Ndeapi maparamendi ekushanda eturbine yemvura?
Iwo ekutanga ekushanda paramita ye turbine yemvura anosanganisira musoro, kuyerera mwero, kumhanya, kubuda, uye kugona.
Musoro wemvura weturbine unoreva mutsauko wehuremu hwehuremu hwemvura inoyerera simba pakati pechikamu chinopinda nechikamu chekubuda cheturbine, chinoratidzirwa muH uye kuyerwa mumamita.
Muyero wekuyerera kweturbine yemvura zvinoreva huwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura inopfuura nemuchinjiko-chikamu cheturbine pachikamu chenguva.
Kumhanya kweturbine kunoreva huwandu hwenguva inotenderera shaft yeturbine paminiti.
Kubuda kweturbine yemvura zvinoreva simba rinobuda kumucheto kweshaft yeturbine yemvura.
Turbine performance inoreva chiyero chekubuda kweturbine kune kubuda kwemvura.
Ndedzipi mhando dzematurbine emvura?
Maturbine emvura anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: counterattack type uye impulse type. Iyo counterattack turbine inosanganisira marudzi matanhatu: yakasanganiswa flow turbine (HL), axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZD), axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZZ), inclined flow turbine (XL), kuburikidza nekuyerera fixed blade turbine (GD), uye kuburikidza nekuyerera yakagadziriswa blade turbine (GZ).
Kune matatu mafomu eipulse turbines: bucket type (cutter type) turbines (CJ), inclined type turbines (XJ), uye kaviri tap type turbines (SJ).
3. Chii chinonzi counterattack turbine uye impulse turbine?
Iyo turbine yemvura inoshandura simba ringangoitika, simba rekumanikidza, uye kinetic simba remvura richiyerera richipinda musimba rakasimba remagetsi rinonzi counterattack water turbine.
Tubhini yemvura inoshandura simba rekinetic rekuyerera kwemvura kuita yakasimba mechanical simba inonzi impulse turbine.
Ndeapi maitiro uye chiyero chekushandiswa kwemasanganiswa anoyerera turbines?
Musanganiswa wekuyerera turbine, inozivikanwawo seFrancis turbine, ine mvura inoyerera ichipinda muimpeller radially uye ichiyerera kunze kazhinji axially. Mixed flow turbines ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa musoro wemvura, chimiro chiri nyore, kushanda kwakavimbika, uye kugona kwakanyanya. Ndiyo imwe yeinonyanya kushandiswa mvura turbines munguva dzazvino. Iyo inoshanda huwandu hwemusoro wemvura ndeye 50-700m.
Ndeapi maitiro uye chiyero chekushandiswa kweiyo turbine yemvura inotenderera?
Axial flow turbine, iyo mvura inoyerera munzvimbo ye impeller inoyerera axially, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunoshanduka kubva kuradial kuenda kune axial pakati peanotungamira vanes uye impeller.
Iyo yakagadziriswa propeller chimiro iri nyore, asi kushanda kwayo kuchaderera zvakanyanya kana kutsauka kubva kumamiriro ekugadzira. Inokodzera zvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvine simba rakaderera uye shanduko diki mumusoro wemvura, kazhinji kubva pa3 kusvika ku50 metres. Rotary propeller chimiro chakanyanya kuoma. Iyo inobudirira kugadziridzwa kweviri kweanotungamira vanes uye blades nekubatanidza kutenderera kwemashizha uye dhiraivha vanes, kuwedzera kuburitswa kwenzvimbo yepamusoro-inoshanda uye kuve nekugadzikana kwekushanda kwakanaka. Parizvino, huwandu hwemusoro wemvura yakashandiswa hunobva pamamita mashoma kusvika ku50-70m.
Ndeapi maitiro uye chiyero chekushandiswa kwemabhaketi emvura turbines?
Bhaketi remhando yeturbine yemvura, inozivikanwawo sePetion turbine, inoshanda nekukanganisa mabucket blades eturbine padivi petangential direction ye turbine denderedzwa nejeti kubva pamuromo. Iyo bhaketi yemhando yemvura turbine inoshandiswa pamisoro yepamusoro yemvura, ine madiki mabhaketi emhando anoshandiswa kumisoro yemvura ye40-250m uye yakakura mabhaketi marudzi anoshandiswa kumisoro yemvura ye400-4500m.
