Ndezvipi zvikamu zvekushanda kweturbine yemvura?
Zvinhu zvakakosha pakushanda kweturbine yemvura zvinosanganisira musoro, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura, kumhanya, kubuda kwemvura, uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Musoro wemvura weturbine unoreva musiyano uripo muhuremu hweyuniti, simba rekuyerera kwemvura riri pakati pechikamu chekupinda nechikamu chekubuda cheturbine, chinoratidzwa muH uye chakayerwa mumamita.
Mwero wekuyerera kweturbine yemvura unoreva huwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura hunopfuura nepakati pechikamu cheturbine panguva imwe neimwe.
Kumhanya kweturbine kunoreva huwandu hwenguva iyo shaft huru yeturbine inotenderera paminiti.
Kubuda kweturbine yemvura kunoreva simba rinobuda pamucheto weshaft yeturbine yemvura.
Kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine kunoreva chiyero chezvinobuda muturbine nezvinobuda mumvura.
Ndeapi marudzi ematurbine emvura?
Maturbine emvura anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: rudzi rwekurwisa uye rudzi rwekuvhunduka. Turbine yekurwisa inosanganisira marudzi matanhatu: turbine yakasanganiswa yekuyerera (HL), turbine yebanga rakaganhurirwa (ZD), turbine yebanga rakaganhurirwa (ZZ), turbine yekuyerera yakatsaurirwa (XL), turbine yebanga rakaganhurirwa (GD), uye turbine yebanga rakaganhurirwa (GZ).
Kune mhando nhatu dzematurbine ekufema: maturbine emhando yebucket (rudzi rwecutter) (CJ), maturbine emhando yeinclined (XJ), uye maturbine emhando yedouble tap (SJ).
3. Chii chinonzi turbine yekupokana neturbine yekumhanyisa?
Turbine yemvura inoshandura simba rinokwanisa, simba rekumanikidzwa, uye simba rekufamba kwemvura kuita simba remakanika rakasimba inonzi turbine yemvura inorwisa.
Turbine yemvura inoshandura simba rekufamba kwemvura kuita simba remagetsi rakasimba inonzi turbine ye impulse.
Ndezvipi zvinhu uye huwandu hwekushandiswa kwema mixed flow turbines?
Turbine yekuyerera yakasanganiswa, inozivikanwawo seFrancis turbine, ine kuyerera kwemvura kunopinda muimpeller neradially uye ichibuda kazhinji neaxial. Turbine dzekuyerera dzakasanganiswa dzine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana emusoro wemvura, chimiro chiri nyore, mashandiro akavimbika, uye kushanda zvakanaka. Ndiyo imwe yeturbine dzemvura dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya munguva dzazvino. Nzvimbo yakakodzera yemusoro wemvura i50-700m.
Ndezvipi zvinhu uye huwandu hwekushandiswa kweturbine yemvura inotenderera?
Turbine yekuyerera kweaxial, kuyerera kwemvura munzvimbo yeimpeller kunoyerera neaxial, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunochinja kubva pa radial kuenda paaxial pakati pevane vanotungamira neimpeller.
Chimiro chepropeller chakasimbiswa chiri nyore, asi kushanda kwacho kunoderera zvakanyanya kana chikasiyana nemamiriro ekugadzira. Chakakodzera mafekitori emagetsi ane simba shoma uye shanduko diki mumusoro wemvura, kazhinji kubva pamamita matatu kusvika makumi mashanu. Chimiro chepropeller chinotenderera chakaoma. Chinoita kuti pave nekugadzirisa kaviri mavane ekutungamira nemablades nekubatanidza kutenderera kwemablades nemavane ekutungamira, kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinobuda munzvimbo inoshanda zvakanyanya uye kuva nekugadzikana kwakanaka kwekushanda. Parizvino, huwandu hwemusoro wemvura wakashandiswa hunobva pamamita mashoma kusvika pa50-70m.
Ndezvipi zvinhu uye huwandu hwekushandiswa kwematurbine emvura emabhaketi?
Turbine yemvura yerudzi rwebucket, inozivikanwawo sePetion turbine, inoshanda nekurova mabhaketi eturbine nenzira yekutarisa denderedzwa returbine nejet kubva mumuromo. Turbine yemvura yerudzi rwebucket inoshandiswa pamisoro yemvura yakakwirira, nemarudzi madiki emabhaketi anoshandiswa pamisoro yemvura ye40-250m uye marudzi makuru emabhaketi anoshandiswa pamisoro yemvura ye400-4500m.
