Ndine shamwari yangu yakura uye ari mutano. Kunyange ndave nemazuva akawanda ndisina kunzwa kubva kwamuri, zvinotarisirwa kuti zvichanaka. Musi uyu ndakasangana naye netsaona, asi airatidza kupererwa. Ndakashaya kuti ndozvinetserei nezvake. Ndakaenda kumberi kuti ndibvunze.
Akatura befu ndokuti zvishoma nezvishoma, “Ndiri kuda musikana nguva pfupi yadarika.”. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti "kunyemwerera kwakanaka uye maziso akanaka" zvinofambisa moyo wangu. Zvisinei, vabereki vari kumba vachiri mukirasi uye vane madobjects, saka havana nguva refu vapinzwa basa. "Bhandi rangu riri kuwedzera uye handisi kuzozvidemba, uye ndichaonda nokuda kweIraq", izvo zvinoita kuti ndinzwe seizvi nhasi. Ndinogara ndichiziva kuti une zivo yakawanda. Zvino zvamada kusangana nhasi, ndinoda kukumbira kuti mubatsire vashandi. Kana magumo akatemerwa nemasikirwo, sezvo Six Rites asangana, surnames maviri acharoora uye kuita chibvumirano muimba imwe. Ukama hwakanaka hahuzomboperi, hunofananidzwa nezita rimwe chete. Nechivimbiso chemusoro muchena, nyorera kuHongjian, kuitira kuti mubatanidzwa wemashizha matsvuku unyorwe mumuti wemandarin. Kana paine kusawirirana kupi nokupi, tinofanirawo “kugadzirisa chichemo nokusunungura pfundo, tirege kuvengana; mumwe achiparadzana uye mumwe achikanganwira, uye mumwe nomumwe anofara.” Nenzira, musikana uyu ane mazita maviri ekupomba mvura uye mazita maviri ekuchengetedza simba.
Mushure mekuteerera izvi, handina kana kutsamwa. Zviripachena mutungamiri wako akakukumbira kuti utonge kana iyo pombi yekuchengetera magetsi ine kukosha kwekudyara, asi iwe wati yaive nyowani uye yakanatswa. "Muchato wakanaka unogadzirwa nemusikirwo, uye vakaroorana vakanaka vanogadzirwa nemasikirwo". Handigoni kutaura chinhu pamusoro pemanzwiro. Asi kana zvasvika kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi, ndakangobvunza munhu mukuru nezve hurongwa hwekuongorora hwe "five-dimensional integration" mushure mekuita kwekuvaka kwemapurojekiti anopfuura zana ekuchengetera. Iwo inzvimbo yenzvimbo, mamiriro ekuvaka, mamiriro ekunze, engineering dhizaini uye zviratidzo zvehupfumi. Kana uchida, ingonditeerera iwe.
1, Geographic nzvimbo
Pane chirevo chekare muindasitiri yezvivakwa kuti "nzvimbo, nzvimbo, nzvimbo" i "nzvimbo, nzvimbo, kana nzvimbo". Ichi chine mukurumbira chirevo cheWall Street chakapararira zvakanyanya mushure mekutaurwa naLi Ka-shing.
Mukuongororwa kwakadzama kwemapurojekiti ekuchengeterwa kwepombi, nzvimbo yenzvimbo ndiyo yekutanga zvakare. Basa rekutarisa rekupombi chengetedzo rinonyanya kushandira gidhi remagetsi kana kuvandudzwa kwemabhesi makuru emagetsi matsva. Nokudaro, nzvimbo yenzvimbo yepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi inonyanya kukoshesa pfungwa mbiri: imwe iri pedyo nenzvimbo yekuremedza, uye imwe iri pedyo nechigadziko chesimba idzva.
Parizvino, mazhinji emapombi-yekuchengetera magetsi emagetsi akavakwa kana kuti ari kuvakwa muChina ari munzvimbo yekuremedza yegridi kwaanowanikwa. Semuyenzaniso, Guangzhou pumped-storage power station (2.4 miriyoni kilowatts) iri makiromita makumi mapfumbamwe kubva kuGuangzhou, iyo Ming Tombs pumped-storage power station (0.8 miriyoni kilowatts) iri makiromita makumi mana kubva kuBeijing, Tianhuangping pumped-storage power station (1.8 miriyoni kilowatts) uye makiromita makumi mashanu nenomwe kubva kuHangzhou (1.2 miriyoni kilowatts) iri munzvimbo yemadhorobha yeShenzhen.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuitira kuzadzisa zvinodikanwa zvekukurumidza kusimudzira kwesimba idzva, kutenderedza kuvandudzwa kwemvura uye nzvimbo uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba idzva mugwenga nerenje reGobi, batch nyowani yemapombi ekuchengetedza magetsi emagetsi anogonawo kurongwa pedyo nenzvimbo itsva yesimba. Semuyenzaniso, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi zvakarongwa parizvino muXinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi nedzimwe nzvimbo, mukuwedzera pakuzadzisa zvinodiwa negedhi remagetsi enzvimbo, zvinonyanya kuitirwa mabasa matsva epasi.
Saka poindi yekutanga yekuongorora kwakadzama kwepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi kuona kwaakaberekerwa pekutanga. Kazhinji, chengetedzo yepombi inofanirwa kutevedzera musimboti wekugovaniswa kwakasarudzika, ichitarisa pakugovera padhuze negedhi rekutakura nzvimbo uye nzvimbo nyowani yekusimbisa simba. Pamusoro pezvo, kune nzvimbo dzisina pombi dzekuchengetera zviteshi, kukoshesa kunofanirwa kupihwa zvakare kana paine zvakanaka zviwanikwa.
