Ruwa shine tushen rayuwa, tushen ci gaba, kuma tushen wayewa. Kasar Sin tana da wadataccen albarkatun wutar lantarki na ruwa, wanda ke matsayi na farko a duniya a fannin jimillar albarkatu. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yunin 2022, karfin wutar lantarki na ruwa da aka girka a kasar Sin ya kai kilowatt miliyan 358. Rahoton babban taron kasa na 20 na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin ya nuna bukatun "hada kai wajen bunkasa wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kare muhalli" da kuma "karfafa kare muhallin muhalli a dukkan fannoni, yankuna, da matakai", wanda ya nuna alkiblar ci gaban da ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Marubucin ya tattauna sabon yanayin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa daga mahangar gina wayewar muhalli.
Wajibcin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa
Kasar Sin tana da albarkatun wutar lantarki mai yawa, tare da karfin bunkasa fasaha na kilowatts miliyan 687 da matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na kilowatts tiriliyan 3 a kowace shekara, wanda ke matsayi na farko a duniya. Manyan halayen wutar lantarki na ruwa sune sabuntawa da tsafta. Shahararren masanin wutar lantarki na ruwa Pan Jiazheng ya taba cewa, "Muddin rana ba ta kashe ba, za a iya sake haifar da wutar lantarki a kowace shekara." Tsaftar wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana bayyana ne a gaskiyar cewa ba ta samar da iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli, ragowar sharar gida, ko ruwan shara, kuma kusan ba ta fitar da carbon dioxide ba, wanda yarjejeniya ce ta gama gari a tsakanin al'ummomin duniya. Ajanda ta 21 da aka amince da ita a taron kolin Rio de Janeiro na 1992 da kuma takardar kan ci gaba mai dorewa da aka amince da ita a taron kolin Johannesburg na 2002 duk sun hada da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a matsayin tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. A shekarar 2018, Kungiyar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Duniya (IHA) ta yi nazari kan tasirin iskar gas na kusan ma'ajiyar ruwa 500 a duk duniya, kuma ta gano cewa fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a kowace kilowatt awa na wutar lantarki daga wutar lantarki a duk tsawon lokacin rayuwarta gram 18 ne kawai, kasa da na iska da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic. Bugu da ƙari, wutar lantarki ta ruwa ita ce mafi tsayin tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma mafi girman ribar da aka samu daga zuba jari. Tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta farko a duniya ta shafe sama da shekaru 150 tana aiki, kuma tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka gina a China ta kasance tana aiki tsawon shekaru 110. Daga mahangar ribar jari, yawan ribar da aka samu daga zuba jari a lokacin da ake amfani da ita a injiniyanci ya kai kashi 168%. Saboda haka, ƙasashe masu ci gaba a duniya suna ba da fifiko ga ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Yayin da tattalin arziki ya ci gaba, haka nan matakin ci gaban albarkatun wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya fi girma kuma yanayin muhalli ya fi kyau a cikin ƙasa.
Domin magance sauyin yanayi na duniya, manyan ƙasashe a faɗin duniya sun gabatar da tsare-tsaren aiki na tsaka-tsaki na carbon. Hanyar aiwatarwa ta gama gari ita ce haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi kamar iska da hasken rana, amma haɗa sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, galibi wutar lantarki ta iska da hasken rana, cikin layin wutar lantarki zai yi tasiri ga ingantaccen aikin tsarin wutar lantarki saboda canjinsa, rashin daidaituwa, da rashin tabbas. A matsayin tushen wutar lantarki mai tushe, wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana da fa'idodin sassauƙa na daidaita "masu kula da wutar lantarki". Wasu ƙasashe sun sake sanya aikin wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ostiraliya ta bayyana wutar lantarki ta ruwa a matsayin ginshiƙin tsarin makamashi mai inganci na gaba; Amurka ta gabatar da shirin ƙarfafa ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa; Switzerland, Norway, da sauran ƙasashe masu matakan haɓaka wutar lantarki mai yawa, saboda rashin sabbin albarkatu don haɓakawa, al'adar gama gari ita ce haɓaka tsoffin madatsun ruwa, ƙara ƙarfin aiki, da faɗaɗa ƙarfin da aka shigar. Wasu tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa kuma suna shigar da na'urori masu juyawa ko canza su zuwa na'urori masu sauyawa masu sauri, suna yin duk mai yiwuwa don amfani da wutar lantarki don haɓaka haɗakar da amfani da sabon makamashi a cikin layin wutar lantarki.