7. Ndeapi maitiro uye chiyero chekushandiswa kweine turbine?
Iyo turbine yemvura yakarerekera inoburitsa jet kubva mumuromo inoumba kona (kazhinji 22.5 madhigirii) nendege yeimpeller painopinza. Iyi mhando ye turbine yemvura inoshandiswa mumadiki uye epakati-saizi hydropower zviteshi, zvine musoro wakakodzera wepamusoro pazasi 400m.
Chii chinonzi chimiro chebhaketi rudzi rweturbine yemvura?
Iyo bhaketi mhando yemvura turbine ine zvinotevera overcurrent zvikamu, izvo mabasa makuru ndeaya anotevera:
(l) Iyo muromo inoumbwa nekuyerera kwemvura kubva kumusoro kwemhepo yekumanikidza pombi ichipfuura nemumuromo, ichigadzira jeti rinokanganisa impeller. Simba rekumanikidza rekuyerera kwemvura mukati memuromo rinoshandurwa kuita kinetic simba rejeti.
(2) Tsono inoshandura dhayamita yejeti yakapfapfaidzwa kubva mumhuno nekufambisa tsono, nekudaro ichichinjawo mwero wekuyerera kweiyo turbine yemvura.
(3) Gumbo rinoumbwa nedhisiki uye akati wandei mabhaketi akaiswa pairi. Iyo jeti inomhanya yakananga kumabhakiti uye inoendesa yayo kinetic simba kwavari, nekudaro ichityaira vhiri kutenderera nekuita basa.
(4) Iyo deflector iri pakati pemuromo uye impeller. Kana turbine ikaerekana yadzikisa mutoro, deflector inokurumidza kutsausa jet yakananga kumugomo. Panguva ino, tsono inoswedera pedyo nechinzvimbo chakakodzera kumutoro mutsva. Mushure mekunge muromo wadzikama munzvimbo nyowani, deflector inodzokera kunzvimbo yekutanga yejeti uye inogadzirira chiitiko chinotevera.
(5) Iyo casing inobvumira kuyerera kwemvura yakapedzwa kuti ibudiswe zvakanaka pasi pemvura, uye kudzvanywa mukati mebhokisi kunofanana nemhepo yemhepo. Iyo casing inoshandiswa zvakare kutsigira mabearings eiyo turbine yemvura.
9. Nzira yekuverenga nekunzwisisa rudzi rwe turbine yemvura?
Maererano neJBB84-74 "Mitemo yekusarudzwa kwemamodeli e turbine" muChina, zita re turbine rine zvikamu zvitatu, zvakaparadzaniswa ne "-" pakati pechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Chiratidzo chiri muchikamu chekutanga ibhii rekutanga reChinese Pinyin yerudzi rweturbine yemvura, uye nhamba dzechiArab dzinomiririra hunhu chaihwo kumhanya kweiyo turbine yemvura. Chikamu chechipiri chine mavara maviri eChinese Pinyin, yekutanga inomiririra kurongeka kweiyo shaft huru yeturbine yemvura, uye iyo yekupedzisira inomiririra hunhu hwekamuri yekupinza. Chikamu chechitatu ndicho dhayamita yezita revhiri mumasentimita.
Madhayamita emazita emhando dzakasiyana dzematurbine emvura anotsanangurwa sei?
Iyo dhayamita yezita reiyo yakasanganiswa inoyerera turbine ndiyo yakakura dhayamita painopinza mupendero weiyo impeller blades, inova dhayamita pamharadzano yemhete yepasi ye impeller uye inopinza mupendero wemashizha.
Iyo inonzi dhayamita yeaxial uye inclined flow turbines ndiyo dhayamita mukati mekamuri yeimpeller pamharadzano yeimpeller blade axis uye kamuri ye impeller.
Iyo dhayamita yezita rebhaketi remhando yeturbine yemvura ndiyo dhayamita yedenderedzwa repanji apo mumhanyi anenge akarerekera kumutsetse mukuru mujeti.
Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvikuru zve cavitation mumvura turbines?