2, Kuvaka mamiriro
1. Topographic mamiriro
Ongororo yemamiriro ekunze anonyanya kusanganisira musoro wemvura, chinhambwe kusvika pahurefu reshiyo, uye chisikigo chinoshanda chekuchengetedza madhirigi epamusoro neakadzika. Simba rinochengetwa mupombi inochengeterwa isimba rinokwevera remvura, rakaenzana nechigadzirwa chemusiyano wehurefu uye kusimba kwemvura mudhamu. Saka kuti uchengetedze simba rimwechete, wedzera mutsauko wehurefu pakati pematanho epamusoro neakadzika, kana kuwedzera huwandu hwakadzorwa hwekuchengetera hwepombi yekuchengetera yekumusoro neyepasi.
Kana mamiriro akazadzikiswa, zvakanyanya kufanira kuve nekureba kwakakura kusiyana pakati pepamusoro nepasi reservoirs, izvo zvinogona kuderedza saizi yekumusoro uye yakaderera reservoirs uye saizi yechirimwa uye electromechanical michina, uye kuderedza chirongwa chekudyara. Nekudaro, zvinoenderana neyakazvino yekugadzira nhanho yepombi-yekuchengetera mayuniti, yakakura kwazvo mutsauko wehurefu unozokonzerawo kuoma kukuru mukugadzira mayuniti, saka yakakura zviri nani. Zvinoenderana neruzivo rweinjiniya, kudonha kwakawanda kuri pakati pe400 ne700m. Semuenzaniso, yakayerwa musoro weMing Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 430m; Musoro wakayerwa weXianju Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 447m; Musoro wakayerwa weTianchi Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 510m; Musoro wakarongwa weTianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 526m; Musoro wakayerwa we Xilongchi Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 640m; Musoro wakayerwa weDunhua Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 655m. Parizvino, Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station ine musoro wepamusoro wekushandisa we710m, iyo yakavakwa muChina; Musoro wepamusoro wekushandisa wepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi chiri kuvakwa iTiantai pumped storage power station, ine musoro wakayerwa we724m.
Space-depth reshiyo ireshiyo iri pakati pechinhambwe chakachinjika uye musiyano wekukwirira pakati pemvura yepamusoro nechepazasi. Kazhinji kutaura, zvakafanira kuve diki, izvo zvinogona kuderedza huwandu hweinjiniya hwemvura inotakura system uye kuchengetedza mari yeinjiniya. Zvisinei, maererano neruzivo rweinjiniya, kudiki-diki kwepakati kusvika kune reshiyo yehurefu kunogona kukonzera nyore nyore matambudziko akadai semagadzirirwo einjiniya uye yakakwirira uye yakatenuka materu, saka kazhinji zvakakodzera kuti ive nenzvimbo yekureba reshiyo pakati pe2 ne10. Semuenzaniso, chinhambwe chehurefu chechikamu cheChanglongshan pumped storage station ndeye 3.1; Iyo chinhambwe kusvika pakukwirira reshiyo yeHuizhou pumped storage station ndeye 8.3.
Kana iyo nzvimbo yekumusoro uye yakadzika mabheseni emvura yakavhurika, kudiwa kwekuchengetedza simba kunogona kuumbwa mukati menzvimbo diki yedhishi remvura. Zvikasadaro, zvinodikanwa kuti uwedzere nzvimbo yedhamu bheseni kana kugadzirisa reservoir kugona kuburikidza nekuwedzera uye kuchera, uye kuwedzera ivhu kugara uye huwandu hweinjiniya. Pazviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi zvine simba rakaiswa miriyoni 1.2 kilowatts uye maawa ekushandisa akazara emaawa matanhatu, simba rekuchengetedza simba rekugadzira magetsi rinoda 8 miriyoni m3, 7 miriyoni m3 uye 6 miriyoni m3 zvichiteerana kana musoro wemvura uri 400m, 500m uye 600m. Pahwaro uhwu, zvinodikanwa zvakare kufunga kufa kwekuchengetedza huwandu, kurasikirwa kwemvura kwekuchengetedza kuchengetedza uye zvimwe zvinhu kuti pakupedzisira uone huwandu hwese hwekuchengetedza reservoir. Kuti isangane nezvinodiwa reservoir reservoir, inoda kuumbwa nekupwanya kana kuwedzera kuchera mudhamu pamwe chete nenzvimbo yechisikigo.
Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo yekubata yedhamu repamusoro kazhinji idiki, uye kutonga kwemafashama kweprojekiti kunogona kugadziriswa nekuwedzera zvakakodzera kureba kwedhamu. Naizvozvo, mupata wakamanikana pakubuda kwebheseni repamusoro redziva inzvimbo yakanaka yekuvakwa kwedhamu, iyo inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kuwanda kwekuzadza madhamu.
2. Geological mamiriro
Iwo chete makomo akasvibira akafanana nemadziro kana anongedza kune Six Dynasties.
——Yuan Sadurah
Mamiriro emamiriro ejooloji anonyanya kusanganisira kugadzikana kwedunhu, huinjiniya mamiriro enzvimbo dzepamusoro nedzezasi dzemadziva uye nzvimbo dzawo dzekusangana, mainjiniya eiyo geological mamiriro ekufambisa kwemvura uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi system, uye zvechisikigo zvekuvakisa.
