Yaya aka raba manyan, matsakaita, da ƙananan masana'antar wutar lantarki? Bisa ga ka'idodi na yanzu, waɗanda ke da ikon shigar da ƙasa da 25000 kW an rarraba su a matsayin ƙananan; Matsakaici mai girma tare da ƙarfin shigar 25000 zuwa 250000 kW; Babban sikelin tare da shigar da ƙarfin sama da 250000 kW.
Menene ainihin ka'idar samar da wutar lantarki?
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine amfani da wutar lantarki (tare da kan ruwa) don fitar da jujjuyawar injin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa (turbine), yana mai da makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin inji. Idan aka haɗa wani nau'in injuna (janeneta) da injin injin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki yayin da yake juyawa, to injin injin yana jujjuya wutar lantarki. Ƙirƙirar wutar lantarki, a taƙaice, shine tsarin juya yuwuwar makamashin ruwa zuwa makamashin injina sannan zuwa makamashin lantarki.
Menene hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun ruwa da ainihin nau'ikan tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Ana zaɓar hanyoyin haɓaka albarkatun na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma akwai kusan hanyoyin guda uku: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye. Amma waɗannan hanyoyin haɓaka guda uku kuma suna buƙatar amfani da wasu yanayi na yanayin kogin. Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina bisa hanyoyin ci gaba daban-daban suna da mabambantan tsarin cibiyoyi da tsarin gini, don haka su ma sun kasu kashi uku na asali: nau'in madatsar ruwa, nau'in karkatarwa, da nau'in gauraye.
Wadanne ma'auni ne ake amfani da su don rarraba ayyukan kiyaye ruwa da ayyukan tashar wutar lantarki da makamantansu na noma, masana'antu, da gine-gine?
Ya kamata a bi ka'idodin rarrabuwa da ƙira don kiyaye ruwa da ayyukan cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki da tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki, SDJ12-78 ta bayar, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da girman aikin (jimlar girman tafki, shigar da ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki).
5. Menene magudanar ruwa, jimillar magudanar ruwa, da matsakaicin kwararar shekara?
Gudun ruwa yana nufin ƙarar ruwan da ke wucewa ta kogi (ko tsarin na'ura mai aiki da ruwa) a cikin raka'a na lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin murabba'in mita a sakan daya; Jimillar kwararar ruwan tana nufin jimillar ruwan da ke gudana a cikin kogin cikin shekara ta ruwa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 104m3 ko 108m3; Matsakaicin kwarara na shekara-shekara yana nufin matsakaicin kwararar shekara-shekara na sashin giciye kogin da aka ƙididdige shi bisa jerin abubuwan ruwa da ake da su.
6. Wadanne muhimman abubuwa ne na kananan ayyukan cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki?
Ya ƙunshi manyan sassa huɗu: gine-gine masu riƙe ruwa (dams), tsarin zubar da ruwa (magudanar ruwa ko ƙofofi), tsarin karkatar da ruwa (tashoshin karkatar da ruwa ko ramukan ruwa, gami da raƙuman ruwa), da gine-ginen masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki (ciki har da tashoshi na tailwater da tashoshin ƙarfafawa).
7. Menene tashar samar da wutar lantarki? Menene halayensa?
Tashar wutar da ba ta da tafki mai daidaitawa ana kiran tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai gudu. An zaɓi irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki don shigar da ƙarfin aiki bisa ga matsakaicin yawan kwararar kogin na shekara-shekara da kuma yuwuwar kan ruwa da aka samu. Rashin iya aiki da cikakken iya aiki a cikin shekara tare da adadin garanti na 80%, Gabaɗaya, yana kaiwa ga aiki na yau da kullun na kusan kwanaki 180; A lokacin rani, samar da wutar lantarki yana raguwa sosai zuwa ƙasa da kashi 50%, wani lokaci ma ba ya iya samar da wutar lantarki. Ruwan kogin na da nasaba da shi, kuma akwai yawan ruwan da aka yi watsi da su a lokacin da ake ambaliya.
8. Menene fitarwa? Ta yaya za a iya kiyasin abin da tashar wutar lantarki ke fitarwa da kuma kididdige yawan wutar da za ta yi?
A cikin tashar samar da wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki da na’urar samar da wutar lantarki ta samar ana kiranta fitarwa, yayin da fitowar wani yanki na ruwa a cikin kogi yana wakiltar albarkatun ruwa na wannan sashe. Fitar da kwararar ruwa shine makamashin ruwa a kowane lokaci guda.
N=9.81QH
A cikin dabarar, Q shine ƙimar kwarara (m3/S); H shine shugaban ruwa (m); N shine fitowar tashar wutar lantarki (W); Matsakaicin ingancin injin janareta.
