Hydropower ine nhoroondo refu yebudiriro uye yakazara maindasitiri cheni
Hydropower tekinoroji yesimba rinogoneka zvakare inoshandisa kinetic simba remvura kugadzira magetsi. Isimba rakachena rinoshandiswa nevakawanda rine zvakawanda zvakanaka, zvakaita sekuvandudzwa, kuburitsa kwakaderera, kugadzikana uye kudzoreka. Nheyo yekushanda yehydropower yakavakirwa papfungwa iri nyore: kushandisa kinetic simba rekuyerera kwemvura kutyaira turbine, iyo inozoshandura jenareta kugadzira magetsi. Matanho ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura ndeaya: kutsauka kwemvura kubva mudhamu kana rwizi, izvo zvinoda chitubu chemvura, kazhinji dziva (artificial reservoir) kana rwizi rwechisikigo, rwunopa simba; kuyerera kwemvura kutungamira, kuyerera kwemvura kunotungamirwa kune mashizha eturbine kuburikidza nemugero wekutsauka. Iyo diversion channel inogona kudzora kuyerera kwekuyerera kwemvura kugadzirisa simba rekugadzira simba; turbine inomhanya, uye kuyerera kwemvura kunorova mashizha eturbine kuti itenderere. Iyo turbine yakafanana nevhiri remhepo mukugadzira simba remhepo; jenareta inogadzira magetsi, uye kushanda kweturbine kunoshandura jenareta, iyo inogadzira magetsi kuburikidza nemusimboti we electromagnetic induction; kufambisa kwemagetsi, magetsi anogadzirwa anoendeswa kune gidhi remagetsi uye anopihwa kumaguta, maindasitiri uye dzimba. Kune marudzi akawanda emagetsi emvura. Zvinoenderana neakasiyana misimboti yekushanda uye mamiriro ekushandisa, inogona kukamurwa kuita rwizi simba rekugadzira, reservoir simba rekugadzira, tidal uye gungwa simba rekugadzira, uye diki hydropower. Hydropower ine akawanda mabhenefiti, asiwo zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Zvakanakira zvinonyanya: hydropower isimba rinodzokororwa sosi. Hydropower inovimba nekutenderera kwemvura, saka inogona kudzokororwa uye haizoperi; isimba rakachena. Hydropower haiburitse magasi egreenhouse uye zvinosvibisa mhepo, uye ine zvishoma zvinokanganisa zvakatipoteredza; inodzoreka. Zviteshi zveHydropower zvinogona kugadziridzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa kuti ipe yakavimbika yekutanga mutoro simba. Zvinonyanya kuipa ndeizvi: mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi emvura anogona kukonzera kukanganisa kune ecosystem, pamwe nematambudziko emagariro akadai sekutama kwevagari uye kutorwa kwevhu; Simba remvura rinodzikiswa nekuvapo kwezviwanikwa zvemvura, uye kusanaya kwemvura kana kuderera kwekuyerera kwemvura kunogona kukanganisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi.
Hydropower, senzira inovandudzwa yesimba, ine nhoroondo refu. Maturbine emvura ekutanga nemavhiri emvura: Kare muzana ramakore rechipiri BC, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa maturbine emvura nemavhiri emvura kutyaira michina yakaita sezvigayo nemasaha. Michina iyi inoshandisa kinetic simba rekuyerera kwemvura kushanda. Kuuya kwekugadzira magetsi: Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, vanhu vakatanga kushandisa magwenya emagetsi emvura kushandura simba remvura kuita magetsi. Nzvimbo yekutanga kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi emvura pasi rose yakavakwa muWisconsin, USA muna 1882. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu nemadziva: Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, ukuru hwemagetsi emagetsi akawedzera zvakanyanya nekuvakwa kwemadhamu nemadhamu. Zvirongwa zvemadhamu zvine mukurumbira zvinosanganisira Hoover Dam riri kuUnited States neThree Gorges Dam kuChina. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji: Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji yehydropower yakaramba ichivandudzwa, kusanganisira kuiswa kwematurbines, turbine jenareta uye nehungwaru kutonga masisitimu, ayo akavandudza kushanda uye kuvimbika kwesimba remvura.