Zvinokonzera cavitation mumvura turbines zvakaoma. Zvinowanzotendwa kuti kugovera kwekumanikidza mukati meiyo turbine runner haina kuenzana. Semuenzaniso, kana mumhanyi akaiswa akanyanya kuenzana nepamusoro pemvura yakadzika, iyo yakakwirira-yekumhanya mvura inoyerera ichipfuura nepakati-inodzvinyirira nzvimbo inosvika pakusvika kune iyo vaporization pressure uye inoburitsa mabubbles. Kana mvura ichiyerera ichipinda munzvimbo ine simba repamusoro-soro, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa, mabhuru anonyungudika, uye mvura inoyerera inodhumhana nekumhanya kwakananga pakati pemabhuvhu kuti izadze maburi anogadzirwa necondensation, nekudaro ichigadzira yakakura hydraulic impact uye electrochemical mhedzisiro, zvichiita kuti mashizha anyudzwe, zvichiita kuti muzinga upinde mugomba uye uchi.
Ndeapi matanho makuru ekudzivirira cavitation mumagetsi emvura?
Mhedzisiro yecavitation mumaturbine emvura ndiko kugadzirwa kweruzha, kuzununguka, uye kuderera kwakanyanya mukubudirira, izvo zvinotungamira kukukurwa kweblade, kuumbwa kwegomba uye uchi senge pores, uye kunyangwe kuumbwa kwemakomba kuburikidza nekupinda, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwechikwata uye kusakwanisa kushanda. Naizvozvo, kuedza kunofanira kuitwa kudzivirira cavitation panguva yekushanda. Parizvino, matanho makuru ekudzivirira uye kuderedza kukuvadzwa kwecavitation anosanganisira:
(l) Gadzira zvakanaka turbine mumhanyi kudzikisa cavitation coefficient ye turbine.
(2) Kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwemhando, chengetedza chimiro chejometri chakakodzera uye chinzvimbo chehama, uye teerera kune yakatsetseka uye yakakwenenzverwa nzvimbo.
(3) Kushandisa anti cavitation zvinhu kuderedza cavitation kukuvara, akadai Stainless simbi mavhiri.
(4) Nyatsoona kukwidziridzwa kweiyo turbine yemvura.
(5) Kuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda kudzivirira turbine kubva pakushanda pasi pasi uye mutoro wakaderera kwenguva yakareba. Kazhinji hazvibvumidzwe kuti ma turbine emvura ashande painobuda yakaderera (sepasi pe50% yezvakatemerwa kubuda). Kune akawanda mayuniti hydropower zviteshi, kureba-yakaderera kuremerwa uye kuwandisa kwekushanda kwechikamu chimwe chete kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
(6) Kuchengetedza nenguva uye kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune iyo polishing mhando yekugadzirisa welding kuti udzivise kukura kwakashata kwecavitation kukuvara.
(7) Uchishandisa mudziyo wekupa mweya, mweya unopinzwa mupombi yemvura yemuswe kubvisa vacuum yakawandisa inogona kukonzera cavitation.
Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvihombe, zvepakati, uye zvidiki zvinoiswa muboka sei?
Zvinoenderana nezviyero zvedhipatimendi zvazvino, avo vane simba rakaiswa risingasviki 50000 kW vanoonekwa sediki; Midziyo yepakati nepakati ine simba rakaiswa 50000 kusvika 250000 kW; Iyo yakaiswa inodarika 250000 kW inoonekwa seyakakura.
Ndeipi musimboti wekutanga wekugadzira magetsi emagetsi?
Hydroelectric power generation ndiko kushandiswa kwe hydraulic power (ine musoro wemvura) kutyaira hydraulic machines (turbine) kutenderera, kushandura simba remvura kuita mechanical energy. Kana imwe mhando yemuchina (jenareta) yakabatana neturbine kuti igadzire magetsi sezvainotenderera, simba remuchina rinobva rashandurwa kuita simba remagetsi. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi eHydroelectric, neimwe nzira, inzira yekushandura simba rinogona kuitika remvura kuita simba remagetsi uyezve kuita simba remagetsi.
Ndedzipi nzira dzekusimudzira dze hydraulic zviwanikwa uye mhando dzekutanga dze hydropower zviteshi?
Nzira dzekusimudzira dze hydraulic zviwanikwa zvinosarudzwa zvinoenderana nekudonha kwakadzika, uye pane kazhinji nzira nhatu dzakakosha: mhando yedhamu, rudzi rwekuchinjisa, uye mhando yakasanganiswa.
