1, Zviwanikwa zvesimba remvura
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwevanhu uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvehydropower zvakatanga kare. Zvinoenderana neDudziro yeRenewable Energy Law yePeople's Republic of China (yakagadziriswa neLaw Working Committee yeStanding Committee yeNational People's Congress), tsananguro yesimba remvura ndeiyi: kupisa kwemhepo nezuva kunokonzera kubuda kwemvura, mhute yemvura inoumba mvura nechando, kudonha kwemvura nechando kunoita nzizi nehova, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunonzi kunogadzira simba.
Chinhu chikuru chemazuva ano chekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura uye kushandiswa ndiko kusimudzira uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, saka vanhu vanowanzo shandisa zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emagetsi, uye zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emagetsi semafanana. Nekudaro, muchokwadi, zviwanikwa zvehydropower zvinosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwemukati senge hydro thermal simba zviwanikwa, hydro simba zviwanikwa, hydro simba zviwanikwa, uye yegungwa simba zviwanikwa.
(1) Mvura uye zviwanikwa zvesimba rinopisa
Mvura uye simba rinopisa rinowanzozivikanwa sezvitubu zvinopisa zvinopisa. Makarekare, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa zvakananga zviwanikwa zvemvura uye kupisa kwezvitubu zvinopisa zvechisikigo kuvaka mabhati, kugeza, kurapa zvirwere, uye kurovedza muviri. Vanhu vemazuva ano vanoshandisawo mvura uye zviwanikwa zvesimba rinopisa pakugadzira magetsi nekudziya. Iceland, semuenzaniso, yaive nemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi e7.08 bhiriyoni kilowatt maawa muna 2003, ayo 1.41 bhiriyoni kilowatt maawa akagadzirwa pachishandiswa geothermal simba (kureva mvura inopisa simba rekushandisa). 86% yevagari venyika vakashandisa geothermal simba (mvura inopisa simba rekushandisa) pakudziya. Nzvimbo yemagetsi yeYangbajing ine simba rakaiswa 25000 kilowatts yakavakwa muXizang, iyo inoshandisawo geothermal (mvura uye kupisa simba rekushandisa) kugadzira magetsi. Maererano nekufanotaura kwenyanzvi, simba rakadzika-tembiricha (uchishandisa mvura yepasi sepakati) iyo inogona kuunganidzwa nevhu mukati meanenge 100 metres muChina gore rega rega inogona kusvika 150 bhiriyoni kilowatts. Parizvino, iyo yakaiswa simba rekugadzira geothermal magetsi muChina i35300 kilowatts.
(2) Hydraulic simba zviwanikwa
Simba reHydraulic rinosanganisira kinetic uye simba rinogona kuitika remvura. MuChina yekare, simba remagetsi renzizi dzine mhirizhonga, mapopoma, nemapopoma aishandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira michina yakaita semavhiri emvura, zvigayo zvemvura, uye zvigayo zvemvura kudiridza mvura, kugadzira zviyo, uye kusvuta mupunga. Mumakore ekuma1830, zviteshi zve hydraulic zvakagadziridzwa uye zvakashandiswa muEurope kupa simba kumaindasitiri makuru akadai sezvigayo zvehupfu, zvigayo zvedonje, uye migodhi. Iwo emazuva ano emagetsi emvura anotyaira mapombi emvura ecentrifugal kuti abudise simba recentrifugal rekusimudza mvura nekudiridza, pamwe nesando dzepombi dzemvura dzinoshandisa kuyerera kwemvura kuburitsa sando yemvura kudzvanywa uye kuumba kudzvinyirirwa kwemvura kusimudza nekudiridza, zvese zviri kusimudzira zvakananga uye kushandiswa kwesimba remvura.
(3) Hydroelectric simba zviwanikwa
Mumakore ekuma1880, pakawanwa magetsi, mota dzemagetsi dzakagadzirwa zvichibva padzidziso yemagetsi, uye zvidyarwa zvemagetsi emagetsi zvakavakwa kuti zvishandure simba re hydraulic rezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi kuita simba remagetsi uye kuriendesa kune vashandisi, zvichiunza nguva yekusimudzira uye kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi emvura.
Zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvatiri kutaura nezvazvo zvino zvinowanzonzi hydroelectric resources. Pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvemvura yenzizi, gungwa zvakare rine mafungu makuru, mafungu, munyu uye tembiricha simba. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviwanikwa zvepasi rose zvemvura yepasi pemvura inosvika 76 bhiriyoni kilowatts, inove inodarika kagumi neshanu yezvinyorwa zvepasi-based river hydropower. Pakati pavo, tidal energy i3 bhiriyoni kilowatts, wave simba i3 bhiriyoni kilowatts, tembiricha musiyano simba 40 bhiriyoni kilowatts, uye munyu musiyano simba 30 bhiriyoni kilowatts. Parizvino, chete kusimudzira uye kushandisa tekinoroji yesimba remvura yasvika padanho rinoshanda rinogona kuvandudzwa pamwero mukuru mukushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura yemugungwa nevanhu. Kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwemamwe masosi emagetsi kuchiri kuda kumwe kutsvagisa kuti uwane mhedzisiro mukugoneka kwehunyanzvi nehupfumi uye kuwana budiriro inoshanda nekushandiswa. Kuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwesimba remugungwa kwatinowanzo reva ndiko kusimudzira nekushandiswa kwesimba remvura. Kukwezvwa kweMwedzi neZuva pamusoro pegungwa rePasi kunokonzera kushanduka-shanduka kwemvura, kunozivikanwa semafungu egungwa. Kuchinja-chinja kwemvura yegungwa kunoumba simba remafungu. Mumusimboti, tidal energy isimba remuchina rinogadzirwa nekushanduka kwemazinga emvura.
Zvigayo zveTidal zvakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi11, uye mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Germany neFrance dzakatanga kuvaka zviteshi zviduku zvemagetsi.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti simba remvura rinoshandiswa pasi rose riri pakati pe bhiriyoni ne 1.1 bhiriyoni kilowatts, nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi pagore kwemaawa anosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana emakirowati. Zviwanikwa zveChina zvinoshandisa simba remvura zvine simba rakaiswa 21.58 miriyoni kilowatts uye gore negore kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwe30 bhiriyoni kilowatt maawa.
Chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi pasi rose parizvino iRennes tidal power station muFrance, ine simba rakaiswa 240000 kilowatts. Yekutanga chiteshi chemagetsi muChina, iyo Jizhou Tidal Power Station muGuangdong, yakavakwa muna 1958 iine 40 kilowatts yakaiswa. Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, yakavakwa muna 1985, ine huwandu hwakaiswa hunosvika mazana matatu nemazana maviri ekirowatts, iri pachinhanho chechitatu pasi rose.
Mukuwedzera, mumakungwa eChina, nzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzesimba remafungu dzinenge mamiriyoni 12.85 kilowatts, tidal energy inenge mamiriyoni 13.94 kilowatts, munyu musiyano simba anenge mamiriyoni 125 kilowatts, uye tembiricha musiyano simba anenge bhiriyoni 1.321 kilowatts. Muchidimbu, simba rose remugungwa muChina rinenge bhiriyoni imwe neshanu kilowatts, inodarika zvakapetwa kaviri chengetedzo ye694 miriyoni kilowatts yeland river hydropower, uye ine tarisiro yakakura yebudiriro nekushandiswa. Mazuva ano, nyika dzepasirese dziri kuisa mari yakawanda mukutsvaga nzira dzetekinoroji kuvandudza nekushandisa hukuru hwesimba rezviwanikwa zvakavigwa munyanza.
2、 Hydroelectric simba zviwanikwa
Hydroelectric simba zviwanikwa zvinowanzoreva kushandiswa kwesimba uye kinetic simba rekuyerera kwemvura yerwizi kuburitsa basa uye kutyaira kutenderera kwemajenareta emagetsi emagetsi kugadzira magetsi. Marasha, oiri, gasi rechisikigo, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi enyukireya kunoda kushandiswa kwemafuta asingadzokerikezve, nepo kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura hakupedzi zviwanikwa zvemvura, asi kunoshandisa simba rekuyerera kwerwizi.
(1) Global Hydroelectric Energy Resources
Zvose zvakachengetwa zvezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura munzizi pasi rose 5.05 bhiriyoni kilowatts, ine gore negore kugadzirwa kwemagetsi anosvika 44.28 tiririyoni kilowatt maawa; Zviwanikwa zvehydropower zvine hunyanzvi zvinosvika 2.26 bhiriyoni kilowatts, uye magetsi epagore anogona kusvika 9.8 trillion kilowatt maawa.
Muna 1878, France yakavaka chiteshi chemagetsi chekutanga chepasi rose chine simba rekuisa 25 kilowatts. Kusvika pari zvino, simba rehydropower rakaiswa pasi rose rapfuura 760 miriyoni kilowatts, negetsi regore rekugadzira 3 tiririyoni kilowatt maawa.