7. Ndezvipi zvinhu uye huwandu hwekushandiswa kweturbine yakatsamira?
Turbine yemvura yakatenderedzwa inogadzira jet kubva mumuromo wemvura inoita kona (kazhinji madhigirii 22.5) nendege yeimpeller panopinda mvura. Rudzi urwu rweturbine yemvura runoshandiswa munzvimbo diki nepakati dzemagetsi emvura, dzine nzvimbo yakakodzera yekukwira pasi pe400m.
Chii chinonzi chimiro chikuru cheturbine yemvura yerudzi rwebhaketi?
Turbine yemvura yerudzi rwebhaketi ine zvikamu zvinotevera zve overcurrent, izvo mabasa makuru azvo ndeaya anotevera:
(l) Mugero unoumbwa nekuyerera kwemvura kubva papombi yekumanikidza iri kumusoro inopfuura nemumuromo, ichigadzira jeti inorova impeller. Simba rekumanikidza remvura iri mukati memuromo rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekufamba kwejeti.
(2) Tsono inochinja dhayamita yejeti inopfapfaidzwa kubva mumuromo nekufambisa tsono, nokudaro ichichinjawo mwero wekuyerera kwemvura muturbine yemvura.
(3) Vhiri iri rinoumbwa nedhisiki uye mabhaketi akati wandei akaiswa pariri. Jeti rinomhanyira kumabhaketi uye rinoendesa simba rayo rekufamba naro, nokudaro richisundira vhiri kuti ritenderere uye riite basa.
(4) Chinotenderera chiri pakati pemuromo neimpeller. Kana turbine ikangoerekana yaderedza mutoro, chinotenderera chinokurumidza kutsausa jet kuenda kubhaketi. Panguva iyi, tsono inoswedera zvishoma nezvishoma panzvimbo yakakodzera mutoro mutsva. Mushure mekunge muromo wagadzikana panzvimbo itsva, chinotenderera chinodzokera panzvimbo yekutanga yejet uye chinogadzirira chiito chinotevera.
(5) Chivharo ichi chinobvumira mvura yakapedzwa kuyerera zvakanaka pasi pemvura, uye kumanikidzwa kuri mukati mechivharo kwakaenzana nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Chivharo ichi chinoshandiswawo kutsigira mabheyaringi eturbine yemvura.
9. Ungaverenga sei uye unzwisise rudzi rweturbine yemvura?
Zvinoenderana neJBB84-74 “Mitemo yekusarudzwa kwemamodeli eturbine” muChina, kuratidzwa kweturbine kune zvikamu zvitatu, zvakakamurwa ne "-" pakati pechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Chiratidzo chiri muchikamu chekutanga ibhii rekutanga reChinese Pinyin rerudzi rweturbine yemvura, uye nhamba dzechiArabic dzinomiririra kumhanya kwakanangana kweturbine yemvura. Chikamu chechipiri chine mabhii maviri eChinese Pinyin, rekutanga rinomiririra kurongeka kweshaft huru yeturbine yemvura, uye rechipiri rinomiririra hunhu hwekamuri rekupinda. Chikamu chechitatu idhayamita yevhiri mumasendimita.
Madhayamita emhando dzakasiyana dzematurbine emvura anotsanangurwa sei?
Dhayamita yerudzi rwe mixed flow turbine ndiyo dhayamita yepamusoro pamucheto wekupinda kwembambo dze impeller, inova dhayamita iri pamharadzano yerin'i rezasi re impeller nemucheto wekupinda kwembambo.
Dhayamita ye axial ne intensive flow turbines ndiyo dhayamita iri mukati me impeller chamber panosangana impeller blade axis ne impeller chamber.
Dhayamita yerudzi rwebhaketi yemvura dhayamita yedenderedzwa repitch iyo runner inonamira pamutsetse mukuru mujeti.
Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvikuru zvekuvhuvhuta kwemvura mumaturbine emvura?
