shirya tsare-tsaren gini na asali da ƙirar tayin. Kimantawar jarin injiniya shine adadin jarin da aka samu a lokacin karatun yuwuwar. Kasafin kuɗin injiniya shine adadin jarin da aka samu a lokacin aikin gini.
Me yasa muke buƙatar shirya tsarin ƙungiyar gini?
Tsarin tsarin gine-gine yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙai na shirya kimantawar injiniya. Babban aiki ne a ƙididdige farashin raka'a bisa ga yanayi daban-daban kamar ƙayyadadden hanyar gini, nisan sufuri, da tsarin gini, da kuma tattara jadawalin kimantawar injiniyan raka'a.
19. Menene babban abin da ke cikin tsarin tsarin ginin?
Babban abin da ke cikin tsarin tsarin ginin shine tsarin ginin gabaɗaya, ci gaban gini, karkatar da ginin, tsarin katsewa, jigilar kaya daga waje, hanyoyin samun kayan gini, tsarin gini da hanyoyin gini, da sauransu.
Matakai nawa ne ake ɗauka don tsarawa a cikin ayyukan gina ruwa da wutar lantarki na asali na yanzu?
Bisa ga buƙatun Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, ya kamata a yi shirin samar da ruwa; Shawarar aiki; Nazarin Yiwuwa; Tsarin farko; Tsarin tayin; Matakai shida ciki har da ƙirar zane-zanen gini.
21. Menene manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa?
Zuba jarin kilowatt na raka'a shine jarin da ake buƙata a kowace kilowatt na ƙarfin shigarwa.
Zuba jarin wutar lantarki na raka'a yana nufin jarin da ake buƙata a kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki.
Kudin wutar lantarki shine kudin da ake biya a kowace kilowatt awa daya na wutar lantarki.
Sa'o'in amfani da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin da aka sanya su ne ma'aunin matakin amfani da kayan aikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Farashin wutar lantarki shine farashin kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki da aka sayar zuwa ga grid.
Yadda ake lissafin manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa?
Ana ƙididdige manyan alamun tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
Zuba jarin kilowatt na raka'a = jimlar jarin da aka zuba a gina tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa/jimillar ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka sanya
Zuba jari a wutar lantarki na raka'a = jimlar jarin da aka zuba a gina tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa/matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara
Sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigarwa = matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara/jimillar ƙarfin shigarwa
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-24-2024