(2) China's hydropower zviwanikwa
China ndiyo imwe yenyika dzine hupfumi hwemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose. Maererano neazvino ongororo yezviwanikwa zvehydropower, theoretical reserves of river water energy in China are 694 million kilowatts, uye gore negore theoretical power generation is 6.08 trillion kilowatt hours, iri panzvimbo yekutanga munyika maererano nehydropower theoretical reserves; Kugona kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwemagetsi emagetsi ekuChina 542 miriyoni kilowatts, ine gore negore kugadzirwa kwe2.47 matiririyoni kilowatt maawa, uye hupfumi hunogona kushandiswa 402 miriyoni kilowatts, nemagetsi epagore e1.75 trillion kilowatt maawa, ese ari ekutanga pasirese.
Muna Chikunguru 1905, chiteshi chekuChina chekutanga chemagetsi emagetsi, Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station muTaiwan Province, chakavakwa chine simba rakaiswa 500 kVA. Muna 1912, chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emagetsi muChinese Mainland, Shilongba Hydropower Station muKunming, Yunnan Province, yakapedzwa kugadzira magetsi, ine simba rakaiswa re480 kilowatts. Muna 1949, iyo yakaiswa simba rehydropower munyika yaive 163000 kilowatts; Pakazopera 1999, yakanga yakura kusvika pamamiriyoni 72,97 kilowati, yechipiri chete kuUnited States uye iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose; Pakazosvika 2005, huwandu hwakaiswa hwemagetsi emagetsi muChina hwakange hwasvika 115 miriyoni kilowatts, chinzvimbo chekutanga pasi rose, ichiverengera 14.4% yeanogona kushandiswa simba remagetsi emvura uye 20% yehuwandu hwakaiswa huwandu hweindasitiri yemagetsi yenyika.
(3) Hunhu hweHydroelectric Energy
Simba reHydroelectric rinoitwa patsva kakawanda neiyo hydrological cycle yezvisikwa, uye inogona kuramba ichishandiswa nevanhu. Vanhu vanowanzo shandisa mutsara wekuti 'isingapere' kutsanangura kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura.
Simba reHydroelectric haridyi mafuta kana kubudisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza panguva yekugadzira nekushanda. Matanho ayo uye mutengo wekushanda, mutengo wekugadzira magetsi, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakaderera zvakanyanya pane izvo zvekugadzira magetsi ekupisa, zvichiita kuti ive ine mutengo wakaderera wegirinhi simba.
Simba reHydropower rine kuita kwakanaka kwemitemo, kukurumidza kutanga, uye rinotamba chikamu chepamusoro chekuveura mukushanda kwegetsi remagetsi. Inokurumidza uye inoshanda, inoderedza kurasikirwa kwemagetsi munjodzi nenjodzi, uye nekuona kuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi.
Simba reHydroelectric uye mineral energy ndezvesimba-based primary simba, iro rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi uye rinonzi rechipiri simba. Kuvandudzwa kwesimba reHydroelectric isimba resimba rinopedza ese ekutanga simba rekusimudzira uye rechipiri simba rekugadzira panguva imwe chete, iine mabasa maviri ekutanga simba rekuvaka uye yechipiri simba rekuvaka; Hapana kudikanwa kwesimba rimwe chete rekubvisa zvicherwa, kufambisa, uye kuchengetedza maitiro, kudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo wemafuta.
Kuvakwa kwemadziva ekuvandudza magetsi emvura kuchachinja nharaunda yenharaunda. Kune rimwe divi, zvinoda kunyudzwa kweimwe nyika, zvichikonzera kutamiswa kwevanobva kune dzimwe nyika; Kune rimwe divi, inogona kudzoreredza iyo microclimate yedunhu, kugadzira nharaunda nyowani yemvura, kusimudzira kupona kwezvipenyu, uye kufambisa kutonga kwemafashama evanhu, kudiridza, kushanya, uye kusimudzira kwekutakura. Naizvozvo, mukuronga mapurojekiti emagetsi emagetsi, kutariswa kwese kunofanirwa kupihwa kudzikisa kukanganisa kwakashata kune nharaunda, uye kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura kune zvakanakira pane zvazvakaipira.
Nekuda kwezvakanaka zvesimba remagetsi emagetsi, nyika dzepasirese dzave kutora mitemo inoisa pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura. Mumakore ekuma1990, simba remvura rakaita 93.2% yehuwandu hwakaiswa muBrazil, nepo nyika dzakaita seNorway, Switzerland, New Zealand, neCanada dzaive nehydropower ratios inopfuura 50%.
Muna 1990, chikamu chemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa kune dzimwe nyika pasi rose aiva 74% muFrance, 72% muSwitzerland, 66% muJapan, 61% muParaguay, 55% muUnited States, 54% muEgypt, 50% muCanada, 17.3% muIndia, 6% panguva yeChina, 16% muIndia, 16%.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-24-2024
