Sebakeng se ntseng se tsoela pele se ntseng se tsoela pele sa lekala la eneji, ho lelekisa matla a matla a theknoloji ea ho fehla matla e se e le ntho ea bohlokoa ho feta leha e le neng pele. Ha lefatše le ntse le loantšana le liqholotso tse peli tsa ho kopana le litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa matla le ho fokotsa ho ntšoa ha khabone, mehloli ea matla e nchafalitsoeng e se e le ka pele. Har'a tsena, motlakase oa metsi o hlahella e le khetho e tšepahalang le e tšoarellang, e fanang ka karolo e kholo ea motlakase oa lefats'e.
The turbine ea Francis, karolo ea bohlokoa lifemeng tsa motlakase o fehloang ka metsi, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong ena e hloekileng ea matla. E qapiloe ke James B. Francis ka 1849, mofuta ona oa turbine e se e le o mong oa e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Bohlokoa ba eona sebakeng sa matla a matla a metsi bo ke ke ba feteletsoa, kaha e khona ho fetola ka nepo matla a metsi a phallang hore e be matla a mochini, ebe o fetoloa matla a motlakase ka jenereithara. Ka mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso, ho tloha mererong e menyenyane ea matla a metsi a mahaeng ho ea ho tse kholo - tse kholo tsa khoebo ea motlakase, turbine ea Francis e ipakile e le tharollo e ka tšeptjoang bakeng sa ho sebelisa matla a metsi.
Bokhoni bo Botle ba Phetoho ea Matla
The turbine ea Francis e tumme ka ts'ebetso ea eona e phahameng ea ho fetola matla a metsi a phallang hore e be matla a mochini, ebe o fetoloa matla a motlakase ka jenereithara. Ts'ebetso ena e phahameng - e sebetsang hantle ke phello ea moralo oa eona o ikhethang le melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso.
1. Tšebeliso ea Matla a Kinetic le a Ka khonehang
Li-turbine tsa Francis li etselitsoe ho sebelisa ka botlalo matla a kinetic le a ka bang teng a metsi. Ha metsi a kena ka har'a turbine, a qala ka ho feta ka har'a sekoti sa spiral, se abang metsi ka ho lekana ho potoloha semathi. Li-blades tsa semathi li bōpehile ka hloko ho etsa bonnete ba hore phallo ea metsi e na le tšebelisano e ntle le e sebetsang le tsona. Ha metsi a ntse a tsamaea ho tloha bophara bo ka ntle ba semathi ho ea bohareng (ka mokhoa oa radial - axial flow pattern), matla a ka bang teng a metsi ka lebaka la hlooho ea oona (phapang ea bophahamo pakeng tsa mohloli oa metsi le turbine) butle-butle e fetoloa matla a kinetic. Joale matla ana a kinetic a fetisetsoa ho semathi, se etsa hore se pote. Tsela ea ho phalla e entsoeng hantle le sebōpeho sa li-blades tsa semathi se nolofalletsa turbine ho ntša matla a mangata ho tloha metsing, ho finyella phetoho e phahameng ea matla a matla.
2. Papiso le Mefuta e meng ea Li-turbine
Ha ho bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea li-turbine tsa metsi, tse kang Pelton turbine le Kaplan turbine, turbine ea Francis e na le melemo e ikhethang mabapi le katleho ka har'a maemo a itseng a ts'ebetso.
Pelton Turbine: Pelton turbine e loketse haholo-holo bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa hlooho. E sebetsa ka ho sebelisa matla a kinetic a jete ea metsi a lebelo le phahameng ho otla libakete ho semathi. Le hoja e sebetsa hantle haholo maemong a holimo-hlooho, ha e sebetse hantle joaloka turbine ea Francis ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa hlooho. The turbine ea Francis, e nang le bokhoni ba ho sebelisa matla a kinetic le a ka bang teng le litšobotsi tsa eona tsa phallo e betere bakeng sa mehloli ea metsi a hlooho e bohareng, e ka fihlela katleho e phahameng molemong ona. Ka mohlala, setsing sa motlakase se nang le mohloli oa metsi oa hlooho ea bohareng (e re, 50 - 200 metres), mochine oa turbine oa Francis o ka fetola matla a metsi hore e be matla a mochine ka katleho e ka bang 90% kapa esita le ho feta maemong a mang a entsoeng hantle, ha mochine oa Pelton o sebetsang tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a hlooho a ka 'na a ba le bokhoni bo fokolang.
