A duk duniya, tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na samar da kusan kashi 24 cikin 100 na wutar lantarki a duniya tare da samar wa mutane sama da biliyan 1 wutar lantarki. Ma'aikatar makamashin ruwa ta duniya tana fitar da jimillar megawatts 675,000, makamashin da ya yi daidai da ganga biliyan 3.6 na mai, a cewar dakin gwaje-gwajen makamashi mai sabuntawa ta kasa. Akwai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki sama da 2,000 da ke aiki a Amurka, lamarin da ya sa wutar lantarki ta zama babbar hanyar samar da makamashin da ake sabuntawa a kasar.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi yadda faɗuwar ruwa ke haifar da kuzari da kuma koyi game da zagayowar ruwa wanda ke haifar da kwararar ruwa mai mahimmanci ga wutar lantarki. Hakanan zaku sami hangen nesa ɗaya na musamman aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki wanda zai iya shafar rayuwar ku ta yau da kullun.
Lokacin kallon kogi yana birgima, yana da wuya a yi tunanin irin ƙarfin da yake ɗauka. Idan kun taɓa yin rafting ɗin farin ruwa, to kun ji ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfin kogin. An halicci raƙuman ruwan fari a matsayin kogi, suna ɗauke da ruwa mai yawa a ƙasa, ƙuƙumma ta hanyar kunkuntar hanya. Yayin da aka tilastawa kogin ta wannan budewar, kwarararsa tana kara sauri. Ambaliyar ruwa wani misali ne na irin ƙarfin da girman ruwa zai iya samu.
Tashoshin wutar lantarki na amfani da makamashin ruwa kuma suna amfani da injiniyoyi masu sauƙi don canza wannan makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki. Matakan samar da wutar lantarki a zahiri sun dogara ne akan ra'ayi mai sauƙi - ruwan da ke gudana ta hanyar dam yana juya turbine, wanda ke juya janareta.
Anan ga ainihin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada:
Shaft ɗin da ke haɗa injin turbin da janareta
Dam – Yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki sun dogara da dam da ke hana ruwa, samar da babban tafki. Sau da yawa, ana amfani da wannan tafki azaman tafkin nishaɗi, kamar tafkin Roosevelt da ke Grand Coulee Dam a jihar Washington.
Ciwo - Ƙofofin da ke kan dam suna buɗewa kuma nauyi yana jan ruwa ta hanyar penstock, bututun da ke kaiwa zuwa turbine. Ruwa yana haɓaka matsi yayin da yake gudana ta wannan bututu.
Turbine - Ruwan ya buge kuma yana juya manyan wukake na turbine, wanda aka haɗe zuwa janareta a sama da shi ta hanyar shaft. Mafi yawan nau'in injin turbin don tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi shine Francis Turbine, wanda yayi kama da babban diski mai lanƙwasa. Turbine na iya auna nauyin ton 172 kuma yana juyawa a cikin juyi juyi 90 a minti daya (rpm), a cewar Gidauniyar Ilimin Ruwa da Makamashi (FWEE).
Generators – Kamar yadda turbine ruwan wukake ke juya, haka ma jerin maganadiso a cikin janareta. Giant maganadiso yana jujjuyawa bayan coils na jan karfe, suna samar da alternating current (AC) ta motsin lantarki. (Za ku ƙarin koyo game da yadda janareta ke aiki daga baya.)
Transformer - Mai canzawa a cikin gidan wuta yana ɗaukar AC kuma ya canza shi zuwa mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki.
Layukan wutar lantarki - Daga cikin kowace tashar wutar lantarki suna zuwa wayoyi huɗu: nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda uku ana samar da su lokaci guda tare da tsaka tsaki ko ƙasa gama gari ga duka ukun. (Karanta Yadda Grids Rarraba Wuta ke Aiki don ƙarin koyo game da watsa layin wutar lantarki.)
Fitowar ruwa - Ana ɗaukar ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ta bututun mai, wanda ake kira tailraces, kuma yana sake shiga cikin kogin ƙasa.