Matsakaicin tsarin samar da ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki shine
N= (6.0～8.0) QH
Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara shine
E=N F
A cikin dabara, N shine matsakaicin fitarwa; T shine lokutan amfani na shekara.
9. Menene tabbacin fitarwa? Menene manufarsa?
Matsakaicin adadin da tashar samar da wutar lantarki za ta iya samarwa a cikin dogon lokaci na aiki, daidai da adadin lamunin ƙira, ana kiransa tabbacin fitowar tashar wutar lantarki. Tabbataccen fitowar tashoshin wutar lantarki wata muhimmiyar alama ce, kuma muhimmin ginshiƙi ne don tantance ƙarfin da aka girka na tashoshin wutar lantarki a matakin tsarawa da ƙira.
10. Menene sa'o'in amfani da shekara-shekara na ƙarfin shigar?
Matsakaicin cikakken lokacin aiki na injin samar da wutar lantarki da aka saita a cikin shekara guda. Yana da muhimmiyar ma'ana don auna fa'idar tattalin arziƙin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ana buƙatar sa'o'in amfani da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki ya kai sama da sa'o'i 3000.
11. Menene ƙa'idodin yau da kullun, tsarin mako-mako, ƙa'idodin shekara-shekara, da ƙa'idodin shekaru masu yawa?
Ka'idar yau da kullun tana nufin sake rarraba kwararar ruwa a cikin yini da dare, tare da zagayowar tsari na sa'o'i 24. Tsarin mako-mako: Zagayowar tsarin shine mako guda (kwanaki 7). Tsarin shekara-shekara: Sake rarraba ruwan gudu a cikin shekara guda. Lokacin da aka watsar da ruwa a lokacin ambaliya, kawai za a iya daidaita wani ɓangare na yawan ruwan da aka adana a lokacin ambaliya, wanda ake kira ƙa'idodin shekara-shekara (ko tsarin yanayi); Ƙa'idar zubar da ruwa wanda zai iya sake rarraba ruwa mai shigowa cikin shekara bisa ga buƙatun amfani da ruwa ba tare da buƙatar watsi da ruwa ba ana kiransa tsarin shekara-shekara. Tsarin shekaru da yawa: Lokacin da adadin tafki ya yi girma, za'a iya adana ruwa mai yawa a cikin tafki na shekaru masu yawa, sa'an nan kuma za'a iya amfani da rarar ruwan don gyara gibin. Tsarin shekara-shekara, wanda kawai ake amfani da shi a cikin shekaru bushewa da yawa, ana kiransa ƙa'idodin shekaru masu yawa.
12. Menene digon kogi?
Bambancin tsayi tsakanin saman ruwa na sassan giciye biyu na sashin kogin da ake amfani da shi ana kiransa digo; Bambanci mai girma tsakanin saman ruwa na sassan biyu na tushen kogin da mashigin ruwa ana kiransa jimlar digo. Digowar kowane tsayin raka'a ana kiransa gangara.
13. Menene hazo, tsawon lokacin hazo, tsananin hazo, yankin hazo, cibiyar ruwan sama?
Hazo shine jimillar adadin ruwan da ya faɗo kan wani wuri ko yanki a wani ɗan lokaci, wanda aka bayyana a cikin millimeters. Tsawon lokacin hazo yana nufin tsawon lokacin hazo. Ƙarfin hazo yana nufin adadin hazo a kowane yanki na raka'a, wanda aka bayyana a cikin millimeters a kowace awa. Yankin hazo yana nufin wurin kwance da hazo ya rufe, wanda aka bayyana a cikin km2. Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama tana nufin wani karamin yanki inda guguwar ruwan sama ta ta'allaka.
14. Menene garantin ƙira don tashoshin wutar lantarki? Yawan garanti na shekara?
Adadin garantin ƙira na tashar wutar lantarki yana nufin adadin adadin lokutan aiki na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru masu yawa na aiki idan aka kwatanta da jimillar sa'o'in aiki; Adadin garanti na shekara-shekara yana nufin adadin shekarun aikin samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun akan adadin shekarun aiki.
Menene manufar shirya littafin aikin ƙira?
Manufar shirya littafin aikin ƙira don ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki shine don ƙayyade ainihin aikin ginin da kuma zama tushen shirya takaddun ƙira na farko. Yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin gine-gine kuma yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da hukumomin da suka dace don aiwatar da ka'idojin tattalin arziki.
Menene babban abun ciki na littafin aikin ƙira?
Babban abin da ke cikin littafin aikin ƙira ya haɗa da abubuwa takwas:
Ya kamata ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan da ke cikin shirin zubar ruwa da rahoton binciken yiwuwar aiki. Ya dace da ƙirar farko, tare da bambance-bambance kawai a cikin zurfin matsalar bincike.