Kaplan Turbine: The Kaplan turbine e etselitsoe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tlase tsa hlooho le tse phahameng. Le hoja e sebetsa hantle haholo maemong a tlaase - a hlooho, ha hlooho e eketseha ho ea bohareng - hlooho ea hlooho, turbine ea Francis e e feta ka mokhoa o sebetsang hantle. Maqhubu a semathi sa Kaplan turbine a khona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso maemong a tlase - hloohong, maemo a phallo e phahameng, empa moralo oa eona ha o lokele ho fetolela matla hantle maemong a mahareng - joalo ka turbine ea Francis. Setsing sa motlakase se nang le hlooho ea 30 - 50 metres, mochine oa turbine oa Kaplan e ka 'na ea e-ba khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa katleho, empa ha hlooho e feta 50 metres, turbine ea Francis e qala ho bontša bophahamo ba eona ho matla - phetoho e sebetsang hantle.
Ka bokhuts'oane, moralo oa turbine oa Francis o lumella tšebeliso e nepahetseng haholoanyane ea matla a metsi ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lits'ebetso tsa hlooho, e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e ratoang mererong e mengata ea motlakase oa metsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
Ho Ikamahanya le Maemo a Metsi a Fapaneng
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse tsotehang tsa turbine ea Francis ke ho khona ho ikamahanya le maemo a mangata a mangata a metsi, e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e fapaneng bakeng sa merero ea motlakase oa metsi ho pota lefatše. Ho ikamahanya le maemo hona ho bohlokoa kaha mehloli ea metsi e fapana haholo ho ea ka hlooho (bohole bo otlolohileng boo metsi a theohang) le sekhahla sa phallo libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho.
1. Hlooho le Phallo Rate Ho ikamahanya le maemo
Hlooho ea Hlooho: Li-turbine tsa Francis li ka sebetsa hantle ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata ea lihlooho. Li sebelisoa haholo maemong a mahareng - a hlooho, hangata a nang le lihlooho ho tloha ho limithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse 300. Leha ho le joalo, ka liphetoho tse nepahetseng tsa moralo, li ka sebelisoa esita le maemong a tlase - hloohong kapa holimo - hloohong. Mohlala, maemong a tlase a hlooho, re re hoo e ka bang limithara tse 20 - 50, turbine ea Francis e ka etsoa ka libopeho tse ikhethang tsa lehare la semathi le ho phalla - li-geometri ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea matla. Li-blades tsa semathi li etselitsoe ho etsa bonnete ba hore phallo ea metsi, e nang le lebelo le batlang le le tlaase ka lebaka la hlooho e tlaase, e ntse e ka fetisetsa matla a eona ho semathi ka katleho. Ha hlooho e ntse e eketseha, moralo o ka fetoloa hore o sebetsane le phallo e phahameng ea metsi a lebelo. Lits'ebetsong tse phahameng tse fihlang ho limithara tse 300, likarolo tsa turbine li entsoe hore li khone ho mamella metsi a khatello e phahameng le ho fetola matla a mangata a ka bang teng ho ba matla a mochine ka katleho.
Phallo ea Phallo ea Phallo: The turbine ea Francis e ka boela ea sebetsana le litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa phallo. E ka sebetsa hantle tlas'a maemo a mabeli a sa khaotseng - a phallang le a feto-fetohang. Libakeng tse ling tsa lifeme tse fehlang matla a metsi, sekhahla sa phallo ea metsi se ka fapana ho ea ka linako tsa selemo ka lebaka la lintlha tse kang mokhoa oa pula kapa ho qhibiliha ha lehloa. Moralo oa turbine oa Francis o e lumella ho boloka ts'ebetso e batlang e le holimo le ha sekhahla sa phallo se fetoha. Mohlala, ha sekhahla sa phallo se phahame, turbine e ka ikamahanya le bophahamo ba metsi a ntseng a eketseha ka ho tataisa metsi ka nepo ka likarolo tsa ona. Li-spiral casing le li-vane tsa tataiso li etselitsoe ho arola metsi ka mokhoa o lekanang ho pota-potile semathi, ho etsa bonnete ba hore mahare a matha a ka sebelisana hantle le metsi, ho sa tsotellehe lebelo la ho phalla. Ha lebelo la phallo le fokotseha, turbine e ntse e ka sebetsa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, le hoja matla a motlakase ka tlhaho a tla fokotseha ho ea ka ho fokotseha ha phallo ea metsi.
