1. Lisebelisoa tsa matla a metsi
Nalane ea nts'etsopele ea batho le tšebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a metsi e qalile mehleng ea khale. Ho ea ka Tlhaloso ea Molao oa Matla a Tsosolositsoeng oa Rephabliki ea Sechaba ea Chaena (e hlophisitsoeng ke Komiti ea Ts'ebetso ea Molao ea Komiti e Emeng ea National People's Congress), tlhaloso ea matla a metsi ke: mocheso oa moea le oa letsatsi o baka mouoane oa metsi, mouoane oa metsi o etsa pula le lehloa, ho oa ha pula le lehloa ho etsa linōka le melapo, 'me phallo ea metsi e bitsoa matla.
Likahare tsa mantlha tsa nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea sejoale-joale ea motlakase o fehloang ka metsi ke nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a metsi, kahoo hangata batho ba sebelisa mehloli ea matla a metsi, mehloli ea matla a haeteroliki, le mehloli ea matla a fehloa ka metsi joalo ka mantsoe a tšoanang. Leha ho le joalo, ha e le hantle, mehloli ea matla a metsi e kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata ea litaba tse kang mehloli ea matla a metsi a futhumetseng, mehloli ea matla a metsi, mehloli ea matla a metsi, le mehloli ea matla a metsi a leoatle.
(1) Mehloli ea matla a metsi le mocheso
Mehloli ea metsi le ea mocheso oa mocheso hangata e tsejoa e le liliba tsa tlhaho tse chesang. Mehleng ea boholo-holo, batho ba ne ba qala ho sebelisa ka ho toba mehloli ea metsi le mocheso oa liliba tsa tlhaho tse chesang ho haha libaka tsa ho hlapa, ho tola, ho phekola maloetse le ho ikoetlisa. Batho ba mehleng ea kajeno ba boetse ba sebelisa mehloli ea metsi le ea mocheso bakeng sa ho fehla motlakase le ho futhumatsa. Iceland, mohlala, e ne e na le matla a fehlang motlakase ka metsi a li-kilowatt tse libilione tse 7.08 ka 2003, moo lihora tse 1.41 bilione tsa li-kilowatt li ileng tsa hlahisoa ka ho sebelisa matla a mocheso oa mocheso (ke hore mehloli ea matla a mocheso oa metsi). 86% ea baahi ba naha ba sebelisitse matla a mocheso oa mocheso (mehloli ea matla a mocheso oa metsi) ho futhumatsa. Seteishene sa motlakase sa Yangbajing se nang le matla a kentsoeng a li-kilowatt tse 25000 se hahiloe Xizang, se sebelisang le mocheso oa mocheso (metsi le mehloli ea matla a mocheso) ho fehla motlakase. Ho ea ka se boletsoeng esale pele ke litsebi, matla a mocheso o tlase (ho sebelisa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše e le sebaka sa metsi) a ka bokelloang ke mobu ka har'a limithara tse ka bang 100 Chaena selemo le selemo a ka fihla ho li-kilowatt tse limilione tse likete tse 150. Hajoale, matla a kentsoeng a ho fehla matla a geothermal Chaena ke 35300 kilowatts.
(2) Lisebelisoa tsa matla a Hydraulic
Matla a Hydraulic a kenyelletsa matla a kinetic le a ka bang teng a metsi. Chaena ea boholo-holo, mehloli ea matla a hydraulic ea linōka tse loebehlanang, liphororo le liphororo tsa metsi li ne li sebelisoa haholo ho haha mechini e kang mabili a metsi, liloala tsa metsi le liloala tsa metsi bakeng sa ho nosetsa metsi, ho lokisa lijo-thollo le ho hula raese. Lilemong tsa bo-1830, liteishene tsa haeteroliki li ile tsa ntlafatsoa 'me tsa sebelisoa Europe ho fana ka matla bakeng sa liindasteri tse kholo tse kang liloala tsa phofo, liloala tsa k'hothone le merafo. Li-turbine tsa sejoale-joale tsa metsi tse tsamaisang ka kotloloho lipompo tsa metsi tsa centrifugal ho hlahisa matla a centrifugal bakeng sa ho phahamisa metsi le ho nosetsa, hammoho le liteishene tsa pompo ea hamore ea metsi tse sebelisang phallo ea metsi ho hlahisa khatello ea hamore ea metsi le ho theha khatello e phahameng ea metsi bakeng sa ho phahamisa metsi le ho nosetsa, kaofela ke nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso e tobileng ea mehloli ea matla a metsi.