Zvimiro zvekuchengetedza uye kuburitsa zvepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi zvinofanirwa kudzivirira kukanganisa kunoshanda, uye nzvimbo yekuchengetera haifanirwe kunge iine kukoromoka kukuru kwevhu, kudonha, kuyerera kwemarara uye zvimwe zvakashata zviitiko zve geological. Mapako emagetsi epasi pevhu anofanirwa kudzivirira matombo asina kusimba kana kuputsika. Kana mamiriro aya asingakwanisi kudziviswa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweinjiniya, mamiriro e geological anorambidza kuvakwa kwepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi chiteshi.
Kunyangwe iyo pombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi ichidzivirira zviri pamusoro, mamiriro e geological anokanganisa zvakanyanya mutengo wepurojekiti. Kazhinji, kana kudengenyeka kwenyika kusingawanzoitiki munzvimbo yeprojekti uye kuoma kwedombo, kunobatsira zvakanyanya kuderedza mutengo wekuvaka wepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi.
Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwezvivakwa uye maitiro ekushanda kwepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi chiteshi, iwo makuru einjiniya geological matambudziko anogona kupfupikiswa sezvinotevera:
(1) Zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzemagetsi dzakajairwa, pane imwe nzvimbo yekuenzanisa uye kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo yechiteshi nenzvimbo yekuchengetera magetsi epombi yekuchengetera magetsi. Saiti dzine mamiriro asina kunaka eiyo geological kana yakaoma mainjiniya kurapwa anogona kutariswa kuburikidza nebasa re geological pachiteshi saiti ongororo uye chiteshi chekuronga chiteshi. Basa rekuongorora geological rinonyanya kukosha panguva ino.
Zvisinei, zvishamiso uye zvishamiso zvenyika zvinowanzorara mungozi uye kure, uye chii chinonzi vanhu vashoma, saka hazvigoneki kune chero munhu ane chido chekusvika.
——Nziyo Yenziyo, Wang Anshi
Ongororo yeUpper Dam Site yeShitai Pumped Storage Power Station muAnhui Province
(2) Kune akawanda epasi pevhu einjiniya mapako, akareba high pressure tunnel zvikamu, hombe yemvura mukati memvura, kuvigwa kwakadzika uye chiyero chikuru. Izvo zvinodiwa kuratidza zvizere kugadzikana kwedombo rakatenderedza, uye kuona nzira yekuchera, tsigiro uye lining mhando, chiyero uye kudzika kwemugero wakatenderedza dombo.
(3) Iyo yekuchengetera yepombi yekuchengetera reservoir kazhinji idiki, uye mutengo wekupomba wakakwirisa panguva yekushanda, saka huwandu hwekudonha hwemvura yepamusoro hunofanira kunyatsodzorwa. Dziva repamusoro rinonyanya kuwanikwa pamusoro pegomo, uye kazhinji kune mipata yakadzikira yakaipoteredza. Huwandu hwezviteshi hunosarudzwa munzvimbo dzine karst landforms dzisina kunaka kuitira kutora mukana wenzvimbo ine mukana. Matambudziko edhamu riri padyo nemupata wekudonha uye karst leakage zvakajairika, izvo zvinoda kutariswa uye kunaka kwekuvaka kunofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanaka.
(4) Kugovewa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuzadza dhamu mubheseni redziva repombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi ndicho chinhu chakakosha kuona chiyero chekushandiswa kwechinhu chinobva. Kana matura emidziyo inoshandiswa munzvimbo yekuchera yedhishi pamusoro pemvura yakafa inongosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuzadza dhamu uye pasina nzvimbo yekubvisa zvinhu, nzvimbo yakanaka yekuchera matsime uye chiyero chekuzadza chinosvika. Kana iyo yekubvisa zvinhu padhamu yakakora, dambudziko rekushandisa machira padhamu rinogona kugadziriswa nekupatsanura zvinhu zvedhamu. Nokudaro, zvakakosha zvikuru kumisa muenzaniso wakarurama we geological wepamusoro nepamusoro pemvura yakadzika kuburikidza nenzira dzinoshanda dzekuongorora dzekugadzirwa kwekuchera uye kuzadza chiyero chebheseni remvura.
(5) Panguva yekushanda kwedhamu, kusimuka nekudonha kwemvura kwakangoerekana kwaitika uye kwakakura, uye mashandisirwo epombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi ane simba guru pakugadzikana kwereservoir bank slope, izvo zvinoisa pamberi pepamusoro zvinodiwa zve geological mamiriro emutsetse webhangi redziva. Kana izvo zvinodikanwa zvekugadzikana kwekuchengetedza chinhu zvisati zvasangana, zvinodikanwa kudzikisa pasi yekuchera kutsetseka kwechiyero kana kuwedzera simba rekutsigira, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweinjiniya mari.
(6) Hwaro hwese-anti-seepage reservoir bheseni repombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi chine zvakakwirira zvinodikanwa zve deformation, drainage uye kufanana, kunyanya kune hwaro hwese-anti-seepage reservoir bheseni munzvimbo dzekarst, karst inodonha pazasi pechidziva, kusaenzana kushanduka kwenheyo, kudzosera kumashure jacking yemvura karstrden, imwe karst yedhivha yekushungurudzika, kubhadharwa kwekarst dhizaini, kubhadhareta kwekarst kudzvinyirirwa, kubhadharwa kwekarst dzvinyiriro uye kushayiwa. kunyatsoteerera.
(7) Nekuda kwemusiyano wakakura wekusimudza wepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi, iyo inodzoreredza unit ine yakakwira zvinodiwa pakutonga kweiyo sediment yemukati inopfuura nepakati peturbine. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti utarise kune dziviriro uye kurapa kwemvura kweiyo yakasimba sosi yegomba kumucheto kumashure kwemateru pane inopinza uye yekubuda uye kuchengetwa kwemwaka wemafashama sediments.