(1) Chiteshi chemhando yedhamu remagetsi (hydropower station) chinoreva chiteshi chemagetsi emagetsi chakavakirwa mugero rerwizi, ine donho rakanyura uye imwe dhamu remvura, uye riri pedyo nedhamu.
(2) Chiteshi chegetsi chemvura (water diversion hydropower station) zvinoreva chiteshi chemagetsi chinoshandisa zvakazara donhwe remurwizi kutsausa mvura uye kugadzira magetsi, isina dhamu kana simba rekugadzirisa, uye iri parwizi rwuri kure.
(3) Hybrid hydropower station inoreva chiteshi chemagetsi chemagetsi chinoshandisa donhwe remvura, chidimbu chakaumbwa nekuvakwa kwedhamu uye nechikamu chinoshandisa donho rechisikigo remugero werwizi, ine imwe nzvimbo yekuchengetera. Chiteshi chemagetsi chiri pamugero werwizi rwezasi.
Chii chinonzi kuyerera, kuyerera kwese, uye avhareji yekuyerera kwegore?
Flow rate (Flow rate) zvinoreva huwandu hwemvura inopfuura nepamuchinjiko werwizi (kana hydraulic structure) per unit time, inoratidzwa mumacubic metres pasekondi;
Kuyerera kwese kunoreva huwandu hwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera nepachikamu cherwizi mugore remvura, inoratidzirwa mu104m3 kana 108m3;
Avhareji yegore rekuyerera mwero inoreva avhareji yegore rekuyerera Q3/S yechikamu cherwizi chakaverengerwa zvichibva pane iripo hydrological series.
Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvepurojekiti diki yehydropower station hub?
Iyo inonyanya kuve nezvikamu zvina: zvivakwa zvekuchengeta mvura (madhamu), zvivakwa zvekuyerera mafashama (nzira dzekurasa kana magedhi), zvimisikidzo zvemvura (diversion channels kana tunnels, zvinosanganisira pressure regulating shafts), uye zvivakwa zvekugadzira magetsi (kusanganisira nzira dzemvura yemuswe uye zviteshi zvinosimudzira).
18. Chii chinonzi runoff hydropower station? Ndeapi maitiro ayo?
Chiteshi chemagetsi chisina dhamu rinodzora chinonzi runoff hydropower station. Rudzi urwu rwechiteshi chemagetsi chehydropower inosarudza huwandu hwayo hwakaiswa zvichienderana neavhareji yegore rekuyerera kwemugero werwizi uye musoro wemvura unogona kuwana. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kunoderera zvakanyanya, pasi pe50%, uye dzimwe nguva haakwanise kugadzira magetsi, ayo anovharirwa nekuyerera kwerwizi rwechisikigo, nepo kune yakawanda yakasiiwa mvura munguva yekunaya.
19. Chii chinobuda? Maitiro ekufungidzira zvinobuda uye kuverenga kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwechiteshi chemagetsi chehydropower?
Muchiteshi chemagetsi emagetsi emvura (chirimwa), simba rinogadzirwa nejenareta rehydro generator rinonzi kubuda, uye kubuda kwechimwe chikamu chekuyerera kwemvura murwizi kunomiririra simba remvura rechikamu ichocho. Kubuda kwekuyerera kwemvura kunoreva huwandu hwesimba remvura pachikamu chenguva. Muequation N=9.81 η QH, Q chiyero chekuyerera (m3/S); H ndiye musoro wemvura (m); N ndiyo inobuda yehydropower station (W); η ndiyo inokwana coefficient ye hydroelectric jenareta. Iyo yekufungidzira fomula yekubuda kwezviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi iN=(6.0-8.0) QH. Formula yegore negore kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ndeye E=NT, uko N iri avhareji yekubuda; T ndiyo maawa ekushandiswa kwepagore.
Ndeapi maawa ekushandisa epagore ekuiswa kwesimba?
Inoreva avhareji yakazara yakazara mutoro wekushanda weiyo hydroelectric jenareta unit mukati megore. Chiratidzo chakakosha chekuyera mabhenefiti ehupfumi ezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi, uye zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinosungirwa kuve neawa yekushandiswa yegore inopfuura maawa mazana matatu.
21. Chii chinonzi kugadzirisa kwezuva nezuva, kugadziridza kwevhiki nevhiki, kugadzirisa kwegore negore, uye kugadzirisa kwemakore akawanda?
