Magetsi makuru, epakati, uye madiki anopatsanurwa sei? Zvinoenderana nezviyero zvazvino, avo vane simba rakaiswa risingasviki 25000 kW vanoiswa sediki; Hukuru huri pakati nepakati nehukuru hwakaiswa hwe25000 kusvika 250000 kW; Chikero chikuru chine simba rakaiswa rinopfuura 250000 kW.
Ndeipi musimboti wekutanga wekugadzira magetsi emagetsi?
Hydroelectric power generation ndiko kushandiswa kwe hydraulic power (ine musoro wemvura) kufambisa kutenderera kwe hydraulic machines (water turbine), kushandura simba remvura kuita magetsi emagetsi. Kana imwe mhando yemuchina (jenareta) yakabatanidzwa kune turbine yemvura kuti igadzire magetsi sezvainotenderera, ipapo mechanical simba rinoshandurwa kuita magetsi simba. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi eHydroelectric, neimwe nzira, inzira yekushandura simba rinogona kuitika remvura kuita simba remagetsi uyezve kuita simba remagetsi.
Ndedzipi nzira dzekusimudzira dze hydraulic zviwanikwa uye mhando dzekutanga dze hydropower zviteshi?
Nzira dzekusimudzira dze hydraulic zviwanikwa zvinosarudzwa zvichibva pakudonhedza kwakadzika, uye kune dzinenge nhatu nzira dzekutanga: rudzi rwedhamu, rudzi rwekutsauka, uye mhando yakasanganiswa. Asi idzi nzira nhatu dzekusimudzira dzinodawo kushanda kune mamwe mamiriro echisikigo echikamu cherwizi. Zviteshi zveHydroelectric zvakavakwa zvinoenderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzekusimudzira zvine akasiyana hub marongero uye zvivakwa zvekuvaka, saka iwo zvakare akakamurwa kuita matatu akakosha marudzi: dhamu mhando, diversion mhando, uye yakasanganiswa mhando.
Ndeapi mazinga anoshandiswa kurongedza mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza mvura uye hydropower hub uye anowirirana ekurima, maindasitiri, uye zvivakwa zvekugara?
Kurongeka uye dhizaini yemapurojekiti ekuchengetedza mvura uye hydropower hub mapurojekiti akapihwa neaimbova Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power, SDJ12-78, anofanirwa kuteedzerwa zvakanyanya, uye kupatsanurwa kunofanirwa kuenderana nehukuru hwepurojekiti (yakazara reservoir volume, yakaiswa simba rechiteshi chemagetsi).
5. Chii chinonzi kuyerera, kuyerera kwese, uye kuyerera kwegore negore?
Kuyerera (Flow) zvinoreva huwandu hwemvura inopfuura nemurwizi (kana hydraulic structure) muchikamu chenguva, inotaridzwa mumacubic metres pasekondi; Kuyerera kwese kunoreva huwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura muchikamu cherwizi mukati megore remvura, inotaridzwa se104m3 kana 108m3; Avhareji yekuyerera kwepagore inoreva kuyerera kwepagore kwerwizi kuyambuka-chikamu chakaverengerwa zvichibva pane iripo hydrological series.
6. Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvidiki-diki zvehubhu yemagetsi emvura?
Iyo inonyanya kuve nezvikamu zvina zvikuru: zvivakwa zvekuchengeta mvura (madhamu), zvimiro zvemafashama (spillway kana magedhi), zvimisikidzo zvemvura (mvura yekuchinjisa nzira kana migero, kusanganisira surge shafts), uye zvivakwa zvemagetsi emagetsi (kusanganisira nzira dzemvura yemuswe uye zviteshi zvinosimudzira).