(8) Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi hazvizogadziri madhamu marefu nemadhamu makuru. Kureba kwedhamu uye materu akacherwa nemaoko ezvizhinji zvemadhamu epamusoro nepasi haapfuuri 150m. Matambudziko einjiniya geological edhamu hwaro uye materu akakwirira haana kunetsa kubata nawo kupfuura madhamu marefu uye madhamu makuru ezviteshi zvemagetsi zvakajairika.
3. Warehouse kugadzira mamiriro
Madhamu epamusoro uye epasi anofanirwa kunge aine mamiriro enzvimbo akakodzera kudhamu. Kazhinji, musoro wekushandisa we400 ~ 500m inotariswa zvichibva pane yakaiswa 1.2 miriyoni kilowatts uye mashandisirwo emaawa akazara ekugadzira magetsi emaawa matanhatu, kureva, iyo inodzorwa yekuchengetera yepombi yekuchengetera madhirigi emvura epamusoro uye epasi angangoita mamirioni matanhatu ~ 8 miriyoni m3. Zvimwe zviteshi zvepombi zvekuchengetedza zvinogara zvine "dumbu". Zviri nyore kuumba reservoir capacity kuburikidza ne damming. Muchiitiko ichi, inogona kuvharwa nemaoko. Nekudaro, zvimwe zviteshi zvepombi-yekuchengetera zvine diki diki yekuchengetedza uye inoda kucherwa kuti igadzire iyo yekuchengetedza. Izvi zvichaunza matambudziko maviri, imwe imari yekusimudzira yakakwira, imwe yacho ndeyokuti huwandu hwekuchengetedza hunoda kucherwa muhuwandu hukuru, uye simba rekuchengetedza simba rechiteshi chemagetsi harifanire kunge rakakura.
Pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvekuchengetedza, iyo pumped yekuchengetedza reservoir purojekiti inofanirwawo kufunga nezve reservoir seepage kudzivirira, pasi uye kuchera dombo uye kuzadza chiyero, kusarudzwa kwemhando yedhamu, nezvimwewo, uye kuona chirongwa chekugadzira kuburikidza nehupamhi hwehunyanzvi uye hwehupfumi kuenzanisa. Kazhinji kutaura, kana dziva rinogona kuumbwa nekukuvadza, uye kudzivirira kwepanzvimbo yekudzivirira kwemvura kunogamuchirwa, mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemvura ari nani (ona Fig. 2.3-1); Kana "bheseni" inoumbwa nehuwandu hwekuchera, uye iyo yose yebheseni anti-seepage rudzi inogamuchirwa, mamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzirwa kwemvura anowanzo (ona Fig. 2.3-2 uye 2.3-3).
Kutora Guangzhou pombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi ine yakanaka reservoir yekugadzira mamiriro semuenzaniso, iyo yepamusoro uye yepasi reservoir yekugadzira mamiriro akanaka, uye dhamu rinogona kuumbwa nekurova, nepamusoro pemvura inokwana 24.08 miriyoni m3 uye yakaderera reservoir inokwana 23.42 miriyoni m3.
Pamusoro pezvo, Tianhuangping pumped storage power station inotorwa semuenzaniso. Dziva rekumusoro riri mugully source depression yebazi remugero kumahombekombe ekuruboshwe kweRwizi rweDaxi, iro rakakomberedzwa nedhamu guru, madhamu mana anobatsira, pekupinda/kubuda uye makomo akatenderedza dhamu. Dhamu guru rakarongwa mukuora mwoyo kumucheto kwezasi kwegomba, uye dhamu rekubatsira rinorongwa muzvikamu zvina kumabvazuva, kuchamhembe, kumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Mamiriro ekuchengetedza ari epakati, ane huwandu hwekuchengetedza huwandu hwe9.12 miriyoni m3.
4. Mamiriro emvura
Mapombi emagetsi ekuchengetera magetsi akasiyana kubva kune akajairwa hydropower stations, ndiko kuti, "bheseni" remvura yakachena rinodururwa kumashure nekudzoka pakati pemvura yepamusoro nepasi. Pakupomba mvura, mvura yacho inodururwa kubva padziva rezasi ichienda kumudziyo wepamusoro, uye kana ichigadzira magetsi, mvura yacho inodzikiswa kubva padziva repamusoro kuenda kudhamu rezasi. Naizvozvo, dambudziko remvura yepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi chinonyanya kusangana nekutanga kuchengetedza mvura, ndiko kuti, kuchengetedza mvura mudhishi kutanga, uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemvura hwakaderedzwa nekuda kwekubuda uye kubuda mukati mekushanda kwezuva nezuva. Iyo pombi yekuchengetedza simba inowanzo iri muhurongwa hwe 10 miriyoni m3, uye zvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwemvura hazvina kukwirira. Mamiriro ezvitubu zvemvura munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura zhinji uye mambure enzizi dzakaomarara hazvizove izvo zvinotadzisa kuvakwa kwepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi. Zvakadaro, kumatunhu asina mvura zvakanyanya sekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, mamiriro enzvimbo yemvura yave chinhu chakakosha chinomanikidza. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzine mamiriro enzvimbo uye geological mamiriro ekuvakwa kwepombi yekuchengetedza, asi panogona kunge pasina mvura yekuchengetera mvura kwemakumi emakiromita.
3, Mamiriro ekunze
Izvo zvakakosha zvekuenda kune dzimwe nyika uye nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza ndezvekugadzirisa nyaya yekushanda kwehupfumi hwevanhu uye muripo. Iko kuhwina-kuhwina uye akawanda-kuhwina maitiro.