(3) Mehloli ea matla a metsi
Lilemong tsa bo-1880, ha motlakase o sibolloa, li-motor tsa motlakase li ile tsa etsoa ho ipapisitsoe le thuto ea matla a motlakase, 'me ho ile ha hahuoa limela tsa motlakase oa metsi ho fetolela matla a haeteroliki a liteishene tsa motlakase oa metsi hore e be matla a motlakase le ho a isa ho basebelisi, ho tlisa nako ea nts'etsopele e matla le ts'ebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a motlakase.
Mehloli ea motlakase eo re buang ka eona hona joale hangata e bitsoa hydroelectric resources. Ntle le mehloli ea metsi a linōka, leoatle le boetse le na le matla a maholohali a maqhubu, maqhubu, letsoai le mocheso. Ho hakanngoa hore mehloli ea lefats'e ea matla a metsi a leoatleng ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 76, e leng makhetlo a fetang 15 ho feta mehloli ea likhopolo-taba ea mobu o fehloang ka metsi. Har'a tsona, matla a maqhubu ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 3, matla a maqhubu a li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 3, matla a phapang ea mocheso ke li-kilowatt tse limilione tse likete tse 40, 'me matla a phapang ea letsoai ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 30. Hajoale, ke theknoloji ea nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea matla a maqhubu a leoatle e fihletseng boemo bo sebetsang bo ka ntlafatsoang ka tekanyo e kholo ts'ebelisong ea mehloli ea matla a metsi a leoatleng ke batho. Ntlafatso le ts'ebeliso ea mehloli e meng ea matla e ntse e hloka lipatlisiso tse ling ho fihlela sephetho sa katleho ea tekheniki le moruo le ho fihlela nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso e sebetsang. Ntlafatso le ts'ebeliso ea matla a leoatle ao hangata re buang ka ona ke nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea matla a leoatle. Ho hoheloa ha Khoeli le Letsatsi holim'a leoatle la Lefatše ho baka phetoho ea nako le nako boemong ba metsi, e tsejoang e le maqhubu a leoatle. Ho feto-fetoha ha metsi a leoatle ho etsa matla a leoatle. Ha e le hantle, matla a maqhubu ke matla a mechine a hlahisoang ke ho fetoha ha maemo a leoatle.
Ho ile ha e-ba le lifela tsa tidal lekholong la bo11 la lilemo, ’me mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, Jeremane le Fora li ile tsa qala ho haha liteishene tse nyenyane tsa motlakase.
Ho hakanngoa hore matla a leoatle a sebelisoang lefatšeng a pakeng tsa 1 bilione le 1.1 billion kilowatts, ka tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ea matla a lihora tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 1240 tsa kilowatt. Lisebelisoa tsa China tse sebelisoang ka matla a maholo li na le matla a kentsoeng a li-kilowatt tse limilione tse 21.58 le tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ea matla a li-kilowatt tse limilione tse likete tse 30.
Seteishene se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa motlakase lefatšeng ha joale ke setsi sa motlakase sa Rennes se Fora, se nang le matla a kentsoeng a 240000 kilowatts. Seteishene sa pele sa ho fehla motlakase naheng ea China, Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Jizhou Tidal se Guangdong, se hahiloe ka 1958 se nang le matla a li-kilowatt tse 40. Seteishene sa Matla sa Tidal sa Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power, se hahiloeng ka 1985, se na le matla a kentsoeng a li-kilowatt tse 3200, se maemong a boraro lefatšeng.