7. Chii chinonzi runoff hydropower station? Ndeapi maitiro ayo?
Chiteshi chemagetsi chisina dziva rinodzora chinonzi runoff type hydropower station. Iyi mhando ye hydropower station inosarudzirwa kuiswa simba zvichienderana neavhareji yegore rekuyerera kwerwizi uye inokwanisika musoro wemvura wakawanikwa. Kusakwanisa kushanda zvakakwana mukati megore rose nechiyero che 80%., Kazhinji, inosvika pakushanda kwemazuva ose kwemazuva 180; Munguva yekupisa, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kunoderera zvakanyanya kusvika pasi pe50%, dzimwe nguva kutadza kugadzira magetsi. Inodziviswa nekuyerera kwechisikigo kwerwizi, uye kune huwandu hukuru hwemvura yakasiiwa munguva yemafashamo.
8. Chii chinobuda? Maitiro ekufungidzira kubuda kweiyo hydropower station uye kuverenga kugadzirwa kwayo kwemagetsi?
Muchigadzirwa chemagetsi emagetsi, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nejenareta remagetsi rinodanwa kuburitsa, nepo kubuda kwechimwe chikamu chekuyerera kwemvura murwizi kunomiririra zviwanikwa zvegetsi zvechikamu ichocho. Kubuda kwekuyerera kwemvura isimba remvura pachikamu chenguva.
N=9.81 QH
Muchidimbu, Q chiyero chekuyerera (m3 / S); H ndiye musoro wemvura (m); N ndiyo inobuda yehydropower station (W); Iko kushanda kweiyo coefficient ye hydroelectric jenareta.
Iyo yekufungidzira fomula yekubuda kwezviteshi zvidiki zvehydropower ndeye
N=(6.0)8.0)QH
Nzira yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi pagore ndeye
E=N· F
Mune fomula, N ndiyo avhareji yekubuda; T ndiyo maawa ekushandiswa kwepagore.
9. Chii chakavimbiswa kubuda? Chinangwa chayo ndechei?
Avhareji inobuda iyo hydropower station inogona kuburitsa mukati menguva yakareba yekushanda, inoenderana nedhizaini dhizaini, inonzi yakavimbiswa kubuda kweiyo hydropower station. Iyo yakavimbiswa kubuda kwehydropower zviteshi chiratidzo chakakosha, uye hwaro hwakakosha hwekuona huwandu hwakaiswa hwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura mudanho rekuronga nekugadzira.
10. Ndeapi maawa ekushandisa epagore ekuiswa kwesimba?
Avhareji yakazara yakazara yekushanda nguva ye hydroelectric jenareta yakaiswa mukati megore. Icho chiratidzo chakakosha chekuyera mabhenefiti ehupfumi ezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi, uye maawa ekushandisa epagore ezviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi anodiwa kuti asvike pamusoro pemaawa mazana matatu.
11. Chii chinonzi mutemo wezuva nezuva, mutemo wevhiki nevhiki, mutemo wegore negore, uye mutemo wemakore akawanda?
Daily regulation inoreva kugovaniswazve kwekumhanya mukati mezuva nehusiku, nekutenderera kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Weekly regulation: The regulation cycle is one week (7 days). Annual regulation: Kugovaniswazve kwerunoff mukati megore. Kana mvura ikasiiwa mumwaka wemafashamo, chikamu chemvura yakawandisa chete yakachengetwa mumwaka wemafashamo ndicho chinogona kudzorwa, chinodaidzwa kuti mutemo wepagore usina kukwana (kana kuti mwaka wegore); Mutemo werunoff unokwanisa kugovera zvizere mvura inouya mukati megore zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nekushandiswa kwemvura pasina kudiwa kwekusiya mvura inonzi mutemo wepagore. Multiyear regulation: Kana huwandu hwedhamu hwakakura zvakakwana, mvura yakawandisa inogona kuchengetwa mudhiza kwemakore mazhinji, uyezve mvura yakasara inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa kushomeka. Mutemo wegore negore, unoshandiswa chete mumakore akawanda akaoma, unonzi mutemo wemakore akawanda.