(1) Mitemo yezuva nezuva: inoreva kugovaniswazve kwekumhanya mukati mezuva neusiku, ine nguva yekuraira ye24 maawa.
(2) Kugadziriswa kwevhiki nevhiki: Nguva yekugadzirisa ivhiki imwe (mazuva 7).
(3) Mutemo wepagore: Kugoverwazve kwemvura inoyerera mukati megore rimwe, apo chikamu chemvura yakawandisa chete munguva yemafashamo inogona kuchengetwa, inonzi mutemo wepagore usina kukwana (kana mutemo wemwaka); Iko kukwanisa kugovera zvakakwana mvura inouya mukati megore maererano nezvinodiwa zvekushandiswa kwemvura pasina kudiwa kwekusiya mvura kunonzi gore negore mutemo.
(4) Multi year regulation: Kana dhamu remvura rakakura zvakakwana kuchengetedza mvura yakawandisa mukati memakore mazhinji mudziva, uye wozoigovera kune akati wandei makore akaoma epagore mutemo, inodaidzwa kuti multi-year regulation.
22. Donhwe rerwizi chii?
Musiyano wekukwirira pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvakayambuka chikamu cherwizi rwuri kushandiswa unonzi donhodzo; Musiyano wekukwirira pakati penzvimbo dzemvura patsime nemuromo werwizi unonzi donhodzo rose.
23. Chii chinonzi kunaya, nguva yekunaya kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura, nzvimbo yekunaya, nzvimbo yemvura inonaya?
Kunaya kwemvura ihuwandu hwemvura inowira pane imwe nzvimbo kana nzvimbo mukati meimwe nguva yenguva, inotaridzwa mumamirimita.
Nguva yekunaya inoreva nguva yekunaya kwemvura.
Kunaya kwemvura (precipitation intensity) zvinoreva kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura payuniti imwe nguva, inotaridzwa mumm/h.
Nzvimbo yekunaya inoreva nzvimbo yakachinjika yakafukidzwa nekunaya, inotaridzwa mu km2.
Mvura yemvura ( rainstorm centre) zvinoreva nzvimbo diki yenzvimbo inonaya mvura zhinji.
24. Chii chinonzi engineering investment estimate? Injiniya yekudyara fungidziro uye bhajeti reinjiniya?
Bujeti yeBuinjiniya igwaro rehunyanzvi uye rehupfumi rinounganidza mari yese inodiwa yekuvaka yepurojekiti mune zvemari. Iyo yekutanga dhizaini bhajeti chikamu chakakosha chemagwaro ekutanga ekugadzira uye hwaro hukuru hwekuongorora hupfumi hwehupfumi. Iyo bhajeti yakatenderwa chiratidzo chakakosha chinocherechedzwa nenyika pakudyara kwekuvaka, uye zvakare hwaro hwekugadzirira hurongwa hwekuvaka hwekutanga uye dhizaini yekubhidha. Injiniya yekudyara fungidziro imari yekudyara yakaitwa panguva yekugonesa kudzidza nhanho. Iyo bhajeti reinjiniya ndiyo mari yekudyara yakaitwa panguva yekuvaka.
Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvikuru zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvehydropower?
(1) Unit kilowatt investimendi inoreva kudyara kunodiwa pa kilowatt yekuiswa simba.
(2) Unit energy investment inoreva kudyara kunodiwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
(3) Mutengo wemagetsi imari inobhadharwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
(4) Maawa ekushandiswa kwepagore kwesimba rakaiswa chiyero chechiyero chekushandiswa kwehydropower station.
(5) Mutengo wekutengesa wemagetsi ndiwo mutengo pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi inotengeswa kune grid.
Nzira yekuverenga sei zviratidzo zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvehydropower?
Iwo makuru ehupfumi zviratidzo zve hydropower zviteshi zvinoverengerwa zvinoenderana neiyi inotevera formula:
(1) Yuniti kilowatt investment = mari yese yekudyara muhydropower station kuvaka / yakazara yakaiswa simba rehydropower station
(2) Unit simba rekudyara = mari yakazara muhydropower station kuvaka/avhareji yegore rekugadzira magetsi ehydropower station
(3) Maawa ekushandisa epagore esimba rakaiswa = avhareji yegore rekugadzira magetsi / yakazara yakaiswa simba
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-28-2024