Hydropower isimba rakachena uye rinodzokororwazve simba, uye cheni yayo yeindasitiri inovhara akati wandei akakosha malink, kusanganisira kubva pakutonga zvitubu zvemvura kuenda kukufambisa kwemagetsi. Chekutanga chinongedzo muindasitiri ye hydropower chain inodzora zviwanikwa zvemvura. Izvi zvinosanganisira kurongwa, kuchengetwa uye kugovera mafambiro emvura kuitira kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti mvura inokwanisa kupihwa zvakadzikama kumaturbine ekugadzira magetsi. Kutarisirwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kunowanzoda maitiro ekutarisa akadai sekunaya kwemvura, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura uye mwero wemvura kuitira kuita sarudzo dzakakodzera. Kutarisirwa kwemazuva ano kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kunotarisawo pakuchengetedza kuve nechokwadi chekuti simba rekugadzira magetsi rinogona kuchengetedzwa kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya sekusanaya kwemvura. Madhamu nemadziva zvivakwa zvakakosha muindasitiri yemagetsi emagetsi. Madhamu anowanzo shandiswa kusimudza mazinga emvura, kugadzira kudzvanywa kwemvura, uye nekudaro kuwedzera kinetic simba rekuyerera kwemvura. Madhiramu anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mvura kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mvura inoyerera yakakwana inogona kupihwa panguva yekudiwa kwepamusoro. Dhizaini nekuvakwa kwemadhamu kunofanirwa kufunga nezve geological mamiriro, maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura, uye ecology kukanganisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kusimba. Turbines ndiwo akakosha zvikamu muiyo hydropower indasitiri cheni. Kana mvura ichiyerera nemuma blades eturbine, simba rayo rekinetic rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi, zvichiita kuti turbine itenderere. Dhizaini uye mhando yeturbine inogona kusarudzwa zvichienderana nekumhanya, kuyerera, uye kureba kwekuyerera kwemvura kuti iwane yakanyanya kunaka simba. Mushure mekunge turbine yatenderera, inotyaira jenareta yakabatana kuti igadzire magetsi. Jenareta chinhu chakakosha chinoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi. Kazhinji, musimboti wekushandisa wejenareta nderekukwevera ikozvino kuburikidza neinotenderera yemagineti kuti ibudise ikozvino inochinja. Dhizaini uye kugona kwejenareta kunoda kutariswa zvichibva pakuda kwesimba uye maitiro ekuyerera kwemvura. Magetsi anogadzirwa nejenareta ari kuchinjanisa ikozvino, iyo inowanzoda kugadziriswa kuburikidza nechiteshi. Iwo makuru mabasa ezviteshi anosanganisira nhanho-kumusoro (kuwedzera voltage kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba panguva yekufambisa kwemagetsi) uye shanduko yemhando dzazvino (kushandura AC kuenda kuDC kana zvinopesana) kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvemagetsi ekufambisa. Iyo yekupedzisira link isimba rekufambisa. Simba rinogadzirwa nechiteshi chemagetsi rinoendeswa kune vashandisi vemagetsi mumaguta, nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri kana kumaruwa kuburikidza netambo dzekufambisa. Tambo dzekufambisa dzinoda kurongwa, kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti magetsi anofambiswa zvakachengetedzeka uye nemazvo kune kwainoenda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, magetsi angangoda kugadziridzwa zvakare kuburikidza nezviteshi kuti asangane nezvinodiwa zvema voltages akasiyana uye ma frequency.