12. Chii chinonzi donhwe uye kuyerera kwerwizi?
Musiyano wekukwirira pakati penzvimbo dzemvura dzezvikamu zviviri zvakayambuka chikamu cherwizi rwunoshandiswa unonzi donhodzo; Musiyano wekukwirira uripo pakati penzvimbo dzemvura dzemativi maviri emupata werwizi nepanoyerera unonzi donhodzo rose. Kudonha pahurefu hwechikamu kunonzi kuteremuka.
13. Chii chinonzi kunaya, kunaya kwenguva, kuwanda kwemvura, nzvimbo yekunaya, nzvimbo yemvura inonaya?
Kunaya kwemvura ihuwandu hwemvura inowira pane imwe nzvimbo kana nzvimbo mukati meimwe nguva yenguva, inotaridzwa mumamirimita. Nguva yekunaya inoreva nguva yekunaya kwemvura. Kunaya kwemvura (precipitation intensity) zvinoreva kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura pachikamu chimwe chete, kunoratidzwa mumamilimita paawa. Kunaya kwemvura zvinoreva nzvimbo yakachinjika yakafukidzwa nekunaya, inotaridzwa mu km2. Mvura yemvura ( rainstorm centre) zvinoreva nzvimbo diki yenzvimbo inonaya mvura zhinji.
14. Ndeipi dhizaini yekuvimbisa chiyero chezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi? Gore rega rega garandi?
Iyo dhizaini dhizaini yedhizaini yechiteshi chemagetsi inoreva chikamu chehuwandu hwemaawa ekushanda akajairwa mukati memakore mazhinji ekushanda zvichienzaniswa neawa ese ekushanda; Mari yevimbiso yegore negore inoreva chikamu chemakore chebasa rekugadzira magetsi pamusoro pehuwandu hwemakore ekushanda.
Ndeipi chinangwa chekugadzirira bhuku rebasa rekugadzira?
Chinangwa chekugadzirira bhuku rekugadzira basa rezviteshi zvidiki zve hydropower ndeye kuona iyo yakakosha purojekiti yekuvaka uye kushanda sehwaro hwekugadzirira magwaro ekutanga ekugadzira. Ndiyo imwe yemaitiro ekutanga ekuvaka uye zvakare imwe yenzira dzezviremera zvine hunyanzvi kuita macroeconomic regulation.
Chii chinonyanya kukosha chebhuku rebasa rekugadzira?
Icho chikuru chemukati chebhuku rebasa rekugadzira chinosanganisira zvikamu zvisere:
Inofanirwa kusanganisira zvese zviri mukati memvura yekuronga uye feasibility study report. Zvinoenderana nekutanga dhizaini, ine misiyano chete mukudzika kwedambudziko rekutsvagisa.
Kuongorora uye kutsanangura huinjiniya geological uye hydrogeological mamiriro enzvimbo dzekuvaka mukati memvura, muunganidzwa wemepu we1/500000 (1/200000 kana 1/100000) unogona kuitwa, paine hushoma hwebasa rekuongorora geological. Rondedzera mamiriro ejooloji, kudzika kuripo kwedombo, hudzamu hwekavha yerwizi, uye nyaya huru dze geological munzvimbo yakatarwa yedhizaini.
Unganidza hydrological data, ongorora uye kuverenga, uye sarudza iyo huru hydrological paramita.
Kuyera basa. Unganidza 1/50000 uye 1/10000 topographic mepu yenzvimbo yekuvaka; 1/1000 kusvika 1/500 topographic mepu yenzvimbo yefekitari panzvimbo yekuvaka.
Ita hydrological uye runoff regulation calculations. Kusarudzwa uye kuverenga kwemazinga akasiyana-siyana emvura uye misoro; Pfupi - uye kwenguva yakareba magetsi uye simba rekuenzanisa kuverenga; Kusarudzwa kwekutanga kweiyo yakaiswa simba, unit modhi, uye magetsi main wiring.
