Simba remagetsi rine nhoroondo refu yekuvandudzwa uye ine cheni yakazara yemaindasitiri
Simba remvura inyanzvi yesimba rinodzokororwa rinoshandisa simba remvura rinotenderera kugadzira magetsi. Isimba rakachena rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya rine zvakanakira zvakawanda, zvakaita sekuvandudzwa, kusvibiswa kwakaderera, kugadzikana uye kudzorwa. Nheyo yekushanda kwesimba remvura yakavakirwa pane pfungwa iri nyore: kushandisa simba rekufamba kwemvura rinotenderera turbine, iyo inozotenderedza jenareta kuti igadzire magetsi. Matanho ekugadzira simba remvura ndeaya: kutsaudzira mvura kubva mudura kana rwizi, izvo zvinoda mvura, kazhinji dura (dura rekugadzira) kana rwizi rwechisikigo, runopa simba; nhungamiro yekuyerera kwemvura, kuyerera kwemvura kunotungamirwa kumapanga eturbine kuburikidza negwara rekutsaudzira. Gara rekutsaudzira rinogona kudzora kuyerera kwemvura kugadzirisa kugona kwekugadzira simba; turbine inomhanya, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunorova mapanga eturbine kuti itenderere. Turbine yakafanana nevhiri remhepo mukugadzira simba remhepo; jenareta inogadzira magetsi, uye mashandiro eturbine anotendeudza jenareta, iyo inogadzira magetsi kuburikidza nepfungwa ye electromagnetic induction; kutumira simba, magetsi akagadzirwa anotumirwa kugrid remagetsi uye anopihwa kumaguta, maindasitiri nedzimba. Kune marudzi mazhinji esimba remvura. Zvichienderana nemisimboti yakasiyana yekushanda uye mamiriro ekushandiswa, inogona kukamurwa kuita magetsi emurwizi, kugadzira simba remumatangi, kugadzira simba remvura negungwa, uye simba diki remvura. Simba remvura rine zvakanakira zvakawanda, asiwo zvimwe zvazvakaipira. Zvakanakira zvikuru ndeizvi: simba remvura isimba rinogona kuvandudzwa. Simba remvura rinovimba nekutenderera kwemvura, saka rinogona kuvandudzwa uye harizoperi; isimba rakachena. Simba remvura hariburitse magasi ekupisa uye kusvibisa mhepo, uye harina simba rakawanda panharaunda; rinogona kudzorwa. Nzvimbo dzemagetsi emvura dzinogona kugadziriswa zvichienderana nekudiwa kuti dzipe simba rekutakura zvinhu rakavimbika. Zvakashata zvikuru ndeizvi: mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi emvura anogona kukonzera kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe nematambudziko emagariro evanhu akadai sekutama kwevagari uye kutorwa kwenyika; simba remvura rinoganhurirwa nekuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura, uye kusanaya kwemvura kana kudzikira kwemvura kunogona kukanganisa kugona kwekugadzira simba.
Simba remvura, semhando yesimba rinogona kudzokororwa, rine nhoroondo refu. Maturbine emvura ekutanga nemavhiri emvura: Kare muzana remakore rechipiri BC, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa maturbine emvura nemavhiri emvura kutyaira michina yakaita semigayo nemasawmills. Michina iyi inoshandisa simba rekufamba kwemvura kuti ishande. Kuuya kwekugadzira simba: Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa maplant emagetsi emvura kushandura simba remvura kuita magetsi. Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura chekutengeserana pasi rose chakavakwa muWisconsin, USA muna 1882. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu nematangi emvura: Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, huwandu hwesimba remvura hwakawedzera zvakanyanya nekuvakwa kwemadhamu nematangi emvura. Mapurojekiti anozivikanwa emadhamu anosanganisira Hoover Dam muUnited States neThree Gorges Dam muChina. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji: Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji yesimba remvura yakaramba ichivandudzwa, kusanganisira kuunzwa kwematurbine, majenareta eturbine uye masisitimu ekudzora akangwara, ayo akavandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika kwesimba remvura.