2. Mehlala ea Tšebeliso Libakeng tse Fapaneng tsa Sebaka
Libaka tse Lithabeng: Libakeng tse lithaba, joalo ka Himalaya e Asia kapa Andes Amerika Boroa, ho na le merero e mengata ea motlakase oa metsi e sebelisang li-turbine tsa Francis. Hangata libaka tsena li na le mehloli e phahameng ea metsi ka lebaka la sebaka se moepa. Ka mohlala, Letamo la Nurek le Tajikistan, le Lithabeng tsa Pamir, le na le mohloli o phahameng oa metsi. Li-turbine tsa Francis tse kentsoeng Setsing sa Motlakase oa Motlakase oa Nurek li etselitsoe ho sebetsana le phapang e kholo ea hlooho (letamo le na le bophahamo ba limithara tse fetang 300). Li-turbine li fetolela matla a phahameng - a ka bang teng a metsi hore e be matla a motlakase, e leng se tlatsetsang haholo phepelong ea motlakase ea naha. Liphetoho tse phahameng tse phahameng lithabeng li fana ka hlooho e hlokahalang bakeng sa li-turbine tsa Francis hore li sebetse ka katleho e phahameng, 'me ho ikamahanya ha tsona le maemo a phahameng a hlooho li etsa hore e be khetho e nepahetseng bakeng sa merero e joalo.
Lithoteng tsa Nōka: Lithoteng tsa linōka, moo hlooho e batlang e le tlaase empa sekhahla sa phallo se ka ba seholo, li-turbine tsa Francis le tsona li sebelisoa haholo. Letamo la Three Gorges la Chaena ke mohlala o ka sehloohong. Letamo le lutse nokeng ea Yangtze, le na le hlooho e oelang ka har'a sebaka se loketseng li turbine tsa Francis. Li-turbine tsa Seteishene sa Motlakase oa Metsi a Three Gorges li hloka ho sebetsana le sekhahla se seholo sa phallo ea metsi ho tsoa Nokeng ea Yangtze. Li-turbine tsa Francis li etselitsoe ho fetola ka nepo matla a phallo e kholo ea metsi a hlooho, a batlang a le tlase ho matla a motlakase. Ho ikamahanya le maemo ha li-turbine tsa Francis ho litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa phallo ho li lumella ho sebelisa mehloli ea metsi a noka ka botlalo, ho hlahisa motlakase o mongata ho fihlela litlhoko tsa matla tsa karolo e kholo ea Chaena.
Tikoloho ea Lihlekehlekeng: Hangata Lihlekehleke li na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa mehloli ea metsi. Ka mohlala, lihlekehlekeng tse ling tsa Pacific, moo ho nang le linōka tse nyenyane ho ea ho tse mahareng tse nang le litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa phallo ho itšetlehile ka linako tsa lipula le tsa komello, li-turbine tsa Francis li sebelisoa lifemeng tse nyenyane tse fehlang matla a metsi. Li-turbine tsena li ka ikamahanya le maemo a fetohang a metsi, li fana ka mohloli o tšepahalang oa motlakase bakeng sa sechaba sa lehae. Nakong ea lipula, ha tekanyo ea ho phalla e phahame, li-turbine li ka sebetsa ka matla a phahameng a matla, 'me nakong ea komello, li ntse li ka sebetsa ka phallo e fokotsehileng ea metsi, le hoja e le boemong bo tlaase ba matla, ho netefatsa hore motlakase o tsoela pele.
Tšepahala le Nako e telele - Ts'ebetso ea Nako
The turbine ea Francis e nkoa e le ea bohlokoa ka lebaka la ts'epo ea eona le bokhoni ba ts'ebetso ea nako e telele, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahisa matla tse hlokang ho boloka matla a tsitsitseng ka nako e telele.
