Rahoton Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Duniya na 2021

Takaitaccen Bayani
Wutar lantarki ta ruwa hanya ce ta samar da wutar lantarki wadda ke amfani da makamashin da ruwa ke iya samu don mayar da shi makamashin lantarki. Manufarta ita ce amfani da raguwar matakin ruwa (makamashi mai yuwuwa) don gudana ƙarƙashin tasirin nauyi (makamashi mai motsi), kamar ruwa mai jagora daga manyan hanyoyin ruwa kamar koguna ko magudanar ruwa zuwa ƙananan matakai. Ruwan da ke gudana yana tura injin turbine don juyawa da kuma tuƙa janareta don samar da wutar lantarki. Ruwan da ke gudana yana fitowa ne daga zafin rana kuma yana ƙafe ruwan da ke ƙasa, don haka ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ke amfani da makamashin rana a kaikaice. Saboda fasaharsa mai girma, a halin yanzu ita ce makamashin da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam.
A cewar ma'anar babban madatsar ruwa ta Duniya (ICOLD), ana bayyana madatsar ruwa a matsayin kowace madatsar ruwa mai tsayin da ya wuce mita 15 (daga mafi ƙasƙanci na tushe zuwa saman madatsar ruwa) ko kuma madatsar ruwa mai tsayi tsakanin mita 10 zuwa 15, wadda ta cika aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan:
Tsawon madatsar ruwa bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da mita 500 ba;

Karfin madatsar ruwa da madatsar ruwa ta samar ba zai gaza mita cubic miliyan 1 ba;
⑶ Matsakaicin kwararar ambaliyar ruwa da madatsar ruwa ke sarrafawa ba zai zama ƙasa da mita 2000 na cubic a kowace daƙiƙa ba;
Matsalar tushen madatsar ruwa tana da matuƙar wahala;
Tsarin wannan madatsar ruwa abin mamaki ne.

A cewar rahoton BP2021, wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta duniya ta kai kashi 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% na samar da wutar lantarki a duniya a shekarar 2020, kasa da samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwal (35.1%) da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta iskar gas (23.4%), inda take matsayi na uku a duniya.
A shekarar 2020, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ita ce mafi girma a Gabashin Asiya da Pacific, wanda ya kai kashi 1643/4370=37.6% na jimillar duniya.
Kasar da ta fi kowacce samar da wutar lantarki a duniya ita ce China, sai kuma Brazil, Amurka, da Rasha. A shekarar 2020, samar da wutar lantarki a kasar Sin ya kai kashi 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% na jimillar wutar lantarki da kasar Sin ta samar.
Duk da cewa China ce ta farko a duniya a fannin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, amma ba ta da wani tasiri a tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar. Kasashen da suka fi samun yawan samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a jimillar samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 2020 su ne Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) da kuma Kanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
A shekarar 2020, wutar lantarki ta kasar Sin ta fi amfani da kwal (ta kai kashi 63.2%), sai kuma wutar lantarki ta ruwa (ta kai kashi 17.0%), wanda ya kai kashi 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% na jimillar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya. Duk da cewa kasar Sin ce ta farko a duniya a fannin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, amma ba ta kai kololuwarta ba. A cewar rahoton Albarkatun Makamashi na Duniya na 2016 da Majalisar Makamashi ta Duniya ta fitar, kashi 47% na albarkatun wutar lantarki na kasar Sin har yanzu ba a ci gaba da su ba.

Kwatanta Tsarin Wutar Lantarki a cikin Manyan Kasashe 4 da ke Samar da Wutar Lantarki a Ruwa a 2020
Daga teburin, za a iya ganin cewa wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta China ta kai kashi 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% na jimillar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ta farko a duniya. Duk da haka, rabon ta da jimillar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasar Sin (17%) ya dan fi matsakaicin duniya (16%).
Akwai nau'ikan samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu: samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta ruwa ta hanyar famfo, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar famfo, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar rafi, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.

