1, simba remvura
Nhoroondo yekukura kwevanhu nekushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi emvura inotangira kare. Sekureva kweDudziro yeMutemo weSimba Rinodzokororwa wePeople's Republic of China (wakagadziriswa neLaw Working Committee yeStanding Committee yeNational People's Congress), tsananguro yesimba remvura ndeiyi: kupisa kwemhepo nezuva kunokonzera kubuda kwemvura, mhute yemvura inoumba mvura nechando, kunaya kwemvura nechando kunoumba nzizi nehova, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunoburitsa simba, iro rinonzi simba remvura.
Chinhu chikuru chiri mukugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvemazuva ano ndechekugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, saka vanhu vanowanzo shandisa zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi ehydraulic, uye zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura semashoko anoreva zvakafanana. Zvisinei, muchokwadi, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, uye zviwanikwa zvemvura yegungwa.
（1） Mvura uye simba rekupisa
Mvura nesimba rinopisa zvinowanzozivikanwa sezvitubu zvinopisa zvechisikigo. Kare, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa zvakananga mvura nekupisa zvezvitubu zvinopisa zvechisikigo kuvaka dzimba dzekugezera, kugeza, kurapa zvirwere, uye kurovedza muviri. Vanhu vemazuva ano vanoshandisawo mvura nesimba rinopisa kugadzira magetsi nekudziyisa. Semuenzaniso, Iceland yaive nemagetsi emvura aisvika mabhiriyoni 7.08 emakiromita muna 2003, ayo maawa 1.41 emakiromita emakiromita aigadzirwa achishandisa simba rinopisa remvura (kureva zvitubu zvesimba rinopisa remvura). 86% yevagari vemunyika iyi vakashandisa simba rinopisa remvura (zvitubu zvesimba rinopisa remvura) kudziyisa. Nzvimbo yemagetsi yeYangbajing ine simba rakaiswa remakilowatts 25000 yakavakwa muXizang, iyo inoshandisawo simba rinopisa remvura (zvitubu zvesimba rinopisa remvura) kugadzira magetsi. Sekureva kwekufanotaura kwenyanzvi, simba rinopisa zvishoma (richishandisa mvura yepasi senzira) rinogona kuunganidzwa nevhu mukati memamita angangoita zana muChina gore rega rega rinogona kusvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emakiromita. Parizvino, simba rekugadzira magetsi epasi pevhu muChina rinosvika 35300 kilowatts.
（2） Zviwanikwa zvesimba reHydraulic
Simba remvura rinosanganisira simba remvura rinofamba uye rinogona kuyerera. MuChina yekare, zviwanikwa zvesimba remvura munzizi dzine mhepo dzakavhuvhuta, mapopoma, nemapopoma zvaishandiswa zvakanyanya kuvaka michina yakaita semavhiri emvura, zvigayo zvemvura, nezvigayo zvemvura zvekudiridza mvura, kugadzira zviyo, uye kugadzira mupunga. Mumakore ekuma1830, zviteshi zvemvura zvakagadzirwa uye zvakashandiswa muEurope kupa simba kumaindasitiri makuru akadai semapopoma eupfu, zvigayo zvedonje, uye migodhi. Maturbine emvura emazuva ano anotungamira zvakananga mapombi emvura e centrifugal kuti agadzire simba re centrifugal rekusimudza nekudiridza mvura, pamwe nezviteshi zvemapombi emvura zvinoshandisa kuyerera kwemvura kugadzira simba remvura uye kugadzira simba remvura rakawanda rekusimudza nekudiridza mvura, zvese zviri kugadzirwa zvakananga uye kushandiswa kwesimba remvura.
（3） Zviwanikwa zvesimba remagetsi emvura
Mumakore ekuma1880, apo magetsi akawanikwa, mota dzemagetsi dzakagadzirwa zvichibva padzidziso yemagetsi, uye zviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura zvakavakwa kuti zvishandure simba remahydraulic rezviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura kuita simba remagetsi uye kuriendesa kuvashandisi, zvichiunza nguva yekukura nesimba uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi emvura.
Zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvatiri kutaura nezvazvo pari zvino zvinowanzonzi zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura. Kuwedzera kune zviwanikwa zvemvura yerwizi, gungwa rinewo simba guru remvura, mafungu, munyu uye tembiricha. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura egungwa pasi rose zvinosvika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nematanhatu emakiromita, izvo zvinodarika kagumi neshanu pane zvakachengetwa zvemvura yerwizi ivhu. Pakati pazvo, simba remvura rinosvika mabhiriyoni matatu emakiromita, simba remafungu rinosvika mabhiriyoni matatu emakiromita, simba remusiyano wetembiricha rinosvika mabhiriyoni makumi mana emakiromita, uye simba remusiyano wemunyu rinosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emakiromita. Parizvino, tekinoroji yekuvandudza nekushandisa simba remvura ndiyo chete yasvika padanho rinoshanda rinogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya mukushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura yegungwa nevanhu. Kuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwezvimwe zviwanikwa zvesimba kuchiri kuda kutsvagurudzwa kwakawedzerwa kuti kubudirire muhunyanzvi nehupfumi uye kuzadzisa budiriro nekushandiswa kunoshanda. Kuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwesimba regungwa kwatinowanzo kutaura nezvako kunonyanya kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwesimba remvura. Kukwezva Mwedzi neZuva pamusoro pegungwa rePasi kunokonzera kushanduka-shanduka kwehuwandu hwemvura, kunozivikanwa semafungu egungwa. Kuchinja-chinja kwemvura yegungwa kunoumba simba remafungu. Chaizvoizvo, simba remafungu isimba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nekuchinja-chinja kwehuwandu hwemafungu.
Zvigayo zveTidal zvakatanga kushanda muzana remakore rechi11, uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Germany neFrance dzakatanga kuvaka zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinofambisa mafungu.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti simba remafungu emvura pasi rose rinogona kushandiswa riri pakati pebhiriyoni imwe chete nebhiriyoni imwe chete nemakilowati, uye simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa pagore rinosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri nemakumi mana emakilowati maawa. Zviwanikwa zvesimba remafungu emvura muChina zvine simba remakilowati mamiriyoni makumi maviri nerimwe nemazana mashanu nemasere uye simba remakilowati mabhiriyoni makumi matatu pagore rinogadzirwa mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emakilowati maawa.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chinosvika pagungwa chikuru pasi rose pari zvino iRennes tidal power station muFrance, ine simba remakilowatts 240000. Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi chemvura chinosvika pagungwa muChina, Jizhou Tidal Power Station muGuangdong, chakavakwa muna 1958 chine simba remakilowatts 40. Chiteshi chemagetsi cheZhejiang Jiangxia Tidal, chakavakwa muna 1985, chine simba remakilowatts 3200, chiri panzvimbo yechitatu pasi rose.
Pamusoro pezvo, mumakungwa eChina, mareserve esimba remafungu anokwana mamiriyoni 12.85 emakiromita, simba remvura rinosvika mamiriyoni 13.94 emakiromita, simba remusanganiswa wemunyu rinosvika mamiriyoni 125 emakiromita, uye simba remusanganiswa wetembiricha rinosvika mabhiriyoni 1.321 emakiromita. Muchidimbu, simba rese regungwa muChina rinosvika mabhiriyoni 1.5 emakiromita, zvinova zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura reserve yedzidziso ye694 mamiriyoni emakiromita emagetsi emvura erwizi rwepasi, uye ine mikana yakakura yekuvandudzwa nekushandiswa. Mazuva ano, nyika pasi rese dziri kuisa mari yakawanda mukutsvagisa nzira dzetekinoroji dzekuvandudza nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvikuru zvesimba zvakavanzwa mugungwa.
2, simba remagetsi rinobuda mumvura
Zviwanikwa zvesimba remagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemvura zvinowanzoreva kushandiswa kwesimba rinogoneka uye rinofamba-famba remvura yerwizi kuti ribudise basa uye ritungamirire kutenderera kwemagetsi emagetsi kuti agadzire magetsi. Marasha, mafuta, gasi rechisikigo, uye simba renyukireya zvinoda kushandiswa kwemafuta asingadzoreki, nepo kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura kusingadyi mvura, asi kunoshandisa simba rekuyerera kwerwizi.
(1) Zviwanikwa zveMagetsi Emvura Pasi Pose
Huwandu hwesimba remagetsi emvura riri munzizi pasi rose hunosvika mabhiriyoni mashanu nemazana mashanu ezviuru zvemakirowati, nemagetsi anowanikwa pagore anosvika mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemana nemakumi maviri nemasere ezviuru zvemakirowati; simba remagetsi emvura rinogona kushandiswa nemazvo i2.26 mabhiriyoni emakirowati, uye simba remagetsi regore negore rinogona kusvika mabhiriyoni mapfumbamwe nemazana masere emakirowati.
Muna 1878, France yakavaka chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi pasi rose chine simba remakilowatts makumi maviri nemashanu. Kusvika pari zvino, simba remagetsi pasi rose rakaiswa rakapfuura makilowatts mazana manomwe nemakumi matanhatu, nemagetsi ekugadzira e3 trillion kilowatts maawa pagore.