Simba remvura isimba rakachena uye rinodzokororwa, uye cheni yaro yemaindasitiri inofukidza zvinhu zvakakosha, kusanganisira kubva pakutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura kusvika pakufambisa simba. Chinhu chekutanga chinobatana mucheni yeindasitiri yemagetsi emvura ndechekutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuronga nguva, kuchengetedza uye kugoverwa kwekuyerera kwemvura kuitira kuti mvura ikwanise kuendeswa kuma turbines kuti igadzire simba. Kutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura kunowanzoda kutarisa zvinhu zvakaita semvura inonaya, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura uye mwero wemvura kuitira kuti pave nesarudzo dzakakodzera. Kutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura zvemazuva ano kunotarisawo pakuchengetedza nguva kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti kugona kwekugadzira simba kunogona kuchengetedzwa kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma akadai sekusanaya kwemvura. Madhamu nemadhamu zvinhu zvakakosha mucheni yeindasitiri yemagetsi emvura. Madhamu anowanzo shandiswa kukwidza huwandu hwemvura, kugadzira kumanikidzwa kwemvura, uye nekudaro kuwedzera simba rekufamba kwemvura. Madhamu anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mvura kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti kuyerera kwemvura kwakakwana kunogona kuwanikwa panguva yekudiwa kwakanyanya. Dhizaini nekuvakwa kwemadhamu kunofanirwa kufunga nezvemamiriro enzvimbo, hunhu hwekuyerera kwemvura, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzeka uye kugara kwenguva refu. Ma turbine ndiwo zvinhu zvikuru mucheni yeindasitiri yemagetsi emvura. Kana mvura ichiyerera nepakati pemaburi eturbine, simba rayo remagetsi rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi, zvichiita kuti turbine itenderere. Dhizaini uye rudzi rweturbine zvinogona kusarudzwa zvichienderana nekumhanya, kuyerera, uye kukwirira kwekuyerera kwemvura kuti iwane simba rakawanda. Mushure mekunge turbine yatenderera, inotyaira jenareta yakabatana kuti igadzire magetsi. Jenareta chishandiso chakakosha chinoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji, musimboti wekushanda kwejenareta ndeyekupinza magetsi kuburikidza nemunda wemagineti unotenderera kuti ugadzire magetsi anochinjana. Dhizaini uye kugona kwejenareta zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa zvichienderana nekudiwa kwesimba uye hunhu hwekuyerera kwemvura. Magetsi anogadzirwa nejenareta imagetsi anochinjana, ayo anowanzo fanirwa kugadziriswa kuburikidza nechiteshi. Mabasa makuru enzvimbo dzinochinjana anosanganisira kuwedzera simba (kuwedzera voltage kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba panguva yekutumirwa kwesimba) uye kushandurwa kwemarudzi emagetsi (kushandura AC kuenda kuDC kana zvinopesana) kuti zvisangane nezvinodiwa zvesystem yekutumira simba. Chinongedzo chekupedzisira imagetsi anofambisa. Simba rinogadzirwa nechiteshi chemagetsi rinotumirwa kune vashandisi vemagetsi mumaguta, munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri kana kumaruwa kuburikidza nemitsetse yemagetsi. Mitsetse yekufambisa magetsi inofanirwa kurongwa, kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa kuitira kuti simba riendeswe zvakanaka uye zvakachengeteka kunzvimbo yaunoda kuenda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, simba rinogonawo kugadzikiswa zvakare kuburikidza ne substations kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa zve voltage dzakasiyana uye frequency.