Rich hydropower zviwanikwa uye yakakwana hydropower kugadzirwa
China ndiyo nyika huru pasi rose inogadzira magetsi emvura ine zviwanikwa zvemvura zvakawanda uye mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi. Indasitiri yeChina yemagetsi inobata basa rakakosha mukuzadzisa kudiwa kwemagetsi epamba, kuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa, nekuvandudza chimiro chesimba. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi munharaunda chiratidzo chikuru chehupfumi chinoratidza chiyero chekushandiswa kwemagetsi munyika kana nharaunda uye yakakosha zvikuru pakuyera zviitiko zvehupfumi, magetsi uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Maererano nemashoko akabudiswa neNational Energy Administration, nyika yangu yose inoshandiswa nemagetsi yakaratidza kukura kwakasimba. Pakupera kwa2022, nyika yangu yakazara magetsi ekushandisa yaive 863.72 bhiriyoni kWh, kuwedzera kwe324.4 bhiriyoni kWh kubva 2021, gore negore kuwedzera kwe3.9%.
Zvinoenderana nedata rakaburitswa neChina Electricity Council, yakanyanya kushandiswa magetsi munyika yangu iri muindasitiri yechipiri, ichiteverwa neindasitiri yepamusoro. Indasitiri yekutanga yakashandisa 114.6 bhiriyoni kWh yemagetsi, kuwedzera kwe10.4% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Pakati pavo, kushandiswa kwemagetsi mukurima, hove, uye kupfuya mhuka kwakawedzera ne6.3%, 12.6%, uye 16.3% zvakateerana. Kusimudzirwa kwakazara kwehurongwa hwekumutsiridza kumaruwa uye kuvandudzwa kwakakosha kwemamiriro emagetsi ekumaruwa uye kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwemazinga emagetsi mumakore achangopfuura zvakafambisa kukura nekukurumidza kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi muindasitiri yepakutanga. Indasitiri yechipiri yakashandisa 5.70 trillion kWh yemagetsi, kuwedzera kwe1.2% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Pakati pavo, gore negore kushandiswa kwemagetsi e-high-tech uye midziyo yekugadzira maindasitiri akawedzera ne2,8%, uye gore negore kushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi nekugadzira michina, kugadzira mishonga, kutaurirana kwekombiyuta uye mamwe maindasitiri ekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi akawedzera neanopfuura 5%; kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari itsva kwakawedzera zvakanyanya ne71.1%. Kushandiswa kwemagetsi muindasitiri yepamusoro yaive 1.49 trillion kWh, kuwedzera kwe4.4% kupfuura gore rapfuura. Chechina, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kwevagari vemumaguta nemaruwa kwaive 1.34 trillion kWh, kuwedzera kwe13.8% kupfuura gore rapfuura.
Mapurojekiti emagetsi emagetsi emuChina akagoverwa munyika yose, kusanganisira zviteshi zvakakura zvemagetsi, zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi nemapurojekiti akagoverwa. Mapurojekiti ane mukurumbira emagetsi emagetsi anosanganisira Three Gorges Power Station, inova imwe yezviteshi zvikuru zvemagetsi emagetsi muChina nepasirese, iri munzvimbo yeThree Gorges kumusoro kweRwizi rweYangtze. Iine simba guru rekugadzira magetsi uye inopa magetsi kumaindasitiri nemaguta; Xiangjiaba Power Station, Xiangjiaba Power Station iri mudunhu reSichuan uye ndeimwe yezviteshi zvakakura zvemagetsi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina. Inowanikwa paRwizi rweJinsha uye inopa magetsi kunharaunda; Sailimu Lake Power Station, Sailimu Lake Power Station iri munzvimbo yeXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region uye chimwe chezvirongwa zvakakosha zvemagetsi emagetsi kumadokero kweChina. Iyo iri paSailimu Lake uye ine yakakosha simba rekupa basa. Zvinoenderana nedata rakaburitswa neNational Bureau of Statistics, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika yangu kwakawedzera zvishoma gore negore. Pakupera kwa2022, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika yangu kwaive 1,352.195 bhiriyoni kWh, kuwedzera kwe0.99% gore-pa-gore. Kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2023, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika yangu kwaive 718.74 bhiriyoni kWh, kuderera zvishoma kubva panguva imwecheteyo gore rapfuura, kuderera kwegore negore kwe0.16%. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze, kunaya kwemvura muna 2023 kwakadzikira zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-19-2024