Wayewar muhalli tana haifar da ingantaccen ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa
Babu shakka game da ci gaban kimiyya na wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma babban batu shine yadda za a inganta sauran wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Ci gaba da amfani da kowace albarkatu na iya haifar da matsalolin muhalli, amma bayyanar da matakan tasirin sun bambanta. Misali, makamashin nukiliya yana buƙatar magance matsalar sharar nukiliya; Ƙaramin adadin ci gaban makamashin iska ba shi da tasiri sosai ga muhallin muhalli, amma idan aka haɓaka shi a babban sikelin, zai canza yanayin zagayawar yanayi a yankunan, yana shafar yanayin yanayi da ƙaura tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura.
Tasirin muhalli da muhalli na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa suna nan a zahiri, tare da tasirin da ke da kyau da mara kyau; Wasu tasirin a bayyane suke, wasu a ɓoye suke, wasu na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, wasu kuma na dogon lokaci ne. Ba za mu iya ƙara gishiri game da mummunan tasirin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba, kuma ba za mu iya yin watsi da sakamakon da zai iya haifarwa ba. Dole ne mu gudanar da sa ido kan muhallin muhalli, nazarin kwatantawa, binciken kimiyya, cikakken muhawara, da kuma ɗaukar matakai don mayar da martani yadda ya kamata da kuma rage mummunan tasirin zuwa matakin da ya dace. Wane irin sikelin yanayi ya kamata a yi amfani da shi don kimanta tasirin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa ga muhallin muhalli a sabon zamani, kuma ta yaya ya kamata a haɓaka albarkatun wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kimiyyance da kuma yadda ya kamata? Wannan ita ce babbar tambayar da ke buƙatar a amsa.
Tarihin ci gaban samar da wutar lantarki a duniya ya tabbatar da cewa ci gaban koguna a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya kawo fa'idodi masu yawa na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da muhalli. Tushen samar da wutar lantarki mai tsabta na kasar Sin - Kogin Lancang, Kogin Hongshui, Kogin Jinsha, Kogin Yalong, Kogin Dadu, Kogin Wujiang, Kogin Qingjiang, Kogin Yellow, da sauransu - sun aiwatar da matakan kariya da gyara muhalli cikin tsari da tsari, wanda hakan ya rage tasirin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki a cikin muhalli yadda ya kamata. Tare da zurfafa ra'ayoyin muhalli, dokoki da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa a kasar Sin za su zama masu inganci, matakan gudanarwa za su zama masu kimiyya da cikakken bayani, kuma fasahar kare muhalli za ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba.
Tun daga ƙarni na 21, ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya aiwatar da sabbin dabaru gaba ɗaya, ya bi sabbin buƙatun "layin kare muhalli, layin ƙasa na ingancin muhalli, amfani da albarkatu ta yanar gizo, da jerin hanyoyin samun damar muhalli mara kyau", kuma ya cimma buƙatun kariya a ci gaba da haɓakawa a cikin kariya. Da gaske aiwatar da manufar wayewar muhalli da kuma jagorantar ci gaba mai inganci da amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Ci gaban Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa Yana Taimakawa Gina Wayewar Muhalli
Mummunan tasirin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa akan ilimin halittu na koguna galibi yana bayyana ne ta fannoni biyu: ɗaya shine laka, wanda shine tarin ma'adanai; wani kuma shine nau'ikan ruwa, musamman nau'ikan kifaye marasa galihu.
Dangane da batutuwan laka, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan musamman lokacin gina madatsun ruwa da tafkuna a cikin koguna masu yawan laka. Ya kamata a ɗauki matakai da yawa don rage laka da ke shiga cikin tafki da kuma tsawaita tsawon rayuwarsa. Misali, ta hanyar yin aiki mai kyau a fannin kiyaye ƙasa da ruwa daga sama, tafkuna na iya rage laka da zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar tsara jadawalin kimiyya, daidaita ruwa da laka, adana laka da fitar da laka, da kuma matakai daban-daban. Idan ba za a iya magance matsalar laka ba, to bai kamata a gina tafkuna ba. Daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka gina a yanzu, za a iya ganin cewa za a iya magance matsalar laka gaba ɗaya a cikin tafki ta hanyar matakan injiniya da na injiniya.