1. Moralo o Matla oa Sebopeho
The turbine ea Francis e na le sebopeho se matla le se entsoeng hantle. Semathi, e leng karolo e bohareng e potolohang ea turbine, hangata e entsoe ka lisebelisoa tse phahameng - tse matla tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang kapa li-alloys tse khethehileng. Lisebelisoa tsena li khethiloe bakeng sa thepa ea tsona e babatsehang ea mochine, ho kenyelletsa le matla a phahameng a ho tsitsa, ho hanyetsa kutu, le ho hanyetsa mokhathala. Ka mohlala, ka boholo - li-turbine tsa Francis tse sebelisoang limela tse kholo tsa motlakase oa metsi, li-blades tsa semathi li etselitsoe ho mamella phallo e phahameng ea khatello ea metsi le khatello ea mechine e hlahisoang nakong ea ho potoloha. Moralo oa semathi o ntlafalitsoe ho netefatsa phepelo e ts'oanang ea khatello ea maikutlo, e fokotsang kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo e ka bakang mapetsong kapa ho hloleha ha sebopeho.
Sekoti sa spiral, se tataisang metsi ho semathi, le sona se hahiloe ka ho tšoarella kelellong. Hangata e entsoe ka lipoleiti tsa tšepe tse teteaneng tse nang le marako tse khonang ho mamella phallo e phahameng ea khatello ea metsi a kenang turbine. Kamano pakeng tsa spiral casing le likarolo tse ling, tse kang li-vanes tsa ho lula le li-guides tsa tataiso, li etselitsoe hore li be matla le tse ka tšeptjoang, ho netefatsa hore mohaho oohle o ka sebetsa hantle tlas'a maemo a sa tšoaneng a sebetsang.
2. Litlhoko tse tlase tsa tlhokomelo
O mong oa melemo ea bohlokoa ea turbine ea Francis ke litlhoko tsa eona tse tlase tsa tlhokomelo. Ka lebaka la moralo oa eona o bonolo le o sebetsang hantle, ho na le likarolo tse fokolang tse tsamaeang ha li bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea li-turbine, tse fokotsang monyetla oa ho hlōleha ha likaroloana. Ka mohlala, li-vane tse tataisang, tse laolang ho phalla ha metsi ho ea ho semathi, li na le tsamaiso e otlolohileng ea ho hokahanya. Sistimi ena e fumaneha habonolo bakeng sa tlhahlobo le tlhokomelo. Mesebetsi ea kamehla ea tlhokomelo e kenyelletsa ho tlotsa likarolo tse tsamaeang, tlhahlobo ea litiiso ho thibela ho dutla ha metsi, le ho beha leihlo boemo ba mochini o akaretsang oa turbine.
Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ha ho hahoa turbine le tsona li kenya letsoho litlhoko tsa eona tse tlaase tsa tlhokomelo. Thepa - lisebelisoa tse hanyetsanang tse sebelisoang bakeng sa semathi le likarolo tse ling tse pepesehileng metsing li fokotsa tlhokahalo ea ho nkeloa sebaka khafetsa ka lebaka la ho senya. Ntle le moo, li-turbine tsa sejoale-joale tsa Francis li na le lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tsa ho beha leihlo. Litsamaiso tsena li ka lula li lekola liparamente tse joalo ka vibrate, mocheso le khatello. Ka ho sekaseka lintlha tsena, basebelisi ba ka bona mathata a ka bang teng esale pele mme ba etsa tokiso e thibelang, ho fokotsa tlhoko ea ho koaloa ho sa lebelloang bakeng sa tokiso e kholo.
3. Bophelo bo Bolelele ba Tshebeletso
Li-turbine tsa Francis li na le bophelo bo bolelele ba ts'ebeletso, hangata bo nka mashome a lilemo. Libakeng tse ngata tse fehlang motlakase ka metsi lefatšeng ka bophara, li-turbine tsa Francis tse kentsoeng lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa tse fetileng li ntse li sebetsa le ho fehla motlakase hantle. Ka mohlala, tse ling tsa li-turbine tsa Francis tse kentsoeng pele United States le Europe li 'nile tsa sebetsa ka lilemo tse fetang 50. Ka tlhokomelo e nepahetseng le ho ntlafatsoa ka linako tse ling, li-turbine tsena li ka tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka botšepehi.
Bophelo bo bolelele ba tšebeletso ea turbine ea Francis ha bo na molemo feela bakeng sa indasteri ea motlakase - ho hlahisa matla ho latela litšenyehelo - katleho empa hape le bakeng sa botsitso bo akaretsang ba phepelo ea motlakase. Mochine o motlakase o tšoarellang nako e telele o bolela hore lifeme tsa motlakase li ka qoba litšenyehelo tse phahameng le litšitiso tse amanang le ho nkela li-turbine tse ncha khafetsa. E boetse e na le seabo ho matla a nako e telele a motlakase o fehlwang ka metsi e le mohlodi wa eneji o tshepehang le wa moshwelella, ho netefatsa hore motlakase o hlwekileng o ka fehlwa nako le nako ka dilemo tse ngata.
