Munzvimbo yesimba rakachena, simba remvura rinomira senzvimbo inokosha yekushandura simba, nekuda kwehunhu hwaro hwekuvandudza, mutengo wakaderera, uye kugona kwakasimba kwekuenzanisa mutoro wepamusoro. Kubva pamaturbine makuru eThree Gorges Dam kusvika pakuyerera zvinyoro nyoro kwezvirimwa zvidiki zvemvura munzvimbo dzine makomo, kutenderera kweturbine kunogara kuchiperekedzwa nekushandurwa kwesimba kubva ku "simba remvura rinogona kugoneka → simba remagetsi → simba remagetsi." Chinhu chikuru chinokwezva simba remvura chiri mukuchinjika kwakanaka kweyuniti ye turbine-generator yemvura pasi pemamiriro akasiyana emvura. Iyi modhi yekuratidzira ine simba, kuburikidza nekudzokororwa kwakarurama kwemhando dzeturbine dzakadai sematurbine ekuita uye maturbine ekufema, inoratidza hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekudyidzana pakati peturbine nekuyerera kwemvura. (1) Reaction Turbine Model: "Kugamuchira" Simba Kuchinjana Pakati peKuyerera Kwemvura neMakumbo Modhi yeFrancis turbine ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa "yakazara". Modhi iyi inodzokorora chimiro chepakati cheyuniti ye700MW paThree Gorges Power Station pachiyero che1:25. Chinomhanyisa chine dhayamita ye30cm uye chine zvidimbu gumi nematatu zvakapfava (15° inlet angle, 20° outlet angle) zvakarongwa neradially; chakakomberedza chinomhanya chine zvidimbu zvinotungamira zvinogadziriswa (24 vane, zvakagadzirwa nepurasitiki yeABS uye simbi frame composite), zvakabatana ne "governor ring," iyo inogona kugadzirisa kuvhura kwevane yekutungamira (0-30°). Chivharo chinoonekera chakagadzirwa neacrylic yakakandwa. Mvura (kubva musystem yemvura inotenderera inofambiswa ne micro pomp) inoyerera zvakaenzana mu casing kubva kumativi ese, ichitungamirirwa nezvidimbu zvinotungamira, uye inorova zvidimbu zvinomhanya nekumhanya kwekuyerera kwe20m/s, zvichiita kuti chinomhanya chitenderere (150 rpm, inoenderana ne125 rpm yeyuniti chaiyo). Chinhu chikuru chekuratidzira kwakasimba chiri mukushandurwa kwesimba kwe "circumferential water intake": Kana kuvhura kwevane yekutungamira kwagadziriswa kusvika ku20°, flow meter inoratidza "simulated flow rate 5L/s", speed meter inogadzikana pa150 rpm, uye generator model inoburitsa 220V. Pakutevedzera "kuwedzera kwekuyerera kwemvura munguva yemafashamo" (guide vane yakavhurika zvizere), kumhanya kweturbine kunowedzera kusvika 180 rpm, uye voltage inokwira kusvika 240V. Chidzitiro chinoratidza panguva imwe chete "Francis turbines dzakakodzera misoro yemvura ye50-700m uye dzinogona kuita basa re95%. Dhizaini iyi inoita kuti musimboti we "kusiyana kwekumanikidzwa kumativi ese emapanga anotyaira turbine" uve nyore kunzwisisa, zvichitsanangura zvakakwana kuti nei Francis turbines dziri sarudzo inosarudzwa yemusoro wemvura wakakwira uye mwero mukuru wekuyerera. Muenzaniso we axial flow turbine unoratidza zvakanakira "axial water intake" yemisoro yemvura yakaderera, ine marudzi ese emapanga akagadzika uye anogadziriswa. Muenzaniso webanga rinogadziriswa une rotor ye40cm dhayamita ine 6 blades dzinotenderera zvichienderana nemamiriro ekuyerera kwemvura (inodzorwa ne micro servo motor), ine blade angle adjustment range ye -10° kusvika +15°. Guide vane ne rotor zvakarongwa coaxial, nemvura ichiyerera axial mu rotor. Mabanga anotenderera pasi pemhedzisiro yakabatana yekupinza kwemvura uye kutenderera kwawo ega. Chinhu chinoshandiswa ne "water head