Yin nazari da kwatanta yanayin aikin injiniya da yanayin yanayin ruwa na wuraren gine-gine a cikin magudanar ruwa, ana iya aiwatar da tarin taswirar 1/500000 (1/200000 ko 1/100000), tare da ɗan ƙaramin aikin binciken ƙasa. Fayyace yanayin yanayin ƙasa, zurfin wurin da ake da shi, zurfin murfin gadon kogi, da manyan lamuran ƙasa a yankin da aka keɓe.
Tattara bayanan ruwa, bincika da ƙididdigewa, kuma zaɓi manyan sigogin ruwa.
Aikin aunawa. Tattara 1/50000 da 1/10000 taswirorin yanki na ginin; 1/1000 zuwa 1/500 topographic taswirar yankin masana'anta a wurin ginin.
Yi lissafin tsarin ruwa da ruwa. Zaɓi da lissafin matakan ruwa daban-daban da kawunansu; Ƙididdigar ma'auni na gajeren lokaci da wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci; Zaɓin farko na ƙarfin shigar, ƙirar naúrar, da babban wayoyi na lantarki.
Kwatanta kuma zaɓi nau'ikan tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da shimfidu na cibiya, da gudanar da ƙididdige na'ura mai ƙarfi, tsari da kwanciyar hankali, gami da ƙididdige yawan aikin injiniya.
Binciken kimanta tattalin arziki, nunin larura da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi na ginin injiniya.
Ƙimar tasirin muhalli, ƙididdige zuba jari na injiniya, da shirin aiwatar da aikin injiniya na aikin.
17. Menene kiyasin zuba jari na injiniya? Ƙimar saka hannun jari da aikin injiniya?
Ƙididdiga aikin injiniya takarda ce ta fasaha da tattalin arziƙin da ke shirya duk kuɗin gini da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin tsarin kuɗi. Ƙimar ƙira ta farko ta gabaɗaya ita ce muhimmin sashi na takaddar ƙira ta farko da kuma babban tushe don tantance ma'anar tattalin arziki. Jimillar kasafin kuɗin da aka amince da shi jihar ta amince da shi a matsayin muhimmin mahimmin saka hannun jari na gine-gine, kuma shi ne ginshiƙin shirya muhimman tsare-tsare na gine-gine da ƙirar ƙira. Ƙididdigan saka hannun jarin injiniya shine adadin saka hannun jari da aka yi yayin matakin nazarin yiwuwa. Kasafin kudin injiniya shine adadin jarin da aka yi a lokacin ginin.
Me yasa muke buƙatar shirya ƙirar ƙungiyar gini?
Ƙirar ƙungiyar gine-gine shine ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tushe don shirya ƙididdiga na injiniya. Yana da mafi mahimmancin ɗawainiya don ƙididdige farashin raka'a bisa la'akari daban-daban kamar ƙayyadaddun hanyar gini, nisan sufuri, da shirin gini, da kuma haɗa tebirin kimanta naúrar.
19. Menene babban abun ciki na ƙirar ƙungiyar gini?
Babban abun ciki na ƙirar ƙungiyar gine-gine shine tsarin ginin gabaɗaya, ci gaban gini, karkatar da gini, shirin shiga tsakani, sufuri na waje, tushen kayan gini, tsarin gini da hanyoyin gini, da sauransu.
Matakan ƙira nawa ne ake da su a cikin ayyukan kiyaye ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki na yanzu?
Kamar yadda ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta tanada, ya kamata a yi shirin magudanar ruwa; Shawarar aikin; Nazarin yiwuwa; Zane na farko; Zane mai laushi; Matakai shida ciki har da zane zane na gini.
21. Menene manyan alamomin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Zuba jarin kilowatt na raka'a shine saka hannun jarin da ake buƙata kowace kilowatt na ƙarfin da aka shigar.
Jarin wutar lantarki na raka'a yana nufin saka hannun jarin da ake buƙata kowace sa'a kilowatt na wutar lantarki.
Kudin wutar lantarki shine kudin da ake biya a kowace awa na wutar lantarki.
Sa'o'in amfani da shekara-shekara na ƙarfin da aka shigar shine ma'aunin ƙimar amfani da kayan aikin tashar wutar lantarki.
Farashin wutar lantarki shine farashin kowace sa'a kilowatt na wutar lantarki da aka sayar wa grid.
Yadda za a lissafta manyan alamomin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki?
Ana ƙididdige manyan alamomin tattalin arziki na tashoshin wutar lantarki ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
Raka'a kilowatt zuba jari = jimlar saka hannun jari a ginin tashar wutar lantarki / jimlar shigar da tashar wutar lantarki
Jarin wutar lantarki na raka'a=jimlar saka hannun jari a ginin tashar wutar lantarki/matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na tashoshin wutar lantarki
Sa'o'in amfani na shekara-shekara na ƙarfin da aka shigar=matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara/ jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-24-2024