Litšenyehelo - katleho ka nako e telele
Ha ho nahanoa ka litšenyehelo - katleho ea mahlale a ho fehla motlakase, mochini oa turbine oa Francis o ipakile e le khetho e ntle ts'ebetsong ea nako e telele ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi.
1. Matsete a Pele le Litšenyehelo tsa Ts'ebetso ea nako e telele
Matsete a Pele: Le hoja matsete a pele ho projeke ea motlakase oa turbine ea Francis - e thehiloeng ho matla a metsi a ka ba holimo haholo, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka pono ea nako e telele. Litšenyehelo tse amanang le ho reka, ho kenya, le ho seta qalong ea turbine ea Francis, ho kenyelletsa le semathi, spiral casing, le likarolo tse ling, hammoho le kaho ea lisebelisoa tsa motlakase - tsa semela, li bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, chelete ena ea pele e fokotsoa ke melemo ea nako e telele. Mohlala, polanteng ea boholo bo mahareng e fehlang matla a metsi a matla a 50 - 100 MW, letsete la pele bakeng sa sete ea li-turbine tsa Francis le lisebelisoa tse amanang le tsona e ka ba lidolara tse limilione tse mashome. Empa ha ho bapisoa le mekhoa e meng ea theknoloji ea ho hlahisa matla, joalo ka ho aha setsi se secha sa matla a mashala - se hlokang matsete a sa khaotseng ho reka mashala le lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng tsa tšireletso ea tikoloho ho finyella litekanyetso tsa ho tsoa, mohaho oa nako e telele oa litšenyehelo tsa Francis - turbine - based hydropower project e tsitsitse haholoanyane.
Litšenyehelo tsa Ts'ebetso ea nako e telele: Theko ea ts'ebetso ea turbine ea Francis e tlase haholo. Hang ha turbine e kentsoe 'me setsi sa motlakase se sebetsa, litšenyehelo tse kholo tse tsoelang pele li amana le basebetsi bakeng sa ho beha leihlo le tlhokomelo, le litšenyehelo tsa ho fetola likarolo tse ling tse nyenyane ka nako. Ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ea turbine ea Francis e bolela hore e ka hlahisa motlakase o mongata ka tekanyo e nyane ea metsi. Sena se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa yuniti ka 'ngoe ea motlakase o fehloang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, limela tse fehlang matla a mocheso, joalo ka limela tsa mashala - tse chesitsoeng kapa tsa khase - li na le litšenyehelo tse kholo tsa mafura tse ntseng li eketseha ha nako e ntse e ea ka lebaka la lintlha tse kang ho phahama ha litheko tsa mafura le ho fetoha ha 'maraka oa lefatše oa matla. Mohlala, setsi sa motlakase sa mashala se ka 'na sa bona litšenyehelo tsa mafura li nyoloha ka liperesente tse itseng selemo se seng le se seng kaha litheko tsa mashala li itšetlehile ka phepelo - le - matla a matla, litšenyehelo tsa merafo, le litšenyehelo tsa lipalangoang. Sebakeng sa Francis - turbine - powered hydropower plant, theko ea metsi, e leng "mafura" bakeng sa turbine, ha e le hantle ke mahala, ntle le litšenyehelo leha e le life tse amanang le metsi - tsamaiso ea mehloli le litefello tsa litokelo tsa metsi, tseo hangata li leng tlase haholo ho feta litšenyehelo tsa mafura a limela tsa motlakase oa mocheso.