Enzanisa uye sarudza mhando dze hydraulic zvimiro uye hub marongero, uye itisa hydraulic, dhizaini uye kugadzikana kuverenga, pamwe nehuinjiniya huwandu hwekuverenga.
Economic evaluation ongororo, kuratidzwa kwezvinodiwa uye hupfumi hune huchenjeri hwekuongororwa kwekuvaka engineering.
Environmental impact assessment, engineering investment estimation, uye engineering kuita chirongwa cheprojekiti.
17. Chii chinonzi engineering investment estimate? Injiniya yekudyara fungidziro uye fungidziro yeinjiniya?
Estimate yeinjiniya igwaro rehunyanzvi uye rehupfumi rinogadzirira mari yese yekuvaka inodiwa purojekiti mune fomu yemari. Iyo yekutanga dhizaini yekufungidzira chikamu chakakosha chegwaro rekutanga redhizaini uye hwaro hukuru hwekuongorora hune hupfumi. Iyo yakazara bhajeti yakabvumidzwa inocherechedzwa nenyika sechiratidzo chakakosha chekudyara kwekuvaka, uye zvakare hwaro hwekugadzirira hurongwa hwekuvaka hwekutanga uye dhizaini yekubhidha. Injiniya yekudyara fungidziro imari yekudyara yakaitwa panguva yekugonesa kudzidza nhanho. Iyo bhajeti yeinjiniya ndiyo huwandu hwekudyara hwakaitwa panguva yekuvaka chikamu.
Nei tichifanira kugadzirira dhizaini yesangano rekuvaka?
Dhizaini yesangano rekuvaka ndiyo imwe yehwaro huru yekugadzirira fungidziro yeinjiniya. Iro ibasa rakanyanya kukosha kuverenga mitengo yemayuniti zvichienderana nemamiriro akasiyana senge yakatemerwa nzira yekuvaka, chinhambwe chekufambisa, uye chirongwa chekuvaka, uye kuunganidza tafura yeinjiniya yekufungidzira.
19. Chii chinonyanya kukosha chekugadzira sangano rekuvaka?
Iyo huru yemukati medhizaini yesangano rekuvaka ndiyo yakazara dhizaini yekuvaka, kufambira mberi kwekuvaka, diversion yekuvaka, chirongwa chekubata, chekufambisa chekunze, masosi ezvivakwa zvekuvaka, chirongwa chekuvaka uye nzira dzekuvaka, nezvimwe.
Mangani matanho ekugadzira aripo mune yazvino yekuchengetedza mvura uye hydropower mapurojekiti ekuvaka ekutanga?
Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa neBazi rezveMvura, panofanirwa kuve nekuronga kwemvura; Project proposal; Feasibility study; Preliminary design; Tender design; Matanho matanhatu anosanganisira dhizaini yekudhirowa kwekuvaka.
21. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvikuru zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvehydropower?
Unit kilowatt investment ndiyo investimendi inodiwa pa kilowatt yekuiswa simba.
Unit magetsi investment inoreva mari inodiwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
Mutengo wemagetsi imari inobhadharwa pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi.
Maawa ekushandisa epagore ekuisirwa huwandu chiyero chechiyero chekushandiswa kwehydropower station michina.
Mutengo wemagetsi ndiwo mutengo pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi inotengeswa kune grid.
Nzira yekuverenga sei zviratidzo zvehupfumi zvezviteshi zvehydropower?
Iwo makuru ehupfumi zviratidzo zve hydropower zviteshi zvinoverengerwa uchishandisa inotevera formula:
Yuniti kilowatt investment=chall investment muhydropower station kuvaka/yakazara yakaiswa simba rehydropower station
Yeyuniti magetsi ekudyara = mari yakazara muhydropower station kuvaka / avhareji yegore rekugadzira magetsi ezviteshi zvehydropower
Maawa ekushandisa epagore eiyo yakaiswa = avhareji yegore rekugadzira magetsi / yakazara yakaiswa simba
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-24-2024