adjustment" chemuenzaniso uyu chakasiyana: Kana vateereri vakasarudza "low water head 3-5m" (semuenzaniso, rwizi rwuri munzvimbo isina chinhu), blade angle inogadziriswa kusvika +15° (ichiwedzera nzvimbo yekubatana nemvura), guide vane open iri 30°, uye rotor speed iri 60 rpm; kuchinja kuenda ku "medium water head 10-30m", blade angle inogadziriswa kusvika 0°, speed inowedzera kusvika 100 rpm, uye screen inoratidza "Axial flow turbines inogona kuwana kushanda kwe92% pa high flow rates uye low water heads". Kuenzanisira kwe adjustable-pitch uye fixed-pitch turbines kune kukosha kukuru kwedzidzo: Pasi pe flow rate imwe chete, adjustable-pitch turbine, nekugadzirisa blade angle, inowana kushanda kwe 8-10% kupfuura fixed-pitch turbine (efficiency curve inoratidzwa munguva chaiyo pachiratidziro), zvichiratidza zviri pachena kuti "adjustable-pitch turbines inokwanisa kugadzirisa ku flow rates dzakasiyana-siyana." Kuenzanisa uku kwakakosha zvikuru pakudzidzisa nezvesimba remvura diki munzvimbo dzekudiridza, zvichibatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa "nei maturbine emvura axial-flow achiwanzoshandiswa mumapurojekiti madiki emvura ekumaruwa." Iyo turbine inofamba-famba inyanzvi yekuchinja musoro, ine axis yayo yebhara rerunner pakona ye45° kuenda kushaft huru (pakati pe mixed-flow ne axial-flow turbine). Mablades emodhi anogona kugadziriswa panguva imwe chete (kubva -5° kusvika +25°), ne guide vanes nerunner zvichigadziriswa pamwe chete. Kana musoro wakafanana ukawedzera kubva pa40m kusvika 120m, angle yebhara inochinja otomatiki kubva pa +25° kusvika -5°, ichichengetedza kumhanya kwerunner kwakasimba kwe120 rpm, ichiratidza hunhu hwe "kushanda kwepamusoro pamusoro pekuchinja kwemusoro kwe3-fold." Casing yakajeka inobvumira kutarisisa kwakajeka kwenzira yekuyerera yakasiyana, uye mepu yekushanda zvakanaka pachiratidziro inobatsira vaoni kunzwisisa "kuchinjika kwayo pakati pematurbine emvura akabatana neaxial-flow."
(2) Impulse Turbine Model: Simba re "rudzi rwekudonha" Kuburitswa kweMvura neMapazi
Modhi yePelton turbine ndiyo "simba guru" rekushandisa mumusoro, ichitevedzera dhizaini yekare yechiteshi chemagetsi cheLeonhard muSwitzerland. Mabhaketi gumi nemaviri akaita semakapu (rimwe nerimwe rine simba re50mL, rakagadzirwa nebrass yakaputirwa nechrome) akapararira zvakaenzana kutenderedza runner (dhayamita ye25cm); "nozzle" (dhayamita ye0.5cm) inotenderera 360°. Mvura ine simba guru (inopihwa neplunger pombi, inotevedzera musoro we500-1000m) inogadzira jeti rinomhanya zvakanyanya (50m/s) rinobata chaizvo "splitter" yemabhaketi, richishandura simba remagetsi remvura kuita simba remuchina remumhanyi anotenderera. Chinhu chikuru chekuratidzira kwakasimba ndiko kufambisa simba kuburikidza ne "jet impact": Kana nozzle imwe chete yavhurwa, jeti remvura rinobata vhiri returbine rinogadzira "reaction force" inoonekwa (instantaneous acceleration yerotor), inosvika 300 rpm uye simba rejenareta rinobuda re500W. Nema nozzles maviri (akarongwa zvakaenzana), kumhanya kunowedzera kusvika pa580 rpm uye simba kusvika pa980W. Chidzitiro chinoratidza kuti "kushanda kwerudzi urwu rwe turbine kunogona kusvika 90% pasi pemusoro wemvura wakakwira, uye mvura haipinde mu casing, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera mvura ine sediment yakawanda." Dhizaini iyi inoratidza zvakajeka musimboti wekuti "kufambisa simba rekinetic hakutsamiri