Dangane da batutuwan kiyaye nau'ikan halittu, musamman nau'ikan halittu masu wuya, yanayin rayuwarsu ya fi shafar ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Nau'ikan ƙasa kamar shuke-shuke masu wuya ana iya ƙaura da kuma kare su; Nau'ikan halittu masu ruwa, kamar kifi, wasu suna da halayen ƙaura. Gina madatsun ruwa da ma'ajiyar ruwa yana toshe hanyoyin ƙaura, wanda zai iya haifar da ɓacewar nau'ikan halittu ko kuma shafar bambancin halittu. Ya kamata a magance wannan ta hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da takamaiman yanayin. Wasu nau'ikan halittu na yau da kullun, kamar kifi na yau da kullun, ana iya rama su ta hanyar matakan yaduwa. Ya kamata a kare nau'ikan halittu masu wuya ta hanyar matakai na musamman. A zahiri, wasu nau'ikan halittu masu wuya a cikin ruwa yanzu suna fuskantar yanayi masu haɗari, kuma wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba ita ce babban abin da ya jawo hakan ba, amma sakamakon kamun kifi na dogon lokaci, lalacewar ingancin ruwa, da lalacewar muhallin ruwa a tarihi. Idan adadin nau'in ya ragu zuwa wani mataki kuma ba zai iya hayayyafa 'ya'ya ba, ba makawa zai ɓace a hankali. Ya zama dole a gudanar da bincike da ɗaukar matakai daban-daban kamar sake haifuwa ta wucin gadi da kuma sakewa don ceton nau'ikan halittu masu wuya.
Dole ne a yi matuƙar daraja tasirin wutar lantarki ta ruwa ga muhallin muhalli, kuma a ɗauki matakai gwargwadon iyawa don kawar da mummunan tasirin. Ya kamata mu fuskanci wannan batu kuma mu fahimci shi cikin tsari, tarihi, adalci, da kuma da'a. Ci gaban kimiyya na wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba wai kawai yana kare lafiyar koguna ba, har ma yana ba da gudummawa ga gina wayewar muhalli.
Fifikon Muhalli Ya Cimma Sabon Tsarin Ci Gaban Wutar Lantarki a Ruwa
Tun bayan babban taron ƙasa na 18 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta bi manufar "fifiko ga mutane, fifiko ga muhalli, da ci gaban kore", a hankali ta samar da sabon tsari don haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa a muhalli. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a cikin tsarin injiniyanci na tsara, tsara, gini, da aiki, gudanar da bincike, tsara tsari, da aiwatar da tsare-tsare kan sakin kwararar muhalli, tsara jadawalin muhalli, kare muhallin kifaye, dawo da haɗin kogi, da yaduwar kifaye da sakin su na iya rage tasirin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa, gini, da aiki akan mazaunin ruwa na koguna. Ga manyan madatsun ruwa da manyan tafkuna, idan akwai matsalar fitar da ruwa mai ƙarancin zafi, galibi ana ɗaukar matakan injiniyan tsarin shan ruwa masu layi don magance shi. Misali, manyan madatsun ruwa da manyan tafkuna kamar Jinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, da Huangdeng duk sun zaɓi ɗaukar matakai kamar ƙofofin katako da aka tara, bangon riƙewa na gaba, da bangon labule masu hana ruwa shiga don rage ƙarancin zafin ruwa. Waɗannan matakan sun zama ayyukan masana'antu, suna samar da ƙa'idodin masana'antu da ƙayyadaddun fasaha.
Akwai nau'ikan kifaye masu ƙaura a cikin koguna, kuma hanyoyi kamar tsarin jigilar kifi, lif ɗin kifi, da "layin kifi+lif ɗin kifi" suma ayyuka ne da aka saba amfani da su wajen wucewar kifi. Hanyar kamun kifi ta tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Zangmu an aiwatar da ita sosai tsawon shekaru na sa ido da kimantawa. Ba wai kawai sabbin ayyukan gini ba, har ma da gyaran wasu tsoffin ayyuka, da kuma ƙara wuraren wucewar kifi. Aikin sake gina Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Fengman ya ƙara tarkon kifi, wuraren tattara kifi, da lif ɗin kifi, wanda hakan ya buɗe Kogin Songhua wanda ke toshe ƙaurar kifaye.