2. Ho Fokotsa Kakaretso ea Matla - Litšenyehelo tsa ho hlahisa ka Tšebetso e Phahameng - e sebetsang hantle le Tlhokomelo e Tlaase
Ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso: Matla a phahameng - a sebetsang hantle - matla a ho fetola a turbine ea Francis a kenya letsoho ka kotloloho ho fokotsa litšenyehelo. Turbine e sebetsang hantle haholoanyane e ka hlahisa motlakase o mongata ho tsoa ho palo e lekanang ea mehloli ea metsi. Ka mohlala, haeba turbine ea Francis e na le bokhoni ba 90% ho fetola matla a metsi hore e be matla a motlakase (a ntan'o fetoloa matla a motlakase), ha a bapisoa le mochine o fokolang - o sebetsang hantle o nang le bokhoni ba 80%, bakeng sa phallo ea metsi le hlooho e fanoeng, 90% - e sebetsang hantle ea Francis e tla hlahisa motlakase o eketsehileng oa 12.5%. Ho eketseha hona ha motlakase ho bolela hore litšenyehelo tse sa fetoheng tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea motlakase - ts'ebetso ea polante, joalo ka litšenyehelo tsa meralo ea motheo, tsamaiso, le basebetsi, li phatlalalitsoe holim'a palo e kholoanyane ea tlhahiso ea motlakase. Ka lebaka leo, litšenyehelo ka yuniti ea motlakase (litšenyehelo tse lekantsoeng tsa motlakase, LCOE) lia fokotseha.
Tlhokomelo e tlase: Boemo bo tlase - tlhokomelo ea turbine ea Francis le eona e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa litšenyehelong - katleho. Kaha ho na le likarolo tse fokolang tse tsamaeang le tšebeliso ea thepa e tšoarellang, makhetlo a mangata a tlhokomelo e kholo le likarolo tsa likarolo li tlaase. Mesebetsi ea kamehla ea tlhokomelo, e kang ho tlotsa le ho hlahloba, e batla e le theko e tlaase. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mefuta e meng ea li-turbine kapa lisebelisoa tsa ho fehla motlakase li ka hloka tlhokomelo e ngata khafetsa le e theko e boima. Ka mohlala, turbine ea moea, le hoja e ka nchafatsoa - mohloli oa matla, e na le likarolo tse kang lebokose la li-gear tse atisang ho senyeha le ho taboha 'me li ka hloka hore li lokisoe kapa li nkeloe sebaka ka mor'a lilemo tse seng kae. Sebakeng sa feme ea matla a matla a metsi a turbine e thehiloeng ho turbine, nako e telele lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e meholo ea tokiso e bolela hore litšenyehelo tsohle tsa tlhokomelo nakong ea bophelo ba turbine li tlase haholo. Sena, se kopantsoe le bophelo ba nako e telele ea ts'ebeletso, se fokotsa litšenyehelo tse akaretsang tsa ho hlahisa motlakase ka nako e telele, ho etsa hore turbine ea Francis e be litšenyehelo - khetho e sebetsang bakeng sa matla a nako e telele - ho hlahisa matla.
Botsoalle ba Tikoloho
The Francis turbine - e thehiloeng ho fehla motlakase oa metsi e fana ka melemo ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho ha e bapisoa le mekhoa e meng e mengata ea ho fehla matla, e leng se etsang hore e be karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong e lebisang bokamosong bo tsitsitseng ba matla.
1. Ho Fokotsa Mosi oa Khabone
E 'ngoe ea melemo e hlahelletseng ea tikoloho ea li-turbine tsa Francis ke sebaka sa bona se fokolang sa khabone. Ho fapana le mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale - mafura a thehiloeng ho matla a motlakase, a kang limela tsa mashala - tse chesitsoeng le tsa khase, limela tsa matla a metsi tse sebelisang li-turbine tsa Francis ha li chese mafura nakong ea ts'ebetso. Mashala - lifeme tsa motlakase tse fehloang ke li-emitters tse kholo tsa carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), ka polante e tloaelehileng e kholo ea mashala - e ntšang limilione tsa lithane tsa \(CO_2\) ka selemo. Mohlala, polante ea matla a mashala a 500 - MW - e ka ntša lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 3 tsa \(CO_2\) ka selemo. Ha ho bapisoa, setsi sa motlakase oa metsi se nang le matla a tšoanang a nang le li-turbine tsa Francis ha se hlahise mosi o tobileng \(CO_2\) nakong ea ts'ebetso. Sebopeho sena sa zero - emission ea Francis - turbine - e fehlang motlakase ka metsi e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa boitekong ba lefats'e ba ho fokotsa ho tsoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše le ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Ka ho fetola phepelo ea matla a lintho tsa khale - mafura - e thehiloeng ho matla a metsi, linaha li ka kenya letsoho haholo ho fihlela lipehelo tsa tsona tsa phokotso ea khabone. Mohlala, linaha tse kang Norway, tse itšetlehileng haholo ka matla a fehloang ka metsi (ka li-turbine tsa Francis tse sebelisoang haholo), li na le likhase tse tlase haholo tsa khabone ha li bapisoa le linaha tse itšetlehileng haholo ka mehloli ea matla ea mafura.