Zvinokonzera kuvharika kwemvura mumaturbine emvura zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Kazhinji zvinotendwa kuti kugoverwa kwesimba mukati meturbine runner hakuna kuenzana. Semuenzaniso, kana runner yakaiswa yakakwira zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nehupamhi hwemvura iri pasi, kuyerera kwemvura nekukurumidza kunopfuura nenzvimbo ine simba shoma kunogona kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo uye kugadzira mabubble. Kana mvura ikayerera munzvimbo ine simba guru, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa, mabubble anoungana, uye zvidimbu zvemvura zvinosangana nekumhanya kukuru zvichienda pakati pemabubble kuti zvizadze mipata inogadzirwa nekuoma, nokudaro zvichigadzira simba guru remvura uye mhedzisiro yemagetsi, zvichiita kuti mashizha aputsike, zvichikonzera maburi akaita semaburi uye huchi, uye kutopinzwa kuti zvigadzire maburi.
Ndezvipi matanho makuru ekudzivirira cavitation mu water turbines?
Mhedzisiro yekubatidza matangi emvura ndeyekuburitsa ruzha, kudedera, uye kudzikira kwakanyanya kwekushanda zvakanaka, izvo zvinotungamira mukukukurwa kwemashizha, kuumbwa kwemaburi akaita sehuchi uye maburi, uye kutoumbwa kwemaburi kuburikidza nekupinda, zvichikonzera kukuvara kweyuniti uye kutadza kushanda. Naizvozvo, kuedza kunofanirwa kuitwa kudzivirira kubatidza matangi panguva yekushanda. Parizvino, matanho makuru ekudzivirira nekuderedza kukuvara kwematanda anosanganisira:
(l) Gadzirai zvakanaka turbine runner kuti muderedze cavitation coefficient yeturbine.
(2) Kuvandudza hunhu hwekugadzira, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chimiro chakakodzera chejometri uye nzvimbo yakaenzana yemapfundo, uye teerera nzvimbo dzakatsetseka uye dzakaporishwa.
(3) Kushandisa zvinhu zvinodzivirira kuvhunika kwemukati kuderedza kukuvara kwevhunika, zvakaita semavhiri esimbi isina ngura.
(4) Sarudza nemazvo kukwirira kwekuisa kweturbine yemvura.
(5) Kuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda kudzivirira turbine kuti isashande nesimba rakaderera uye mutoro wakaderera kwenguva yakareba. Kazhinji hazvibvumirwi kuti maturbine emvura ashande nesimba rakaderera (senge pasi pe50% yemutengo wakaderera). Kune nzvimbo dzemagetsi emvura dzine mayuniti akawanda, mutoro wakaderera kwenguva refu uye mutoro wakawandisa weyuniti imwe chete unofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
(6) Kugadziriswa nekutarisirwa kunofanirwa kupihwa panguva yakakodzera kune mhando yekupukuta yekushongedza kwekugadzirisa kudzivirira kukura kwekukuvara kwecavitation.
(7) Uchishandisa mudziyo wekupa mweya, mweya unopinzwa mupombi yemvura yekumashure kubvisa vacuum yakawandisa inogona kukonzera kuvhuvhuta kwemukati.
Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvikuru, zvepakati, uye zvidiki zvinorongwa sei?
Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemadhipatimendi pari zvino, avo vane simba rekuisa risingasviki 50000 kW vanoonekwa sevadiki; Midziyo yepakati nepakati ine simba rekuisa rinosvika 50000 kusvika 250000 kW; Simba rekuisa rinopfuura 250000 kW rinoonekwa seguru.
Ndeipi musimboti wekugadzira magetsi emvura?
Kugadzira simba remagetsi emvura kunoshandiswa kwesimba remvura (rine musoro wemvura) kufambisa michina yemvura (turbine) kuti itenderere, ichishandura simba remvura kuita simba remagetsi. Kana imwe mhando yemuchina (jenareta) yakabatana neturbine kuti igadzire magetsi sezvainotenderera, simba remagetsi rinozoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi. Kugadzira simba remagetsi emvura, neimwe nzira, inzira yekushandura simba ringangovepo remvura kuita simba remagetsi uye wobva waita simba remagetsi.
Ndedzipi nzira dzekugadzira zviwanikwa zve hydraulic uye mhando dzezviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura?
Nzira dzekugadzira zviwanikwa zve hydraulic dzinosarudzwa zvichienderana nekudonhedzwa kwakasimba, uye kazhinji pane nzira nhatu huru: rudzi rwedhamu, rudzi rwekutsauka, uye rudzi rwakasanganiswa.
(1) Nzvimbo yemagetsi yemvura yerudzi rwedhamu inoreva nzvimbo yemagetsi yemvura yakavakwa murwizi, ine donhwe rakawanda uye huwandu hwakati hwedhamu, uye iri pedyo nedhamu.