Dangane da kiwo da fasahar fitar da kifi, an kafa tsarin fasaha don tsarawa, tsarawa, gini, samarwa da gudanar da kayan aiki da wurare, da kuma sa ido da kimanta tasirin sakin kifaye da tashoshin fitar da su. Kare muhalli da fasahar dawo da kifaye suma sun sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci. A halin yanzu, an ɗauki ingantattun matakan kariya da dawo da muhalli a manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a cikin kogi. Bugu da ƙari, an cimma kimantawa mai yawa na kare muhalli da dawo da muhalli ta hanyar kwaikwayon samfuran dacewa da muhalli kafin da bayan lalacewar muhalli. Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges ta ci gaba da gudanar da gwaje-gwajen tsara muhalli don haɓaka kiwon "mashahuran kifayen gida guda huɗu". Tun daga lokacin, an aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar watsa wutar lantarki ta Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, da Three Gorges a lokaci guda kowace shekara. Ta hanyar shekaru da dama na ci gaba da kiyaye muhalli da kuma kare albarkatun kamun kifi, yawan hayayyafar "mashahuran kifayen gida guda huɗu" ya nuna karuwar ci gaba kowace shekara, ciki har da yawan hayayyafar "mashahuran kifayen gida guda huɗu" a yankin kogin Yidu da ke gefen Gezhouba ya karu daga miliyan 25 a shekarar 2012 zuwa biliyan 3 a shekarar 2019.
Aiki ya tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin da matakan da aka ambata a sama na tsarin sun samar da sabon tsari na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa a cikin sabon zamani. Ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa ba wai kawai zai iya rage ko ma kawar da mummunan tasirin da ke kan muhallin koguna ba, har ma zai inganta kariyar muhalli ta hanyar ingantaccen ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Yankin ma'adanar ruwa na yanzu na tushen wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana da yanayi mafi kyau fiye da sauran yankuna na gida. Tashoshin wutar lantarki kamar Ertan da Longyangxia ba wai kawai shahararrun wuraren shakatawa ne na yawon bude ido ba, har ma an kare su kuma an gyara su saboda inganta yanayi na gida, ci gaban shuke-shuke, tsawon sarƙoƙin halittu, da bambancin halittu.
Wayewar muhalli sabuwar manufa ce ta ci gaban al'ummar ɗan adam bayan wayewar masana'antu. Gina wayewar muhalli yana da alaƙa da jin daɗin mutane da kuma makomar al'umma. Idan muka fuskanci mawuyacin hali na ƙara takura albarkatu, gurɓatar muhalli mai tsanani, da kuma lalacewar muhalli, dole ne mu kafa manufar wayewar muhalli wadda ke girmama, ta dace da, da kuma kare yanayi.
A halin yanzu, ƙasar tana faɗaɗa zuba jari mai inganci da kuma hanzarta gina manyan ayyuka. Wasu ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa za su ƙara ƙarfin aikinsu, su hanzarta ci gaban aiki, da kuma ƙoƙarin cimma sharuɗɗan amincewa da fara aiki a lokacin Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na 14. Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na 14 don Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Tsarin Manufofin Hangen Nesa na 2035 a bayyane yake don aiwatar da manyan ayyuka kamar layin dogo na Sichuan Tibet, sabuwar hanyar ruwa ta ƙasa a yamma, hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa ta ƙasa, da kuma haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa a ƙananan Kogin Yarlung Zangbo, suna haɓaka manyan cibiyoyin bincike na kimiyya, manyan kariyar muhalli da maido da su, tallafin gaggawa na lafiyar jama'a, babban karkatar da ruwa, shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da rage bala'i, watsa wutar lantarki da iskar gas. Wasu manyan ayyuka da ke da tushe mai ƙarfi, ƙarin ayyuka, da fa'idodi na dogon lokaci, kamar sufuri a kan iyaka, a kan kogin, da kuma a bakin teku. Mun san cewa sauyin makamashi yana buƙatar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa dole ne ya tabbatar da tsaron muhalli. Ta hanyar ƙara mai da hankali kan kare muhallin muhalli ne kawai za a iya cimma ingantaccen ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa, kuma haɓakawa da amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa za su iya ba da gudummawa ga gina wayewar muhalli.
Sabon tsarin ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa zai ƙara inganta ci gaban wutar lantarki mai inganci a cikin sabon zamani. Ta hanyar haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa, za mu jagoranci babban ci gaban sabuwar makamashi, mu hanzarta saurin sauyin makamashin kasar Sin, mu gina sabon tsarin makamashi mai tsabta, mara carbon, mai aminci da inganci, a hankali mu ƙara yawan sabbin makamashi a cikin sabon tsarin wutar lantarki, mu gina kyakkyawar kasar Sin, sannan mu ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfin ma'aikatan wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-15-2023