Simba remvura rakapfuma uye kugadzirwa kwesimba remvura kwakakwana
China ndiyo nyika huru pasi rose inogadzira magetsi emvura ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemvura uye mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi emvura. Indasitiri yemagetsi emvura muChina inoita basa guru mukuzadzisa kudiwa kwemagetsi emuno, kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inopisa, uye kuvandudza mamiriro esimba. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi munharaunda chiratidzo chikuru chehupfumi chinoratidza huwandu hwekushandiswa kwemagetsi munyika kana dunhu uye chakakosha pakuyera mabasa ehupfumi, kuwanikwa kwemagetsi uye kukanganisa nharaunda. Sekureva kwedata rakaburitswa neNational Energy Administration, kushandiswa kwemagetsi munyika yangu kwakaratidza kukura kwakasimba. Pakupera kwa2022, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwenyika yangu kwaive 863.72 bhiriyoni kWh, kuwedzera kwe324.4 bhiriyoni kWh kubva muna 2021, kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe3.9%.
Sekureva kwedata rakaburitswa neChina Electricity Council, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwakawanda munyika yangu kuri muindasitiri yechipiri, ichiteverwa neindasitiri yepamusoro. Indasitiri yekutanga yakashandisa magetsi anosvika mabhiriyoni 114.6 kWh, kuwedzera kwe10.4% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Pakati pawo, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kurimwa, kubata hove, nekupfuya mhuka kwakawedzera ne6.3%, 12.6%, uye 16.3% zvichiteerana. Kukurudzirwa kwakazara kwehurongwa hwekumutsiridza kumaruwa uye kuvandudzwa kwakakosha kwemamiriro emagetsi ekumaruwa uye kuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kwemazinga emagetsi mumakore achangopfuura kwakakonzera kukura nekukurumidza kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi muindasitiri yekutanga. Indasitiri yechipiri yakashandisa magetsi anosvika 5.70 trillion kWh, kuwedzera kwe1.2% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Pakati pawo, kushandiswa kwemagetsi pagore kwemaindasitiri ekugadzira michina yepamusoro nemidziyo kwakawedzera ne2.8%, uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi pagore kwemagetsi ekugadzira michina yemagetsi nemidziyo, kugadzira mishonga, kutaurirana kwemakomputa nedzimwe indasitiri dzekugadzira michina yemagetsi kwakawedzera neanopfuura 5%; kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwemagetsi ekugadzira mota itsva kwakawedzera zvakanyanya ne71.1%. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi muindasitiri yepamusoro kwaive 1.49 trillion kWh, kuwedzera kwe4.4% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Chechina, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwevagari vemumaguta nekumaruwa kwaive 1.34 trillion kWh, kuwedzera kwe13.8% kupfuura gore rapfuura.
Mapurojekiti emagetsi emvura eChina akapararira munyika yese, kusanganisira zviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emvura, zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi emvura uye mapurojekiti emagetsi emvura akapararira. Mapurojekiti anozivikanwa emagetsi emvura anosanganisira Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheThree Gorges, chimwe chezviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emvura muChina nepasi rose, chiri munzvimbo yeThree Gorges munzvimbo yepamusoro yeRwizi rweYangtze. Chine simba guru rekugadzira magetsi uye chinopa magetsi kumaindasitiri nemaguta; Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheXiangjiaba, Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheXiangjiaba chiri muSichuan Province uye chimwe chezviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emvura kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Chiri paRwizi rweJinsha uye chinopa magetsi kunzvimbo iyi; Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheSailimu Lake, Chiteshi cheMagetsi cheSailimu Lake chiri muXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region uye chimwe chezviteshi zvakakosha zvemagetsi emvura kumadokero kweChina. Chiri paLake reSailimu uye chine basa guru rekupa magetsi. Sekureva kwedata rakaburitswa neNational Bureau of Statistics, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika yangu kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma gore negore. Pakupera kwegore ra2022, simba remagetsi emvura munyika yangu raive 1,352.195 bhiriyoni kWh, kuwedzera kwe0.99% gore negore. Kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2023, simba remagetsi emvura munyika yangu raive 718.74 bhiriyoni kWh, kudzikira kudiki kubva panguva imwe chete gore rapfuura, kudzikira kwegore negore kwe0.16%. Chikonzero chikuru chaive chekuti nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, mvura muna 2023 yakaderera zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-19-2024