Ruwan da ke cikin tafki ana ɗaukar makamashin da aka adana. Lokacin da ƙofofin suka buɗe, ruwan da ke gudana ta cikin penstock ya zama kuzarin motsa jiki saboda yana motsi. Adadin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa yana ƙayyade ta dalilai da yawa. Biyu daga cikin waɗancan abubuwan sune ƙarar kwararar ruwa da adadin kai na ruwa. Shugaban yana nufin nisa tsakanin saman ruwa da turbines. Yayin da kai da magudanar ruwa ke karuwa, haka wutar lantarkin ke haifarwa. Kan yawanci ya dogara da adadin ruwan da ke cikin tafki.
Akwai wani nau'in tashar samar da wutar lantarki, da ake kira famfo-storage plant. A cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada, ruwan da ke cikin tafki yana gudana ta hanyar shuka, yana fita kuma ana saukar da shi zuwa ƙasa. Gidan da ake ajiyewa mai famfo yana da tafki guda biyu:
Babban tafki - Kamar tashar wutar lantarki ta al'ada, dam yana haifar da tafki. Ruwan da ke cikin wannan tafki yana ratsa tashar wutar lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki.
Ƙananan tafki - Ruwan da ke fitowa daga tashar wutar lantarki yana gudana zuwa cikin ƙananan tafki maimakon sake shiga kogin da gudana daga ƙasa.
Yin amfani da injin turbine mai jujjuyawa, shuka zai iya juyar da ruwa zuwa tafki na sama. Ana yin wannan a cikin sa'o'i marasa ƙarfi. Mahimmanci, tafki na biyu yana cika tafki na sama. Ta hanyar mayar da ruwa zuwa tafki na sama, injin ɗin yana da ƙarin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin amfani da kololuwar.
The Generator
Zuciyar tashar wutar lantarki ita ce janareta. Yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki suna da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan janareta.
Janareta, kamar yadda kuke tsammani, yana samar da wutar lantarki. Babban tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta wannan hanya shine a jujjuya jeri na maganadisu a cikin coils na waya. Wannan tsari yana motsa electrons, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki.
Dam din na Hoover yana da jimillar janareta 17, kowanne daga cikinsu yana iya samar da megawatt 133. Jimillar karfin tashar wutar lantarki ta Hoover Dam ya kai megawatts 2,074. Kowane janareta an yi shi da wasu sassa na asali:
Yayin da injin turbine ya juya, mai haɓaka yana aika da wutar lantarki zuwa na'ura mai juyi. Rotor jerin manyan na'urorin lantarki ne waɗanda ke jujjuyawa a cikin wata murɗaɗɗen rauni na waya ta tagulla, wanda ake kira stator. Filin maganadisu tsakanin nada da maganadiso yana haifar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin Dam din Hoover, na yanzu na amps 16,500 yana motsawa daga janareta zuwa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, inda a halin yanzu ya kai amps 230,000 kafin a watsa.
Matakan samar da wutar lantarki suna amfani da hanyar da ke faruwa ta dabi'a, ci gaba da aiki - tsarin da ke haifar da saukar ruwan sama da kuma tashi koguna. Kowace rana, duniyarmu tana asarar ruwa kaɗan ta cikin yanayi yayin da hasken ultraviolet ya karya kwayoyin ruwa. Amma a lokaci guda, ana fitar da sabon ruwa daga ɓangaren duniya ta hanyar ayyukan volcanic. Adadin ruwan da aka samar da adadin ruwan da aka rasa kusan iri daya ne.
A kowane lokaci, jimlar yawan ruwa a duniya yana cikin nau'i daban-daban. Yana iya zama ruwa, kamar a cikin tekuna, koguna da ruwan sama; m, kamar yadda a cikin glaciers; ko gas, kamar a cikin tururin ruwa marar ganuwa a cikin iska. Ruwa yana canza jihohi yayin da ake kewaya duniyar ta hanyar igiyoyin iska. Ana haifar da igiyoyin iska ta ayyukan dumama rana. Ana yin hawan hawan iska ta hanyar rana da ke haskakawa a kan ma'aunin zafi fiye da sauran wurare na duniya.