Samar da wutar lantarki ta hydroelectric irin madatsar ruwa
Nau'in wutar lantarki na ruwa na madatsar ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da nau'in wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa. Ana samar da madatsar ruwa ta hanyar adana ruwa a cikin ramuka, kuma ana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwarsa ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin girman madatsar ruwa, matsayin fitarwa, da tsayin saman ruwa. Wannan bambancin tsayi ana kiransa kai, wanda kuma aka sani da kai ko kai, kuma ƙarfin da ruwa zai iya samu yana daidai da kai kai tsaye.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, injiniya ɗan ƙasar Faransa Bernard Forest de Bé lidor ya buga "Building Hydraulics", wanda ya bayyana mashinan hydraulic na tsaye da kwance. A shekara ta 1771, Richard Arkwright ya haɗa hydraulics, tsarin ruwa, da kuma ci gaba da samarwa don taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin gine-gine. Haɓaka tsarin masana'antu da kuma ɗaukar ayyukan yi na zamani. A cikin shekarun 1840, an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwa ta wutar lantarki ta ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma aika ta ga masu amfani da ita. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiro janareto kuma yanzu ana iya haɗa su da tsarin hydraulic.

Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa na farko a duniya shine Otal ɗin Cragside Country da ke Northumberland, Ingila a shekarar 1878, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an buɗe tashar wutar lantarki ta farko mai zaman kanta a Wisconsin, Amurka, kuma daga baya aka fara amfani da ɗaruruwan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki ta gida.
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Shilongba ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a kasar Sin, wacce take a kogin Tanglang a wajen birnin Kunming, lardin Yunnan. An fara ginin ne a watan Yulin 1910 (shekarar Gengxu) kuma an samar da wutar lantarki a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1912. Ikon farko da aka sanya shi ya kai kW 480. A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2006, Majalisar Jiha ta amince da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Shilongba don a sanya ta cikin rukunin kariya na muhimman kayayyakin tarihi na kasa.
A cewar rahoton REN21 na shekarar 2021, karfin wutar lantarki da aka shigar a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 1170GW, inda China ta karu da 12.6GW, wanda ya kai kashi 28% na jimillar duniya, wanda ya fi Brazil (9%), Amurka (7%), da Kanada (9.0%).
A bisa kididdigar BP ta shekarar 2021, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 4296.8 TWh, wanda daga ciki samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kasar Sin ya kai 1322.0 TWh, wanda ya kai kashi 30.1% na jimillar duniya baki daya.
Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya kuma babbar hanyar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. A cewar kididdigar BP ta shekarar 2021, samar da wutar lantarki a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 26823.2 TWh, wanda daga ciki samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya kai 4222.2 TWh, wanda ya kai 4222.2/26823.2=15.7% na jimillar wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a duniya.
Wannan bayanai sun fito ne daga Hukumar Kula da Madatsun Ruwa ta Duniya (ICOLD). A cewar rajistar da aka yi a watan Afrilun 2020, a halin yanzu akwai madatsun ruwa 58713 a duk duniya, inda China ke da kashi 23841/58713=40.6% na jimillar duniya.
A bisa kididdigar BP ta shekarar 2021, a shekarar 2020, wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta kasar Sin ta kai kashi 1322.0/2236.7=59% na wutar lantarki ta makamashin da ake sabuntawa a kasar Sin, inda ta mamaye matsayi mafi girma a fannin samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa.
A cewar Ƙungiyar Makamashin Ruwa ta Duniya (iha) [Rahoton Matsayin Makamashin Ruwa na 2021], a shekarar 2020, jimillar samar da wutar lantarki a duniya zai kai 4370TWh, wanda daga ciki China (31% na jimillar duniya), Brazil (9.4%), Kanada (8.8%), Amurka (6.7%), Rasha (4.5%), Indiya (3.5%), Norway (3.2%), Türkiye (1.8%), Japan (2.0%), Faransa (1.5%) da sauransu za su kasance suna da mafi girman samar da wutar lantarki a ruwa.