Ho phaella moo, maoatleng a Chaena, mehloli ea matla a maqhubu a ka bang limilione tse 12,85, matla a leoatle a ka bang limilione tse 13.94, matla a phapang ea letsoai a ka bang limilione tse 125, 'me matla a fapaneng a mocheso a ka bang limilione tse likete tse 1.321. Ka bokhutšoanyane, kakaretso ea matla a leoatle naheng ea Chaena e ka ba li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 1,5, e leng palo e fetang habeli ea li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 694 tsa matla a metsi a noka ea fatše, 'me e na le menyetla e pharaletseng ea ntlafatso le tšebeliso. Matsatsing ana, linaha ho pota lefatše li tsetela haholo ho batlisisa mekhoa ea mahlale ea ho nts'etsapele le ho sebelisa mehloli e mengata ea matla e patiloeng leoatleng.
2. Lisebelisoa tsa matla a metsi
Mehloli ea matla a matla a metsi ka kakaretso e bua ka tšebeliso ea matla a ka bang teng le a kinetic a phallo ea metsi a noka ho etsa mosebetsi le ho tsamaisa potoloho ea lijenereithara tse fehlang motlakase. Mashala, oli, khase ea tlhaho, le phehlo ea matla a nyutlelie li hloka tšebeliso ea mehloli ea mafura e sa tsosolositsoeng, athe ho fehla motlakase ka metsi ha ho sebelise mehloli ea metsi, empa ho sebelisa matla a phallo ea noka.
(1) Global Hydroelectric Energy Resources
Kakaretso ea mehloli ea mehloli ea matla a metsi linōkeng lefatšeng ka bophara ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 5.05, ka tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ea matla a fihlang ho li-kilowatt tse litrilione tse 44.28; Mehloli ea motlakase ea metsi e ka sebelisoang ka botekgeniki ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse likete tse 2.26, 'me phehlo ea motlakase ea selemo le selemo e ka fihla lihora tse libilione tse 9.8 tsa kilowatt.
Ka 1878, Fora e ile ea haha seteishene sa pele sa ho fehla motlakase ka metsi lefatšeng se nang le matla a kentsoeng a 25 kilowatts. Ho fihlela hajoale, matla a fehlang ka metsi a kentsoeng lefatšeng ka bophara a feta li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 760, ka phehlo ea matla ea selemo le selemo ea lihora tse 3 trillion tsa kilowatt.
(2) Mehloli ea matla a metsi a China
China ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse nang le mehloli e mengata ea matla a fehlang ka metsi lefatšeng. Ho ea ka lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa mehloli ea matla a metsi, mehloli ea likhopolo-taba ea matla a metsi a linōka Chaena ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 694, 'me tlhahiso ea matla ea selemo le selemo ke lihora tse libilione tsa 6.08, e leng sebaka sa pele lefatšeng ka bophara ho latela mehloli ea matla a metsi; Bokhoni bo ka sebelisoang ka botekgeniki ba mehloli ea motlakase ea metsi ea China ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 542, ka tlhahiso ea matla ea selemo le selemo ea li-kilowatt tse litrilione tse 2.47, 'me matla a ka sebelisoang moruong ke li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 402, ka tlhahiso ea matla ea selemo le selemo ea li-kilowatt tse litrilione tse 1.75, ka bobeli li maemong a pele lefatšeng.
Ka Phupu 1905, Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Motlakase oa pele oa China, Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station Profinseng ea Taiwan, se ile sa hahuoa ka matla a kentsoeng a 500 kVA. Ka 1912, ho ile ha phethoa seteishene sa pele sa ho fehla matla a metsi China Mainland, Shilongba Hydropower Station e Kunming, Profinseng ea Yunnan, se ile sa phetheloa bakeng sa ho fehla motlakase, ka matla a kentsoeng a 480 kilowatts. Ka 1949, matla a kentsoeng a motlakase oa metsi naheng e ne e le 163000 kilowatts; Bofelong ba 1999, e ne e se e tsoetse pele ho fihla ho li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 72,97, e le ea bobeli ka mor'a United States 'me e boemong ba bobeli lefatšeng; Ka 2005, kakaretso ea matla a fehloang ka metsi naheng ea China e ne e fihlile ho li-kilowatts tse limilione tse 115, e behiloe maemong a pele lefatšeng, e etsang karolo ea 14.4% ea matla a fehloa a metsi le 20% ea kakaretso e kentsoeng ea indasteri ea matla ea naha.