pakumanikidzwa kwemvura, asi chete pakukanganiswa kwemvura inoyerera nekukurumidza," zvichitsanangura zvakakwana kuti sei yakakodzera "zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura zvemakomo zvine musoro weanopfuura 100m." Muenzaniso we turbine unoratidza kuchinjika kunochinjika kwe "oblique jet impact," ne nozzle yakatenderedzwa 22.5° ku turbine wheel plane, mvura ichikanganisa mablades akaita se scoop (blades 18). Chinhu ichi chinopindirana chinobvumira vaoni kugadzirisa angle ye nozzle, vachiona shanduko yekumhanya kwe rotor - kudzikira kwe10-15% kana angle ikatsauka kubva pa22.5°, zvichiratidza kukanganiswa kwe angle accuracy pakushanda zvakanaka. Rudzi urwu rwemhando yemagetsi runowanzo shandiswa kuratidza "simba remagetsi madiki munzvimbo dzine makomo," rakakodzera "masisitimu esimba akaparadzirwa ane musoro we20-300m uye mwero mudiki wekuyerera." Mhando yeturbine ine simba rakawanda inowedzera kushandiswa kwesimba ne "mvura ichirova mapanga kaviri." Vhiri returbine rine mativi maviri emapanga; mushure mekurova kwekutanga, mvura inoyerera nepakati pevhiri kuti irove chigadziko chezasi. Vhiri rinoonekera rinobvumira vaoni kuona nzira ye "simba rakapetwa kaviri". Chiratidziro chinoratidza kuti "nepo kushanda kwedhizaini ine simba rakapetwa kaviri kwakaderera zvishoma (75-85%), chimiro chayo chiri nyore uye mutengo wakaderera zvinoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune ma micro-hydropower ekumaruwa." Dhizaini iyi inoita kuti "huchenjeri hwekushandisa simba mumagadzirirwo akareruka" huve pachena. (3) Mhando Dzakakosha dzeHydro Turbine Models: Magadzirirwo Akanaka Emamiriro Akanyanya
Modhi yeturbine yebulb imhinduro "yakatsetseka" yezvivakwa zvemagetsi zvine musoro wakaderera. Ine chimiro "chakaita segirobhu" - jenareta iri mukati mebhokisi rakaita segirobhu munzira yekuyerera kwemvura, uye rotor yeturbine yakabatana zvakananga nejenareta shaft (isina spiral casing). Mvura inoyerera nepakati peyuniti. Kune kukwirira kwemusoro kwakaedzwa kwe2-8m (semuenzaniso, matidal power plants), rotor (40cm dhayamita, 8 curved blades) inotenderera pa80 rpm. Screen inoratidza "Ma bulb turbines anogona kuwana mashandiro anosvika 88%, akakodzera matidal power plants, nemari shoma yeinjiniya yezvivakwa." Casing yakajeka inoratidza zvakajeka hunhu hwe "kuyerera kwemvura kwakatwasuka", ichitsanangura kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira mumashandisirwo emagetsi akaderera akadai sematidal turbine uye nzira dzekudiridza. Modhi yetidal turbine inoratidza kugadzira simba remativi maviri. Matidal brades ayo ane dhizaini yakafanana ye "S-shape", ichibvumira rotor kutenderera zvisinei nekuti mvura inoyerera kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi kana kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe (60 rpm). Modhi iyi yakabatana ne "tangi rekufananidzira remvura," iro rinoshandisa mvura inokwira nekudzika kuti iite kuti mvura ifambe zvakanaka, zvichiratidza kutenderera kwe "kugadzirwa kwesimba panguva yekukwira kwemvura → kugadzirwa kwesimba panguva yekudzika kwemvura → kuvharwa panguva yekudzika kwemvura." Chiratidziro chinoratidza "Tidal turbines dzinoshandisa simba remwedzi, dzinogona kudzokororwa, uye dzinofanotaurwa zvakanyanya." Dhizaini iyi inoita kuti kubatana pakati pe "simba rakachena nemitinhimira yechisikigo" kuonekwe pachena.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-10-2025