(2) Zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zveChina
China ndeimwe yenyika dzine simba remagetsi rakapfuma pasi rose. Sekureva kweongororo yazvino yezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, matura esimba remvura yerwizi muChina anosvika mamiriyoni 694 emakiromita, uye simba remagetsi regore negore rinosvika mabhiriyoni 6.08 emakiromita, riri pekutanga pasi rose maererano nematura emagetsi emvura; Kugona kwesimba remagetsi emvura muChina kunosvika mamiriyoni 542 emakiromita, nemagetsi egore negore anosvika mabhiriyoni 2.47 emakiromita, uye simba remagetsi rinosvika mamiriyoni 402 emakiromita, nemagetsi egore negore anosvika mamiriyoni 1.75 emakiromita, ese ari maviri ari pekutanga pasi rose.
Muna Chikunguru 1905, chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura muChina, Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station muTaiwan Province, chakavakwa chine simba re500 kVA. Muna 1912, chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura muChina Mainland, Shilongba Hydropower Station muKunming, Yunnan Province, chakapedzwa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi, chine simba re480 kilowatts. Muna 1949, simba remagetsi emvura munyika raive 163000 kilowatts; Pakupera kwa1999, yakanga yakura kusvika 72.97 miriyoni kilowatts, yechipiri kubva kuUnited States uye iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose; Pakazosvika 2005, simba rese remagetsi emvura muChina rakanga rasvika 115 miriyoni kilowatts, riri pachinzvimbo chekutanga pasi rose, richisvika 14.4% yesimba remagetsi emvura rinogona kushandiswa uye 20% yesimba rese remagetsi emunyika.
（3） Hunhu hweSimba reMagetsi
Simba remagetsi rinodzokororwa kakawanda nekufamba kwemvura kwechisikigo, uye rinogona kushandiswa nevanhu nguva dzose. Vanhu vanowanzo shandisa izwi rekuti 'risingaperi' kutsanangura kugona kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi.
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemagetsi harishandisi mafuta kana kuburitsa zvinhu zvinokuvadza panguva yekugadzira nekushanda. Mari yekutarisira nekushandisa, mari yekugadzira magetsi, uye kukanganisa nharaunda kwakaderera pane kwekushandisa magetsi anodziya, zvichiita kuti rive sosi yesimba regirini inodhura zvishoma.
Simba remagetsi rinoshandisa mvura rine mashandiro akanaka ekudzora mashandiro, rinotanga nekukurumidza, uye rinoita basa guru rekuveura grid remagetsi. Rinokurumidza uye rinoshanda, richideredza kurasikirwa kwemagetsi mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi nenjodzi, uye richiona kuchengetedzeka kwemagetsi.
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura uye simba rezvicherwa ndezvesimba guru rinobva pazviwanikwa, iro rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi uye rinonzi simba rechipiri. Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi rinoitwa nemvura isimba rinopedzisa kugadzirwa kwesimba guru uye kugadzirwa kwesimba rechipiri panguva imwe chete, nemabasa maviri ekuvaka simba guru uye kuvaka simba rechipiri; Hapana chikonzero chekugadzira simba rimwe chete rekubvisa, kutakura, uye kuchengetedza zvicherwa, zvichideredza zvikuru mitengo yemafuta.
Kuvakwa kwematangi emvura kunochinja nharaunda yenharaunda. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinoda kuti imwe nyika inyudzwe, zvichikonzera kutamiswa kwevatorwa; Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogona kudzorera mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo iyi, kugadzira nharaunda itsva yemvura, kukurudzira kupona kwezvisikwa, uye kuita kuti vanhu vadzore mafashamo, kudiridza, kushanya, uye kufambira mberi kwezvikepe. Saka, pakuronga mapurojekiti emagetsi emvura, kufungwa kwakazara kunofanira kupiwa pakuderedza kukanganisa kwakaipa kwenharaunda, uye kusimudzira magetsi emvura kune zvakanakira zvakawanda kupfuura zvakaipa.
Nekuda kwezvakanaka zvesimba remagetsi emvura, nyika pasi rose dziri kutora maitiro anotungamira kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura. Muma1990, simba remagetsi emvura ndiro raitora 93.2% yehuwandu hwese hwesimba reBrazil, nepo nyika dzakadai seNorway, Switzerland, New Zealand, neCanada dzaive nechiyero chesimba remvura chinodarika 50%.
Muna 1990, chikamu chemagetsi anoshandiswa mumvura kubva kumagetsi anogona kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika pasi rose chaive 74% muFrance, 72% muSwitzerland, 66% muJapan, 61% muParaguay, 55% muUnited States, 54% muEgypt, 50% muCanada, 17.3% muBrazil, 11% muIndia, uye 6.6% muChina munguva imwe chete iyi.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-24-2024