(3) Litšobotsi tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Motlakase oa metsi o nchafatsoa khafetsa ka potoloho ea hydrological ea tlhaho, 'me o ka sebelisoa ke batho khafetsa. Hangata batho ba sebelisa poleloana 'e sa feleng' ho hlalosa ho nchafatsoa ha matla a fehloang ka metsi.
Motlakase oa metsi ha o je mafura kapa o ntša lintho tse kotsi nakong ea tlhahiso le ts'ebetso. Litšenyehelo tsa tsamaiso le ts'ebetso ea eona, litšenyehelo tsa ho fehla motlakase, le tšusumetso ea tikoloho li tlase haholo ho feta tsa tlhahiso ea matla a mocheso, e leng se etsang hore e be mohloli o tlaase oa matla a tala.
Motlakase oa Hydropower o na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea taolo, ho qala ka potlako, 'me o bapala karolo e phahameng ea ho kuta ts'ebetsong ea marang-rang a matla. E potlakile ebile e sebetsa hantle, e fokotsa tahlehelo ea phepelo ea motlakase maemong a tšohanyetso le a likotsi, le ho netefatsa polokeho ea phepelo ea motlakase.
Motlakase oa metsi le matla a liminerale ke a matla a mantlha a thehiloeng mehloling, a fetoloang matla a motlakase ebe a bitsoa matla a bobeli. Nts'etsopele ea matla a motlakase ke mohloli oa matla o phethelang ntlafatso ea matla a mantlha le tlhahiso ea bobeli ea matla ka nako e le 'ngoe, ka mesebetsi e 'meli ea kaho ea matla a mantlha le kaho ea bobeli ea matla; Ha ho na tlhoko ea ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe ea ho hula liminerale, ho tsamaisa le ho boloka, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa mafura haholo.
Kaho ea matamo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea motlakase o fehloang ka metsi e tla fetola tikoloho ea tikoloho ea libaka tsa lehae. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hloka hore mobu o mong o kene ka tlas'a metsi, e leng se fellang ka hore bajaki ba falle; Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e ka tsosolosa boemo ba leholimo bo botle ba sebaka seo, ea theha tikoloho e ncha ea tikoloho ea metsing, ea khothalletsa ho phela ha lintho tse phelang, le ho thusa batho ho laola likhohola, nosetso, bohahlauli le nts'etsopele ea likepe. Ka hona, moralong oa merero ea motlakase o fehloang ka metsi, ho lokela ho nahanoa ka kakaretso ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong ea tikoloho, 'me nts'etsopele ea motlakase o fehloang ka metsi e na le melemo e mengata ho feta mefokolo.
Ka lebaka la melemo ea matla a fehloang ka metsi, linaha lefatšeng ka bophara joale li nka maano a etelletsang nts'etsopele ea matla a fehloang ka metsi ka pele. Lilemong tsa bo-1990, matla a fehloang ka metsi a ne a etsa karolo ea 93.2% ea kakaretso ea matla a Brazil a kentsoeng, athe linaha tse kang Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand le Canada li ne li e-na le karolelano ea matla a metsi a fetang 50%.
Ka 1990, karolo ea tlhahiso ea matla a motlakase ho ea ho motlakase o sebelisoang linaheng tse ling tsa lefats'e e ne e le 74% Fora, 72% Switzerland, 66% Japane, 61% Paraguay, 55% United States, 54% Egepeta, 50% Canada, 17,3% naheng ea India, 6% nakong ea China, 16% nakong e tšoanang.
Nako ea poso: Sep-24-2024