2. Moea o Tlaase - Mesi e Silafatsang
Ho phaella ho khase ea khabone, limela tsa mesaletsa - mafura - tse thehiloeng ho matla - li boetse li ntša mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lintho tse silafatsang moea, tse kang sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), le particulate matter. Lintho tsena tse silafatsang li na le litlamorao tse mpe haholo boleng ba moea le bophelo bo botle ba batho. \(SO_2\) e ka baka pula ea asiti, e senyang meru, matša le meaho. \(NO_x\) e kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha mosi 'me e ka baka mathata a ho hema. Particulate matter, haholo-holo fine particulate matter (PM2.5), e amahanngoa le mefuta e mengata ea litaba tsa bophelo bo botle, ho kenyeletsoa mafu a pelo le matšoafo.
Francis - turbine - limela tse thehiloeng ho matla a metsi, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha li hlahise litšila tsena tse kotsi tsa moea nakong ea ts'ebetso. Sena se bolela hore libaka tse nang le lifeme tse fehlang matla a metsi li ka natefeloa ke moea o hloekileng, e leng se lebisang ntlafatsong ea bophelo ba sechaba. Libakeng tseo motlakase o fehloang ka metsi o nkileng sebaka sa karolo e kholo ea phepelo ea motlakase e thehiloeng ho mafura, ho bile le ntlafatso e hlokomelehang boleng ba moea. Ka mohlala, libakeng tse ling tsa Chaena moo merero e meholo ea matla a matla a metsi e nang le li-turbine tsa Francis e entsoeng, maemo a \(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), le likaroloana tsa lintho tse moeeng li fokotsehile, e leng se bakileng linyeoe tse fokolang tsa mafu a matšoafo le a pelo har'a baahi ba moo.
3. Tšusumetso e Nyenyane ho Tikoloho
Ha li entsoe le ho laoloa ka nepo, lifeme tsa Francis - turbine - based hydropower li ka ba le tšusumetso e nyane tikolohong e haufi ha e bapisoa le merero e meng ea ntlafatso ea matla.
Tsela ea Litlhapi: Litsi tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale tse fehlang motlakase ka metsi tse nang le li-turbine tsa Francis li entsoe ka lisebelisoa tsa lihlapi. Lisebelisoa tsena, tse kang litepisi tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le li- lifts tsa litlhapi, li hahiloe ho thusa litlhapi ho falla ho ea holimo le tlaase. Ka mohlala, Nōkeng ea Columbia e Amerika Leboea, limela tse fehlang matla a metsi li kentse litlhapi tse rarahaneng - mekhoa ea ho tsamaea. Litsamaiso tsena li lumella litlhapi tsa salmon le mefuta e meng ea litlhapi tse fallang ho feta matamo le lifensetere, e leng ho li nolofalletsang ho fihla moo li qhotsetsang teng. Moqapi oa litlhapi tsena - lisebelisoa tsa ho feta li nahanela boitšoaro le bokhoni ba ho sesa ba mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litlhapi, ho netefatsa hore lebelo la ho phela ha litlhapi tse fallang lea eketseha.
Metsi - Tlhokomelo ea Boleng: Ts'ebetso ea li-turbine tsa Francis hangata ha e bake liphetoho tse kholo boleng ba metsi. Ho fapana le mesebetsi e meng ea indasteri kapa mefuta e meng ea phepelo ea motlakase e ka silafatsang mehloli ea metsi, lifeme tse fehlang motlakase ka metsi tse sebelisang li-turbine tsa Francis hangata li boloka boleng ba tlhaho ba metsi. Metsi a fetang ka har'a li-turbine ha a fetoloe ka lik'hemik'hale, 'me liphetoho tsa mocheso hangata li fokola. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho ea metsing, kaha lintho tse ngata tse phelang metsing li na le maikutlo a ho fetoha ha boleng ba metsi le mocheso. Linokeng moo ho nang le limela tse fehlang matla a metsi tse nang le li-turbine tsa Francis, boleng ba metsi bo lula bo loketse mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo ba metsing, ho kenyeletsoa litlhapi, liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo le limela.
Nako ea poso: Feb-21-2025