A shekarar 2020, yankin da ya fi samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya shine Gabashin Asiya da Pacific, wanda ya kai kashi 1643/4370=37.6% na jimillar duniya; Daga cikinsu, kasar Sin ta fi shahara, inda ta kai kashi 31% na jimillar duniya, wanda ya kai kashi 1355.20/1643=82.5% a wannan yankin.
Adadin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya yi daidai da jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar da kuma ƙarfin da aka shigar na ajiyar famfo. Kasar Sin ce ke da mafi girman ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya, kuma ba shakka, ƙarfin da aka shigar da ita da kuma ƙarfin ajiyar famfo suma suna kan gaba a duniya. A cewar Rahoton Matsayin Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Duniya (iha) na 2021, ƙarfin wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka shigar da ita a China (gami da ajiyar famfo) ya kai 370160MW a shekarar 2020, wanda ya kai 370160/1330106=27.8% na jimillar duniya, wanda ya zo na farko a duniya.
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges, babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya, tana da karfin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a kasar Sin. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges tana amfani da injinan samar da wutar lantarki na Francis guda 32, kowanne mai karfin MW 700, da kuma injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu masu karfin MW 50, tare da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 22500 da kuma tsawon madatsar ruwa na mita 181. Ikon samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 2020 zai kai TWh 111.8, kuma kudin ginin zai kai ¥ biliyan 203. Za a kammala shi a shekarar 2008.
An gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu na duniya a ɓangaren kogin Jinsha na kogin Yangtze da ke Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, da Wudongde. Jimillar ƙarfin da aka sanya na waɗannan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu shine 46508MW, wanda shine 46508/22500=2.07 sau na ƙarfin da aka sanya na tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges mai ƙarfin 22500MW. Samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara shine 185.05/101.6=1.82. Baihetan shine tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi girma a China bayan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges.
A halin yanzu, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Three Gorges da ke China ita ce babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki a duniya. Daga cikin manyan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki 12 mafi girma a duniya, China tana da kujeru shida. Madatsar ruwan Itaipu, wacce ta daɗe tana matsayi na biyu a duniya, an tura ta zuwa matsayi na uku ta hanyar madatsar ruwan Baihetan da ke China.

Babban tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta gargajiya a duniya a shekarar 2021
Akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda 198 da ke da karfin wutar lantarki sama da MW 1000 a duniya, wanda kasar Sin ta samar da 60, wanda ya kai kashi 60/198=30% na jimillar duniya. Na gaba kuma su ne Brazil, Kanada, da Rasha.
Akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda 198 da ke da karfin wutar lantarki sama da MW 1000 a duniya, wanda kasar Sin ta samar da 60, wanda ya kai kashi 60/198=30% na jimillar duniya. Na gaba kuma su ne Brazil, Kanada, da Rasha.
Akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda 60 a kasar Sin, wadanda ke da karfin wutar lantarki sama da MW 1000, galibinsu 30 ne a yankin kogin Yangtze, wanda ya kai rabin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Sin, wadanda ke da karfin wutar lantarki sama da MW 1000.

An Kafa Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki Masu Karfin Wutar Lantarki Sama Da MW 1000 A Kasar China
Idan aka haura daga madatsar ruwan Gezhouba zuwa ketare madatsar ruwan Kogin Yangtze ta hanyar madatsar ruwan Three Gorges, wannan shine babban ƙarfin watsa wutar lantarki na China daga yamma zuwa gabas, kuma babbar tashar wutar lantarki ta cascade a duniya: akwai kimanin tashoshin wutar lantarki 90 a babban kogin Yangtze, ciki har da madatsar ruwan Gezhouba da kwaruruka uku, 10 a kogin Wujiang, 16 a kogin Jialing, 17 a kogin Minjiang, 25 a kogin Dadu, 21 a kogin Yalong, 27 a kogin Jinsha, da kuma 5 a kogin Muli.
Kasar Tajikistan tana da madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya, wato Madatsar ruwa ta Usoi, wacce tsayinta ya kai mita 567, wanda ya fi madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya, wato madatsar ruwa ta matakin 1 ta Jinping, tsayinta ya kai mita 262. An kafa madatsar ruwa ta Usoi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1911, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.4 ta faru a Sarez, kuma madatsar ruwa mai zaftarewar kasa ta halitta da ke kan kogin Murgab ta toshe kwararar kogin. Ta haifar da manyan zaftarewar kasa, ta toshe kogin Murgab, sannan ta samar da madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, madatsar ruwa ta Usoi, wadda ta samar da tafkin Sares. Abin takaici, babu rahotannin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.
A shekarar 2020, akwai madatsun ruwa guda 251, mafi tsayin da ya wuce mita 135 a duniya. Madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a yanzu shine Madatsar ruwa ta Jinping-I, wani madatsar ruwa mai tsayin mita 305. Na gaba kuma shine Madatsar ruwa ta Nurek da ke Kogin Vakhsh a Tajikistan, mai tsawon mita 300.

Madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a shekarar 2021
A halin yanzu, madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wato madatsar ruwa ta Jinping-I da ke China, tana da tsayin mita 305, amma madatsun ruwa guda uku da ake ginawa suna shirin wuce ta. Madatsar ruwa ta Rogun da ke ci gaba za ta zama madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ke kan kogin Vakhsh a kudancin Tajikistan. Madatsar ruwan tana da tsayin mita 335 kuma an fara gina ta a shekarar 1976. An kiyasta cewa za a fara aiki daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2029, inda za a kashe dala biliyan 2-5 na Amurka, kuma za a samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 600-3600MW, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 17TWh a kowace shekara.
Na biyu kuma shine madatsar ruwan Bakhtiari da ake ginawa a kogin Bakhtiari da ke Iran, mai tsawon mita 325 da kuma 1500MW. Kudin aikin shine dala biliyan 2 na Amurka da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta TWh 3 a kowace shekara. Madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a kogin Dadu da ke China ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Shuangjiangkou, mai tsawon mita 312.

Ana gina madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 305
Madatsar ruwa ta Grande Dixence da ke Switzerland ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girman nauyi a duniya a shekarar 2020, wadda tsayinta ya kai mita 285.
Babbar madatsar ruwa a duniya wacce take da mafi girman karfin adana ruwa ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Kariba da ke kan kogin Zambezi a Zimbabwe da kuma Zambezi. An gina ta a shekarar 1959 kuma tana da karfin adana ruwa na kilomita 180.6, sai kuma madatsar ruwa ta Bratsk da ke kan kogin Angara a Rasha da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo da ke kan tafkin Kanawalt, mai karfin adana ruwa na kilomita 169.

Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta duniya
Madatsar ruwa ta Three Gorges, wacce take kan babban kogin Yangtze, tana da mafi girman karfin adana ruwa a kasar Sin. An kammala ta a shekarar 2008 kuma tana da karfin adana ruwa na kilomita 39.3, kuma tana matsayi na 27 a duniya.
Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa a China
Babbar madatsar ruwa a duniya ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Tarbela da ke Pakistan. An gina ta a shekarar 1976 kuma tana da tsawon mita 143. Madatsar ruwan tana da girman mita cubic miliyan 153 da kuma karfin wutar lantarki 3478MW.
Babban ginin madatsar ruwa a China shine Madatsar Ruwa ta Three Gorges, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 2008. Tsawon ginin yana da mita 181, girman madatsar ruwa ya kai mita cubic miliyan 27.4, kuma karfin da aka sanya shine MW 22500. Tana matsayi na 21 a duniya.

Madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya
Kogin Congo ya ƙunshi Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo na iya samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki na ƙasa na kilowatts miliyan 120 (MW 120000) da kuma samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na kilowatts biliyan 774 (TWh 774). Tun daga Kinshasa a tsayin mita 270 har zuwa yankin Matadi, gaɓar kogin ta yi ƙanƙanta, tare da gaɓar ruwa mai tsayi da kuma kwararar ruwa mai ƙarfi. Zurfin ruwan ya kai mita 150, tare da digo na kimanin mita 280. Gudun ruwa yana canzawa akai-akai, wanda hakan yana da matuƙar amfani ga ci gaban wutar lantarki ta ruwa. An tsara matakai uku na manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa, inda matakin farko shine madatsar ruwa ta Pioka, wacce ke kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Congo; Madatsar ruwa ta Grand Inga ta mataki na biyu da madatsar ruwa ta Matadi ta mataki na uku duk suna cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Pioka tana amfani da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki mai tsawon mita 80 kuma tana shirin sanya na'urori 30, wadanda jimillar karfinsu ya kai kilowatt miliyan 22 da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta awa biliyan 177 a kowace shekara, inda Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Congo ke karbar rabi kowanne. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Matadi tana amfani da na'urar samar da wutar lantarki mai tsawon mita 50 kuma tana shirin sanya na'urori 36, wadanda jimillar karfinsu ya kai kilowatt miliyan 12 da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta awa biliyan 87 a kowace shekara. Sashen samar da wutar lantarki ta Yingjia, wanda ke da digo na mita 100 a cikin kilomita 25, shi ne sashen kogin da ke da albarkatun wutar lantarki mafi yawa a duniya.
Akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa da yawa a duniya fiye da Madatsar Ruwa ta Three Gorges waɗanda ba a kammala su ba tukuna
Kogin Yarlung Zangbo shine kogin da ya fi tsayi a kasar Sin, wanda ke yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa, kuma daya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a duniya. A ka'ida, bayan kammala tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta kogin Yarlung Zangbo, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya zai kai MW 50000, kuma samar da wutar lantarki zai ninka na madatsar ruwa ta Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), wanda zai kai TWh 300, wanda zai zama tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya.
Kogin Yarlung Zangbo shine kogin da ya fi tsayi a kasar Sin, wanda ke yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa, kuma daya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a duniya. A ka'ida, bayan kammala tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta kogin Yarlung Zangbo, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya zai kai MW 50000, kuma samar da wutar lantarki zai ninka na madatsar ruwa ta Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), wanda zai kai TWh 300, wanda zai zama tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya.
An sake wa Kogin Yarlung Zangbo suna "Kogin Brahmaputra" bayan ya fito daga yankin Luoyu ya shiga Indiya. Bayan ya ratsa ta Bangladesh, an sake masa suna "Kogin Jamuna". Bayan ya haɗu da Kogin Ganges a yankinsa, sai ya kwarara zuwa Tekun Bengal a Tekun Indiya. Jimillar tsawonsa kilomita 2104 ne, tare da tsawon kogi na kilomita 2057 a Tibet, jimillar faɗuwar mita 5435, kuma matsakaicin gangara ya kasance na farko a tsakanin manyan koguna a China. Kogin yana da tsayi a gabas da yamma, tare da matsakaicin tsawon sama da kilomita 1450 daga gabas zuwa yamma da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 290 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Matsakaicin tsayin ya kai kimanin mita 4500. Ƙasa tana da tsayi a yamma kuma ƙasa a gabas, mafi ƙasƙanci kuma a kudu maso gabas. Jimillar fadin kogin ya kai murabba'in kilomita 240,480, wanda ya kai kashi 20% na jimillar fadin dukkan kogunan Tibet, kuma kusan kashi 40.8% na jimillar fadin tsarin kogunan da ke fitowa a Tibet, wanda ya zo na biyar a cikin dukkan kogunan da ke China.
A cewar bayanai na shekarar 2019, kasashen da suka fi amfani da wutar lantarki ga kowane mutum a duniya su ne Iceland (51699 kWh/mutum) da Norway (23210 kWh/mutum). Iceland ta dogara ne da samar da wutar lantarki ta geothermal da hydroelectric; Norway ta dogara ne da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wadda ta kai kashi 97% na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a Norway.
Tsarin makamashin ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka da Nepal da Bhutan, waɗanda ke kusa da Tibet a China, ba ya dogara da man fetur ba, sai dai a kan albarkatunsu na hydraulic. Ba wai kawai ana amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a cikin gida ba, har ma ana fitar da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje.

Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da ake amfani da ita wajen adana famfo
Wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da famfo ita ce hanyar adana makamashi, ba hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ba. Lokacin da buƙatar wutar lantarki ta yi ƙasa, ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki da ya wuce kima yana ci gaba da samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ke tura famfon lantarkin ya tura ruwa zuwa babban matakin ajiya. Lokacin da buƙatar wutar lantarki ta yi yawa, ana amfani da ruwa mai yawa don samar da wutar lantarki. Wannan hanyar na iya inganta yawan amfani da na'urorin janareta kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasuwanci.
Ajiye famfo muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin makamashi mai tsafta na zamani da na gaba. Babban karuwar hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tare da maye gurbinsu da janareto na gargajiya, ya kawo matsin lamba ga layin wutar lantarki tare da jaddada bukatar "batura na ruwa" na ajiyar famfo.
Adadin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana daidai da ƙarfin da aka sanya na ajiyar famfo kuma yana da alaƙa da adadin ajiyar famfo. A shekarar 2020, akwai guda 68 da ke aiki da kuma guda 42 da ake ginawa a duk duniya.
Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a China ita ce ta farko a duniya, don haka adadin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su wajen adana famfo da ake ginawa a kansu ne suka fi yawa a duniya. Na gaba su ne Japan da Amurka.

Babban tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta famfo a duniya ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta famfo ta Bath County da ke Amurka, wadda ke da karfin wutar lantarki 3003MW.
Babban tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai famfo a China ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai famfo ta Huishou, wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 2448.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi girma a China ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Guangdong, wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki 2400MW.
Tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na famfo da ake ginawa a China ne suka zo na farko a duniya. Akwai tashoshi uku da ke da karfin wutar lantarki sama da MW 1000: Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Fengning Pumped Storage (3600MW, an kammala ta daga 2019 zuwa 2021), Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Jixi Pumped Storage (1800MW, an kammala ta a 2018), da Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Huanggou Pumped Storage (1200MW, an kammala ta a 2019).
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki mafi tsayi a duniya ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Yamdrok, wacce ke Tibet, China, a tsayin mita 4441.

Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a ko'ina
Ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ta kogin (ROR), wanda kuma aka sani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wani nau'i ne na wutar lantarki ta ruwa wanda ya dogara da wutar lantarki ta ruwa amma yana buƙatar ƙaramin ruwa kawai ko kuma baya buƙatar adana ruwa mai yawa don samar da wutar lantarki. Samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta ruwa kusan gaba ɗaya ba ya buƙatar adana ruwa ko kuma kawai yana buƙatar gina ƙananan wuraren adana ruwa. Lokacin gina ƙananan wuraren adana ruwa, waɗannan wuraren adana ruwa ana kiransu wuraren adana ruwa ko wuraren adana ruwa. Saboda rashin manyan wuraren adana ruwa, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa yana da matuƙar tasiri ga canje-canjen ruwa na yanayi a tushen ruwa. Saboda haka, galibi ana ayyana cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a matsayin hanyoyin samar da makamashi na lokaci-lokaci. Idan an gina wurin samar da wutar lantarki mai sarrafawa a cikin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wanda zai iya daidaita kwararar ruwa a kowane lokaci, ana iya amfani da shi azaman tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta aski ko tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai nauyi.
Babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Sichuan a duniya ita ce Dam ɗin Jirau da ke kan Kogin Madeira a Brazil. Madatsar ruwan tana da tsayin mita 63, tsawonta mita 1500, kuma tana da ƙarfin aiki na MW 3075. An kammala ta a shekarar 2016.
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta uku mafi girma a duniya ita ce Madatsar ruwa ta Chief Joseph da ke kan Kogin Columbia a Amurka, mai tsayin mita 72, tsawon mita 1817, karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya ya kai MW 2620, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta GWh 9780 a kowace shekara. An kammala ta a shekarar 1979.
Babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa irin ta Sichuan a China ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Tianshengqiao II, wadda take kan kogin Nanpan. Madatsar ruwan tana da tsayin mita 58.7, tsawonta mita 471, girmanta mita 4800000, kuma tana da karfin wutar lantarki 1320MW. An kammala ta a shekarar 1997.

Samar da wutar lantarki ta magudanar ruwa
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ƙaruwa da raguwar matakan ruwan teku da igiyar ruwa ke haifarwa. Gabaɗaya, ana gina ma'ajiyar ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki, amma kuma ana amfani da hanyoyin kwararar ruwan teku kai tsaye don samar da wutar lantarki. Babu wurare da yawa da suka dace da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya, kuma akwai wurare takwas a Burtaniya da aka kiyasta suna da yuwuwar biyan kashi 20% na buƙatun wutar lantarki na ƙasar.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko a duniya ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta Lance, wacce ke Lance, Faransa. An gina ta daga 1960 zuwa 1966 na tsawon shekaru 6. Ikon da aka sanya shine 240MW.
Babban tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tafkin Sihwa da ke Koriya ta Kudu, wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na 254MW kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 2011.
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a Arewacin Amurka ita ce Tashar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Annapolis Royal, wacce ke Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Kanada, a ƙofar Bay of Fundy. Ikon da aka sanya shine 20MW kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1984.
Babban tashar wutar lantarki ta magudanar ruwa a China ita ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Jiangxia Tidal, wacce take a kudancin Hangzhou, wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 4.1 kacal da seti 6. Ta fara aiki a shekarar 1985.
An girka na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a cikin ruwa mai gudana ta North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project a Tsibirin Vancouver, Kanada, a watan Satumba na 2006.
A halin yanzu, ana gina babban aikin samar da wutar lantarki a duniya, MeyGen (aikin samar da wutar lantarki a tidal na MeyGen), a Pentland Firth, arewacin Scotland, tare da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin 398MW kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2021.
A jihar Gujarat da ke Indiya, ana shirin gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci ta farko a Kudancin Asiya. An kafa wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 50 a Tekun Kutch da ke gabar tekun yamma na Indiya, kuma an fara gina ta a farkon shekarar 2012.
Aikin Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Penzhin Tidal da aka tsara a yankin Kamchatka da ke Rasha yana da karfin wutar lantarki na 87100MW da kuma karfin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na 200TWh, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya. Da zarar an kammala aikin, Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Pinrenna Bay Tidal za ta sami karfin wutar lantarki sau hudu fiye da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Three Gorges da ake da ita a yanzu.