(2) Nzvimbo yemagetsi inotsausa mvura inoreva nzvimbo yemagetsi inoshandisa zvizere donhwe remvura rinotsausa mvura nekugadzira magetsi, isina dziva kana simba rekutonga, uye iri parwizi rwuri kure.
(3) Nzvimbo yemagetsi inosanganiswa nemvura inoreva nzvimbo yemagetsi inoshandisa donhwe remvura, rakaumbwa zvishoma nekuvakwa kwedhamu uye richishandisa donhwe rechisikigo remugero werwizi, rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu. Nzvimbo yemagetsi iri panzira iri pasi perwizi.
Chii chinonzi kuyerera kwemvura, mvura yose inoyerera, uye avhareji yekuyerera kwemvura pagore?
Mwero wekuyerera kwemvura (flow rate) zvinoreva huwandu hwemvura inopfuura nepakati perwizi (kana hydraulic structure) panguva imwe neimwe, inoratidzwa muma cubic metres pa sekondi imwe neimwe;
Mvura yose inoyerera inoreva huwandu hwemvura yose inoyerera muchikamu cherwizi mugore remvura, inoyerera mu104m3 kana 108m3;
Avhareji yehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera pagore inoreva avhareji yehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera pagore Q3/S yechikamu cherwizi chakaverengerwa zvichibva pane zvakatevedzana zvemvura zviripo.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvikuru zviri muchirongwa chidiki chekuvaka nzvimbo yemagetsi emvura?
Inonyanya kuva nezvikamu zvina: zvivakwa zvinochengetedza mvura (madhamu), zvivakwa zvinoburitsa mvura mumafashamo (nzira dzinoyerera mvura kana magedhi), zvivakwa zvinotsausa mvura (nzira dzinotsausa mvura kana matuneri, kusanganisira shaft dzinodzora kumanikidzwa kwemhepo), uye zvivakwa zvemagetsi (kusanganisira nzira dzinoyerera mvura nedzinosimudzira mvura).
18. Chii chinonzi nzvimbo yemagetsi inoyerera mvura? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvayo?
Nzvimbo yemagetsi isina dziva rinodzora inonzi nzvimbo yemagetsi inoyerera mvura. Rudzi urwu rwenzvimbo yemagetsi inosarudza huwandu hwayo hwakaiswa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera pagore yerwizi uye huwandu hwemvura hwainogona kuwana. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kunoderera zvakanyanya, pasi pe50%, uye dzimwe nguva hahugone kugadzira magetsi, izvo zvinodziviswa nekuyerera kwemvura murwizi, nepo paine mvura yakawanda inosiyiwa munguva yekunaya kwemvura.
19. Chii chinonzi kubuda kwemagetsi? Ungafungidzira sei kubuda kwemagetsi uye kuverenga kugadzirwa kwemagetsi echiteshi chemagetsi chemvura?
Muchiteshi chemagetsi emvura (muchina), simba rinogadzirwa nechikamu chemagetsi emvura chinonzi kubuda, uye kubuda kwechikamu chakati chemvura inoyerera murwizi kunomiririra simba remvura rechikamu ichocho. Kubuda kwemvura kunoreva huwandu hwesimba remvura panguva imwe neimwe. Muequation N=9.81 η QH, Q inhamba yekuyerera (m3/S); H imusoro wemvura (m); N inhamba yekubuda kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura (W); η inhamba yekushanda zvakanaka kwejenareta yemagetsi emvura. Fomura inofungidzirwa yekubuda kwenzvimbo diki dzemagetsi emvura ndeye N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Fomura yekugadzira simba pagore ndeye E=NT, apo N inhamba yeavhareji yekubuda; T inguva yekushandisa pagore.
Nguva dzekushandisa simba rekuisa zvinhu pagore dzinoita sei?
Zvinoreva avhareji yenguva yekushanda kwejenareta remagetsi mukati megore. Ichi chiratidzo chakakosha chekuyera mabhenefiti ehupfumi ezviteshi zvemagetsi, uye zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinofanirwa kuve neawa yekushandisa pagore inodarika maawa 3000.
21. Chii chinonzi kugadziriswa kwezuva nezuva, kugadziriswa kwevhiki nevhiki, kugadziriswa kwegore negore, uye kugadziriswa kwemakore akawanda?
(1) Mutemo wezuva nezuva: unoreva kugoverwa patsva kwemvura inoyerera mukati mezuva neusiku, nenguva yakatarwa yemaawa makumi maviri nemana.