1. Kutorwa kwevhu nekugariswa patsva kwekuvaka
Hukuro hwekutorwa kwevhu pakuvaka kwepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi kunosanganisira yepamusoro uye yakaderera reservoir nzvimbo yekunyudza uye nzvimbo yekuvaka hydroproject. Kunyange zvazvo kune madhamu maviri ari mupombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi, nokuti matura acho ari maduku, mamwe acho anoshandisa madziva echisikigo kana madhamu aripo, chiyero chekutorwa kwevhu pakuvaka chinowanzova chidiki zvikuru pane icho chezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura; Nekuda kwekuti mabheseni mazhinji akacherwa, nzvimbo yekuvaka yehydroproject inowanzo sanganisira nzvimbo inonyururwa nedhamu, saka chikamu chenzvimbo yekuvaka hydroproject munzvimbo yekutora ivhu yekuvakwa kweprojekiti yakakura kwazvo kupfuura yeyakajairwa hydropower station.
Nzvimbo yemvura yedhamu inonyanya kusanganisira nzvimbo yemvura iri pazasi pemvura yakajairika yedhamu, pamwe nenzvimbo yemvura yekuseri kwemafashama uye nzvimbo inobatwa nedhamu.
Iyo hydroproject yekuvaka nzvimbo inonyanya kusanganisira iyo hydroproject zvivakwa uye chirongwa chekusingaperi manejimendi nzvimbo. Nzvimbo yekuvaka yepurojekiti yehubhu inotarwa senzvimbo yenguva pfupi uye nzvimbo yekusingaperi zvinoenderana nechinangwa chega rega. Iyo nyika yenguva pfupi inogona kudzoserwa kune yayo yekutanga kushandiswa mushure mekushandisa.
Kuwanda kwekutora nzvimbo yekuvaka kwakatemwa, uye basa rinokosha rekutevera nderokuita tsvakurudzo yezviratidzo zvemuviri zvekutora nzvimbo yekuvaka, kuitira kuti "uzvizive uye uzive mumwe". Inonyanya kuongorora huwandu, hunhu, muridzi uye humwe hunhu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, ivhu, zvivakwa, zvimiro, zvisaririra zvetsika nenzvimbo dzenhoroondo, mamineral deposits, nezvimwewo mukati mechikamu chekutorwa kwevhu rekuvaka.
Pakuita sarudzo, chinonyanya kunetsa ndechekuti kutorwa kwenzvimbo yekuvaka kunosanganisira zvinhu zvakakomba, sehukuru uye huwandu hweminda yekurima, yekutanga-yekutanga sango rekuchengetedza veruzhinji, misha yakakosha nemataundi, zvisaririra zvetsika nenzvimbo dzenhoroondo, uye mamineral deposits.
2. Dziviriro yezvakatipoteredza
Kuvakwa kwemapombi emagetsi ekuchengetera magetsi kunofanirwa kutevedzera musimboti we "ecological pamberi uye kukura kwegirinhi".
Kunzvenga nzvimbo dzinokanganisa nharaunda chinhu chakakosha chinodiwa kuti purojekiti igone kuitika. Nzvimbo dzinoona zvakatipoteredza dzinoreva marudzi ese enzvimbo dzekudzivirira pamatanho ese akaiswa maererano nemutemo uye nzvimbo dzinonyanya kutarisisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwechirongwa chekuvaka. Pakusarudza nzvimbo, nzvimbo dzinotarisisa zvakatipoteredza dzinofanirwa kutariswa uye kudziviswa kutanga, kunyanya kusanganisira mitsara mitsvuku yekudzivirira, mapaki epasi, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka, nzvimbo dzinotaridzika, nzvimbo dzepasirese tsika nenzvimbo dzenhaka, nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mvura yekunwa, mapaki emasango, geological park, wetland mapaki. nzvimbo yevhu, kuvakwa kwemaguta uye kumaruwa, uye "mitsetse mitatu uye imwe chete".
Matanho ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza ndiwo matanho anokosha ekuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kana purojekiti isingabatanidzi nzvimbo dzinokanganisa nharaunda, zvinogoneka kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, asi kuvakwa kwepurojekiti kuchave nekukanganisa pamvura, gasi, ruzha uye nharaunda, uye nhevedzano yenhanho dzakanangwa dzinofanirwa kutorwa kubvisa kana kudzikamisa mhedzisiro, sekurapwa kwekugadzira mvura yetsvina netsvina yemumba, nekuyerera kwe ecological.
Kuvaka nzvimbo inzira yakakosha yekuwana yakakwirira-mhando yekusimudzira yekupomba nekuchengetedza. Pombi nekuchengetedza magetsi zviteshi zvinowanzowanikwa munzvimbo dzine makomo nemakomo dzine nharaunda yakanaka yezvakatipoteredza. Mushure mekupedzwa kweprojekiti, madhamu maviri achaumbwa. Mushure mekudzoreredzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvakwa kwenzvimbo, vanogona kuverengerwa munzvimbo dzinoyevedza kana zvinokwezva vashanyi kuti vabudirire mukuwirirana kwechiteshi chemagetsi uye nharaunda. Kuitwa kwechirevo che "mvura yakasvibirira uye makomo akasvibira makomo egoridhe nemakomo esirivha". Semuenzaniso, Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station yakaverengerwa munzvimbo inotaridzika yeTianhuangping Provincial Scenic Spot - Jiangnan Tianchi, uye Qujiang Pumped Storage Power Station yakaverengerwa munzvimbo yechitatu yekudzivirira yeLankeshan-Wuxijiang Provincial Scenic Spot.