Kewayoyin iska na yanzu suna fitar da ruwa a duniya ta hanyar zagayowar nata, wanda ake kira da hydrologic cycle. Yayin da rana ke zafi da ruwa mai ruwa, ruwan yana ƙafewa zuwa tururi a cikin iska. Rana tana zafi da iska, ta sa iska ta tashi a cikin yanayi. Iskar ta fi yin sanyi sama sama, don haka yayin da tururin ruwa ya tashi, sai ya yi sanyi, yana murɗawa cikin ɗigon ruwa. Lokacin da isassun ɗigon ruwa suka taru a wuri ɗaya, ɗigon ruwa na iya yin nauyi isa su faɗowa duniya a matsayin hazo.
Zagayowar hydrologic yana da mahimmanci ga masu samar da wutar lantarki saboda sun dogara da kwararar ruwa. Idan babu ruwan sama a kusa da shuka, ruwa ba zai taru a sama ba. Ba tare da wani ruwa da ke tattara rafi ba, ƙarancin ruwa yana gudana ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.
Tushen ra'ayin wutar lantarki shine a yi amfani da ikon ruwa mai motsi don juya ruwan turbine. Yawanci, dole ne a gina babban dam a tsakiyar kogi don yin wannan aikin. Wani sabon ƙirƙira yana yin amfani da ra'ayin samar da wutar lantarki akan ƙaramin ma'auni don samar da wutar lantarki ga na'urorin lantarki masu ɗaukuwa.
Wani mai kirkiro Robert Komarechka na Ontario, Canada, ya fito da ra'ayin sanya kananan injinan samar da wutar lantarki a cikin tafin takalma. Ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan ƙananan injin turbin za su samar da isassun wutar lantarki da za su iya kunna kusan kowace na'ura. A watan Mayun 2001, Komarechka ya sami takardar izini don na'urarsa ta musamman mai ƙarfi.
Akwai ƙa'ida ta asali game da yadda muke tafiya: Ƙafa ta faɗi diddige zuwa ƙafa a kowane mataki. Yayin da ƙafarku ta sauka ƙasa, ana saukar da ƙarfi ta diddige ku. Lokacin da kuka shirya don mataki na gaba, kuna mirgine ƙafarku gaba, don haka ana canza ƙarfin zuwa ƙwallon ƙafarku. Komarechka a fili ya lura da wannan ainihin ƙa'idar tafiya kuma ya haɓaka ra'ayi don amfani da ikon wannan aikin yau da kullum.
Akwai sassa biyar zuwa "kafar Komarechka tare da taron janareta na ruwa," kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin haƙƙin mallaka:
Ruwa - Tsarin zai yi amfani da ruwa mai sarrafa wutar lantarki.
Jakunkuna don ɗaukar ruwa - An sanya jakar ɗaya a cikin diddige kuma wani a cikin sashin yatsan yatsan takalma.
Conduits - Hanyoyin haɗa kowane jaka zuwa microgenerator.
Turbine - Yayin da ruwa ke motsawa baya da gaba a cikin tafin kafa, yana motsa wukake na ƙaramin injin turbine.
Microgenerator - Injin janareta yana tsakanin jakunkuna masu cike da ruwa guda biyu, kuma ya haɗa da rotor vane, wanda ke motsa shaft kuma yana juya janareta.
Yayin da mutum ke tafiya, matse ruwan da ke cikin jakar da ke cikin diddigin takalmin zai tilasta ruwa ta hanyar mashigar zuwa cikin injin janareta na ruwa. Yayin da mai amfani ya ci gaba da tafiya, za a ɗaga diddige kuma za a yi matsin ƙasa a kan jakar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙwallon ƙafar mutum. Motsin ruwan zai juya rotor da shaft don samar da wutar lantarki.
Za a samar da soket na waje don haɗa wayoyi zuwa na'ura mai ɗaukuwa. Hakanan za'a iya samar da na'ura mai sarrafa wutar lantarki don sawa akan bel na mai amfani. Ana iya haɗa na'urorin lantarki zuwa wannan na'ura mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, wanda zai samar da wutar lantarki akai-akai.
"Tare da karuwar adadin da ke amfani da batir, na'urori masu ɗaukuwa," alamar ta karanta, "akwai buƙatar samar da tushen wutar lantarki mai dorewa, mai daidaitawa, mai inganci." Komarechka yana tsammanin za a yi amfani da na'urarsa don sarrafa kwamfutoci masu ɗaukar hoto, wayoyin salula, na'urar CD, na'urar karban GPS da kuma na'urorin radiyo na biyu.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-21-2022