(2) Kugadziriswa kwevhiki nevhiki: Nguva yekugadzirisa ivhiki imwe chete (mazuva manomwe).
(3) Mutemo wegore negore: Kugoverwa patsva kwemvura inoyerera mukati megore rimwe chete, uko chikamu chemvura yakawandisa panguva yemafashamo chinogona kuchengetwa, kunonzi mutemo wegore negore usina kukwana (kana mutemo wemwaka); Kukwanisa kugovera zvizere mvura inouya mukati megore zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa mvura pasina chikonzero chekusiya mvura kunonzi mutemo wegore negore.
(4) Kudzora kwemakore akawanda: Kana huwandu hwedhamu hwakakura zvakakwana kuchengetedza mvura yakawandisa mumakore mazhinji mudhamu, wobva waiisa mumakore akati wandei asina mvura kuti igadziriswe gore negore, inonzi kudzorwa kwemakore akawanda.
22. Chii chinonzi donhwe rerwizi?
Musiyano wekukwirira pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvechikamu cherwizi chiri kushandiswa unonzi donhwe; Musiyano wekukwirira pakati pemvura iri patsime nemuromo werwizi unonzi donhwe rese.
23. Mvura inonaya zvakadini, nguva yekunaya kwemvura, simba remvura, nzvimbo yekunaya kwemvura, nzvimbo inonaya mvura yakawanda sei?
Mvura inonaya ihuwandu hwemvura inonaya panzvimbo yakati kana kuti munzvimbo yakati panguva yakati, inoonekwa mumamirimita.
Nguva yekunaya kwemvura inoreva nguva yekunaya kwemvura.
Kusimba kwemvura kunoreva huwandu hwemvura inonaya panguva imwe neimwe, inoburitswa mu mm/h.
Nzvimbo yekunaya kwemvura inoreva nzvimbo yakatambarara yakafukidzwa nemvura, inobuda mu km2.
Nzvimbo ine dutu remvura inoreva nzvimbo diki yemunharaunda umo dutu remvura rinonaya zvakanyanya.
24. Chii chinonzi fungidziro yekudyara mari muinjiniya? Kufungidzira kwekudyara mari muinjiniya uye bhajeti reinjiniya?
Bhajeti yeinjiniya igwaro rehunyanzvi uye rehupfumi rinounganidza mari yese yekuvaka inodiwa pabasa rekuvaka muchimiro chemari. Bhajeti yekutanga yekugadzira chikamu chakakosha chemagwaro ekutanga ekugadzira uye hwaro hukuru hwekuongorora kunzwisisa kwehupfumi. Bhajeti rese rakatenderwa chiratidzo chakakosha chinozivikanwa nehurumende chekudyara mari yekuvaka, uye zvakare ndiyo hwaro hwekugadzirira mapurani ekutanga ekuvaka uye madhizaini ekubhidha. Kufungidzira kwekudyara mari yeinjiniya ihuwandu hwekudyara hunoitwa panguva yekudzidza kwekugoneka. Bhajeti yeinjiniya ihuwandu hwekudyara hunoitwa panguva yekuvaka.
Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvikuru zvehupfumi hwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura?
(1) Mari inoshandiswa pa kilowatt imwe neimwe inoreva mari inoshandiswa pa kilowatt imwe neimwe yesimba rakaiswa.
(2) Mari inoshandiswa pamagetsi inoreva mari inodiwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
(3) Mari yemagetsi ndiyo muripo unobhadharwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
(4) Maawa ekushandisa simba remagetsi pagore anoyera huwandu hwekushandiswa kwemidziyo yemagetsi emvura.
(5) Mutengo wekutengesa magetsi ndiwo mutengo pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi anotengeswa kugrid.
Maitiro ekuverenga zviratidzo zvikuru zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura?
Zviratidzo zvikuru zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoverengerwa zvichienderana nefomula inotevera:
(1) Mari yekudyara muyuniti kilowatts= mari yese yekudyara mukuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura/ huwandu hwese hwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura chakaiswa
(2) Mari yekudyara muchikamu = mari yose inoiswa mukuvaka nzvimbo yemagetsi emvura/avhareji yekugadzira magetsi pagore kwenzvimbo yemagetsi emvura
(3) Maawa ekushandisa simba remagetsi pagore = avhareji yekugadzira simba remagetsi pagore/simba rese rakaiswa
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-28-2024