4, Injiniya dhizaini
Injiniya dhizaini yepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi inonyanya kusanganisira chiyero cheprojekiti, hydraulic zvimiro, dhizaini yesangano rekuvaka, electromechanical uye simbi zvimiro, nezvimwe.
1. Chiyero chepurojekiti
Huyero hweinjiniya hwepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi chinonyanya kusanganisa huwandu hwakaiswa, huwandu hweanoramba azere maawa, iyo huru hunhu mwero wemvura wedhamu uye mamwe ma paramita.
Kusarudzwa kweiyo yakaiswa simba uye nhamba yeanoramba akazara maawa epombi yekuchengetedza magetsi chiteshi inofanira kufunga nezve zvese zvinodiwa uye mukana. Kudiwa kunoreva kudiwa kwesimba remagetsi, uye inogona kureva mamiriro ekuvaka echiteshi chemagetsi pachayo. Iyo yakajairika nzira yakavakirwa pakuongororwa kwenzvimbo inoshanda yeakasiyana masisitimu emagetsi epombi-yekuchengetera magetsi zviteshi uye zvinodikanwa zvesimba system yehuwandu hweanoramba azere maawa, kugadzira zvine hungwaru dhizaini yakasimwa hurongwa uye huwandu hweanoramba azere maawa, uye kusarudza iyo yakaiswa uye nhamba yeanoramba azere maawa akazara kuburikidza nekugadzira magetsi simulation uye yakazara tekinoroji uye yehupfumi kuenzanisa.
Mukuita, nzira yakapfava yekutanga kuronga iyo yakaiswa simba uye maawa ekushandisa akazara ndeyekutanga kuona huwandu hweyuniti zvinoenderana nemusoro wemvura siyana, uyezve kuona iyo yakazara yakaiswa simba uye maawa ekushandisa akazara zvinoenderana neakasikwa simba rekuchengetedza repombi yekuchengetedza. Parizvino, muhupamhi hwe300m ~ 500m kudonha kwemvura, dhizaini nekugadzira tekinoroji yeyuniti ine chiyero chakayerwa 300000 kilowatts yakakura, mamiriro ekushanda akagadzikana akanaka, uye ruzivo rweinjiniya rwakapfuma kwazvo (ndosaka iyo yakaiswa simba rezvizhinji zvepombi-yekuchengetera magetsi zviteshi zviri kuvakwa kazhinji muzvikamu makumi matatu nemazana ehuwandu hwemakirowatts ehuwandu hunodiwa. decentralized layout, uye pakupedzisira ruzhinji i1.2 miriyoni kilowatts). Mushure mekunge chiyero cheyuniti chatanga kusarudzwa, iyo yakasikwa simba rekuchengetedza yepombi yekuchengetedza simba chiteshi inoongororwa zvichibva pane topographical uye geological mamiriro epamusoro uye epasi reservoirs, uye kurasikirwa kwemusoro kwekugadzira simba uye kupomba mamiriro. Semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekuongorora kwekutanga, kana avhareji yemvura inodonha pakati pemvura yepamusoro uye yakaderera yepombi yekuchengetedza simba rekuchengetedza inenge 450m, zvakakodzera kusarudza 300000 kilowatts ye unit unit; Simba rekuchengetedza rezvisikwa repamusoro uye rezasi reservoirs rinenge mamiriyoni 6.6 kilowatt-maawa, saka zvikamu zvina zvinogona kufungidzirwa, kureva, iyo yose yakaiswa simba ndeye 1.2 mamiriyoni kilowatts; Yakasanganiswa nekudiwa kwesimba remagetsi, mushure mekuwedzera uye kucherwa kwedhamu zvichienderana nemamiriro echisikigo, iyo yakazara simba rekuchengetedza ichasvika 7.2 miriyoni kilowatt-maawa, inoenderana neinoenderera izere yakazara simba rekugadzira maawa e6 maawa.
Hunhu hwemvura yedhamu rinonyanya kusanganisira mwero wemvura yakajairika, mwero wemvura yakafa uye mwero wemafashama. Kazhinji, hunhu hwemvura yemvura yemadziva aya inosarudzwa mushure mehuwandu hwemaawa akazara anoenderera uye akaiswa simba anosarudzwa.
2. Hydraulic structures
Mberi kwedu kune rwizi runoyerera, uye shure kwedu kune mwenje unopenya. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita hupenyu hwedu, kurwa uye kumhanya kumberi.
——Rwiyo RweVavaki Vanochengeta Mvura
Hydraulic zvimiro zvepombi yekuchengetera zvinowanzo sanganisira rekumusoro reservoir, rezasi reservoir, mvura yekufambisa system, yepasi pevhu magetsi uye switch station. Chinhu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwemvura yepamusoro uye yakadzika madhirigi emvura ndeyekuwana yakakura yekuchengetera huwandu kuburikidza neiyo shoma engineering mutengo. Mazhinji emadziva epamusoro anotora musanganiswa wekuchera uye kurova, uye mazhinji acho akatarisana nemadhamu ematombo. Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ejoloji, kudonha kwemvura kwepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi kunogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza nedziviriro yese yekudzivirira kusevha uye kudzivirira kwekuvhara kweketeni kutenderedza dhamu. Zvishandiso zvekudzivirira seepage zvinogona kuve asphalt kongiri yechiso chendiro, geomembrane, gumbeze revhu, nezvimwe.
Schematic dhizaini yepombi yekuchengetedza magetsi chiteshi
Kana iyo yose yedhishi yekudzivirira yekudzivirira yekudzivirira inofanira kugamuchirwa kune dziva repombi yekuchengetera magetsi, fomu yekudzivirira yedhamu uye fomu rekudzivirira redziva redziva redziviriro rinofanira kutariswa sese, kuitira kudzivirira kana kuderedza kurapwa kwakabatana pakati pezvimiro zvekudzivirira kwakasiyana zvakanyanya sezvinobvira uye kuvandudza kuvimbika. Iro dhishi rose rine dhizaini rakakwirira richashandiswa kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura pazasi pedhamu. Iyo seepage yekudzivirira chimiro pazasi pechidziva ichave yakakodzera kune yakakura deformation kana isina kuenzana deformation inokonzerwa nepamusoro backfill.
Musoro wemvura wepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi wakakwira, uye kumanikidzwa kunotakurwa neiyo nzira yemvura chimiro yakakura. Zvinoenderana nemusoro wemvura, mamiriro eiyo geological yedombo rakatenderedza, saizi yebifurcated pombi, nezvimwewo, simbi yesimbi, yakasimbiswa kongiri lining uye dzimwe nzira dzinogona kugamuchirwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuitira kuti uve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza mafashama echiteshi chemagetsi, chiteshi chemagetsi chepombi chinodawo kuronga zvimiro zvekuburitsa mafashama, nezvimwe, izvo zvisingazotsanangurwa pano.
3. Kuvaka sangano rekugadzira
Mabasa makuru ehurongwa hwekugadzira dhizaini yepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi anosanganisira: kudzidza mamiriro ekuvaka purojekiti, diversion yekuvaka, gadziriro yezvinyorwa, kuvaka purojekiti huru, kutakura kwekuvaka, zvivakwa zvekuvaka, dhizaini yekuvaka, hurongwa hwekuvaka huzhinji (nguva yekuvaka), nezvimwe.
Mubasa rekugadzira, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa zvizere iyo topographic uye geological mamiriro enzvimbo yechiteshi, kusanganisa mamiriro ekuvaka uye dhizaini yedhizaini, uye mumusimboti wekushandisa zvakanyanya uye zvine hupfumi hwenyika, kutanga tagadzira hurongwa hwekuvaka huinjiniya, chiyero chepasi uye hurongwa hwekuvaka kwese kwekuvaka, kuitira kuderedza kutorwa kwenzvimbo inorimika uye kuderedza mutengo wepurojekiti.
Senyika huru yekuvaka, manejimendi ekuvaka eChina nedanho rekuvaka rine mukurumbira pasi rose. Mumakore achangopfuura, chengetedzo yepombi yeChina yakaita ongororo dzakawanda dzinobatsira mukuvaka kwakasvibira, R&D nekushandisa kwemidziyo yakakosha, uye kuvaka kwakangwara. Mamwe matekinoroji ekuvaka asvika kana kufambira mberi padanho repasi rose. Inonyanya kuratidzwa mukuwedzera kukura tekinoroji yekuvaka madhamu, kufambira mberi kutsva kwepamusoro-kudzvanywa bifurcated pombi yekuvaka tekinoroji, huwandu hukuru hwemaitiro akabudirira epasi pevhu powerhouse cavern kuchera boka uye tsigiro tekinoroji pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ejoloji, kuenderera mberi kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka shaft tekinoroji nemidziyo, kubudirira kunoshamisa kwemakanika uye nehungwaru kuvaka kweTBM kwehungwaru kuvaka, uye mugero wekuvaka kweTBM.
4. Electromechanical uye metal structure
Vertical shaft imwe-nhanho yakasanganiswa-kuyerera inodzoreredzwa ekuchengetedza zvikamu zvinowanzo shandiswa mumapombi ekuchengetedza magetsi zviteshi. Panyaya yekugadzirwa kwe hydraulic yepombi-turbines, China ine dhizaini nekugadzira simba repombi-turbines ine 700m musoro chikamu uye 400000 kilowatts per unit unit, pamwe nekugadzira, kugadzira, kuisa, kutumira uye kugadzirwa kwezvizhinji zvekuchengetera zvikamu zvine 100-700m musoro chikamu uye 400000 kilowatts kana yakaderera pakiwati. Panyaya yemusoro wemvura wechiteshi chemagetsi, misoro yemvura yakayerwa yeJilin Dunhua, Guangdong Yangjiang neZhejiang Changlongshan mapombi emagetsi ekuchengetera magetsi ari kuvakwa ese anopfuura 650m, ayo ari pamberi penyika; Musoro wakatenderwa weZhejiang Tiantai Pumped Storage Power Station ndeye 724m, inova iyo yepamusoro-soro musoro wepombi yekuchengetera magetsi chiteshi pasi rose. Iyo yakazara dhizaini uye kuomerwa kwekugadzira kweyuniti iri padanho rekutungamira pasirese. Mukuvandudzwa kwemajenareta mota, iwo mahombe ejenareta emagetsi ekuchengetera magetsi akavakwa uye ari kuvakwa muChina ane vertical shaft, matatu-phase, akazara mhepo-yakatonhorera, inodzorereka synchronous motors. Kune maviri mayuniti eZhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station ine yakayerwa kumhanya kwe600r/min uye yakayerwa huwandu hwe350000 kW. Mamwe mayunitsi eGuangdong Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station akaiswa mukushanda neyakayerwa kumhanya kwe500r/min uye yakayerwa huwandu hwe400000 kW. Huwandu hwekugadzira huwandu hwemajenareta mota hwasvika padanho repamusoro repasi. Uye zvakare, electromechanical uye simbi zvimiro zvinosanganisira hydraulic muchina, magetsi engineering, kutonga uye kudzivirira, simbi zvimiro uye zvimwe zvinhu, izvo zvisingazodzokororwe pano.
Kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yepombi yekuchengetera magetsi zviteshi muChina kuri kusimukira nekukurumidza munzira yemusoro wemvura yakakwira, hukuru hukuru, kuvimbika kwakanyanya, hupamhi, kukurumidza kushanduka, uye nharaunda.
5, Economic zviratidzo
Mamiriro ekuvaka uye kukanganiswa kwekunze kwepurojekiti yekuchengetedza purojekiti, mushure mekutarisa chirongwa chekugadzira purojekiti, inozopedzisira yaratidzwa muchiratidzo, inova iyo static investment pa kilowatt yeprojekti. Iyo yakaderera iyo static investment pa kilowatt, zviri nani hupfumi hwepurojekiti.
Misiyano yega yega mumamiriro ekuvaka emapombi ekuchengetedza magetsi emagetsi ari pachena. Iyo static investimendi pa kilowatt ine hukama zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekuvaka uye akaiswa simba reprojekiti. Muna 2021, China yakabvumira 11 pumped storage power stations, ine avhareji static investment ye5367 yuan per kilowatt; 14 mapurojekiti apedza pre-feasibility study, uye avhareji static investment per kilowatt is 5425 yuan/kilowatt.
Zvinoenderana nenhamba dzekutanga, iyo static investimendi pa kilowatt yemapurojekiti makuru ekuchengetera ari pasi pebasa rekutanga muna 2022 anowanzo ari pakati pe5000 ne7000 yuan/kilowatt. Nekuda kweakasiyana matunhu mamiriro ejoloji, avhareji mwero weiyo static investment pa kilowatt yepombi yekuchengetera simba mumatunhu akasiyana inosiyana zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, mamiriro ekuvaka ezviteshi zvemagetsi kumaodzanyemba, kumabvazuva nepakati peChina akanaka, uye iyo static investment pa kilowatt yakadzikira. Nekuda kwehurombo hwehuinjiniya mamiriro emamiriro ekunze uye nemamiriro asina kunaka emvura, chiyero chemutengo weyuniti mudunhu rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwakakwira zvichienzaniswa nemamwe matunhu muChina.
Nezvesarudzo dzekudyara, isu tinofanirwa kutarisa kune iyo static investimendi pa kilowatt yeprojekiti, asi isu hatigone kungotaura nezve gamba reiyo static investment pa kilowatt, zvikasadaro zvinogona kutungamira kune fungidziro yemabhizinesi kuti iwedzere upofu chiyero. Zvinonyanya kuratidzwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:
Kutanga, wedzera simba rakaiswa pakutanga rakakurudzirwa panguva yekuronga. Tinofanira kutora maonero edialectical emamiriro ezvinhu aya. Tora purojekiti ine yakarongwa yakasimwa simba re 1.2 miriyoni kilowatts pakutanga kwegadziriro yekuronga semuenzaniso, uye kuumbwa kwayo kwemayuniti mana 300000 kilowatts. Kana huwandu hwemusoro wemvura hwakakodzera, uye nekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi, mamiriro ekusarudza 350000kW yemuchina mumwe chete aripo, zvino mushure mehupamhi hwehunyanzvi uye kuenzanisa kwehupfumi, 1.4 miriyoni kW inogona kukurudzirwa semumiriri chirongwa mu pre-feasibility nhanho. Nekudaro, kana yekutanga yakarongwa 4 mauniti e300000 KW ikozvino yave kutariswa kuwedzera 2 mauniti kusvika matanhatu mayuniti e300000 KW, ndiko kuti, iyo yakaiswa simba rechiteshi chemagetsi inowedzerwa kubva pa 1.2 miriyoni KW kusvika 1.8 miriyoni KW, zvino zvinotendwa kuti shanduko iyi yakashandura mashandiro ekuita kweprojekiti, uye inoda kuenderera mberi kwehurongwa hwekuvaka purojekiti, uye inoda kuteedzera mamiriro ekuvaka purojekiti. zvizere. Kazhinji, kuwedzera kwenhamba yezvikwata kunofanira kuwira mukati mehutano hwekuronga kugadzirisa.
Chechipiri ndechekuderedza maawa ekushandisa akazara. Kana pumped-kuchengetedza simba rinofananidzwa nebhangi rinochaja. Ipapo iyo yakaiswa simba inogona kushandiswa sesimba rekubuda, uye maawa ekushandisa akazara ndeakareba sei bhangi remagetsi rinogona kushandiswa. Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi, kana simba rakachengetwa rakafanana, maawa ekushandisa akazara uye simba rakaiswa rinogona kuenzaniswa zvakazara. Parizvino, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesimba system, iyo yemazuva ese yakadzorwa pombi yekuchengetedza yakazara maawa ekushandisa inoonekwa se6h. Kana mamiriro ekuvaka echiteshi chemagetsi akanaka, zvakakodzera kuti awedzere zvakakwana maawa ekushandiswa kwechikwata pamutengo wakaderera. Iine imwechete static investment pa kilowatt, chiteshi chemagetsi chine maawa ekushandisa akazara anogona kuita basa rakakura muhurongwa. Zvisinei, pave nemafungiro ekuti simba rakaiswa richawedzerwa zvakanyanya (1.2 mamiriyoni kW → 1.8 mamiriyoni kW) uye maawa ekushandiswa kwehuwandu hwakazara huchaderedzwa (6h → 4h). Nenzira iyi, kunyangwe iyo static investimendi pa kilowatt inogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya, kune iyo sisitimu, nguva pfupi yekushandisa haigone kusangana nezvinodiwa system, uye basa rayo mugetsi remagetsi richaderedzwawo zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-08-2023
