Mvura ndiyo hwaro hwekupona, musimboti webudiriro, uye tsime rebudiriro. China ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemagetsi emvura, zviri pamberi pasi rose maererano nezviwanikwa zvese. Kusvika pakupera kwaChikumi 2022, kugona kwemagetsi emvura emazuva ese muChina kwasvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nemasere emakirowatts. Mushumo we20th National Congress yeCommunist Party yeChina wakataura zvinodiwa zve "kubatanidza kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza" uye "kusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza mumativi ese, matunhu, uye maitiro", izvo zvakaratidza gwara rekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura nebudiriro. Munyori anotaura nezvepfungwa itsva yekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura kubva pamaonero ekuvakwa kwebudiriro yezvakatipoteredza.
Kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura
China ine simba guru remagetsi emvura, ine simba rekuvandudza tekinoroji rinosvika mamiriyoni 687 emawatts uye avhareji yemagetsi emagetsi egore negore e3 trillion kilowatts maawa, iri pamberi pasi rose. Hunhu hwakakurumbira hwesimba remagetsi emvura ndiko kugona kuvandudzwa uye kuchena. Nyanzvi yemagetsi emvura yakakurumbira Pan Jiazheng akamboti, "Chero bedzi zuva risati radzimwa, simba remagetsi emvura rinogona kuzvarwa patsva gore rega rega." Kuchena kwesimba remagetsi emvura kunoratidzwa nekuti hariburitse gasi rinobuda mumhepo, marara, kana mvura yakasviba, uye hariburitse kabhoni dioxide, inova chibvumirano chakajairika munharaunda yepasi rose. Agenda 21 yakagamuchirwa pamusangano weRio de Janeiro wa1992 uye gwaro rebudiriro inochengetedza nharaunda rakagamuchirwa pamusangano weJohannesburg wa2002 zvese zvinosanganisira simba remvura senzvimbo yesimba rinodzokororwa. Muna 2018, International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) yakadzidza nezvesimba remagetsi rinopisa rematangi anoda kusvika mazana mashanu pasi rese, uye yakawana kuti kuburitswa kwecarbon dioxide paawa imwe neimwe yemagetsi kubva kusimba remvura mukati mehupenyu hwayo hwese kwaingova magiramu gumi nemasere chete, pasi peaya anobva kumhepo nemagetsi ezuva nezuva. Pamusoro pezvo, simba remagetsi rinobuda mumvura ndiro rinogara kwenguva refu uye rinowana purofiti yakawanda pamari inoshandiswazve. Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi chinobuda mumvura pasi rose chave chichishanda kwemakore anopfuura 150, uye chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi chinobuda mumvura cheShilongba muChina chave chichishandawo kwemakore 110. Kubva pamaonero emari inobuda mukudyara, mwero wemari inobuda mukudyara kwesimba remagetsi panguva yehupenyu hwaro hweinjiniya wakakwira kusvika 168%. Nekuda kweizvi, nyika dzakabudirira pasi rese dzinokoshesa kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi. Kana hupfumi hukasimukira, huwandu hwesimba remagetsi hunokwira uye nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza iri nani munyika.
Kuti vagadzirise shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, nyika huru pasi rose dzakaronga zvirongwa zvekuita zvisina kukanganiswa nekabhoni. Nzira yakajairika yekugadzira ndeyekugadzira nesimba manyuko matsva esimba akadai semhepo nesimba rezuva, asi kubatanidzwa kwesimba idzva remhepo nesimba rezuva, kunyanya simba remhepo nezuva, mugrid remagetsi kuchakanganisa mashandiro akagadzikana esimba remagetsi nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwaro, kugara kwenguva refu, uye kusava nechokwadi. Sesimba guru remagetsi, simba remvura rine zvakanakira zvekutonga kunochinjika kwe "voltage regulators". Dzimwe nyika dzakachinja basa resimba remvura. Australia inotsanangura simba remvura sembiru yemasisitimu esimba akavimbika emangwana; United States inokurudzira hurongwa hwekukurudzira kusimudzira magetsi; Switzerland, Norway, nedzimwe nyika dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuvandudza simba remvura, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvitsva zvekuvandudza, tsika yakajairika ndeyekusimudza madhamu ekare, kuwedzera kugona, uye kuwedzera kugona kwakaiswa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzemagetsi emvura dzinoisawo mayuniti anodzoserwa kana kuashandura kuita mayuniti anodzoserwa anochinjika, zvichiita zvese zvinobvira kushandisa simba remvura kukurudzira kubatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwesimba idzva mugrid.
Budiriro yezvakatipoteredza inotungamira kukura kwemhando yepamusoro kwemagetsi emvura
Hapana mubvunzo nezvekuvandudzwa kwesainzi kwesimba remvura, uye nyaya huru ndeyekuti tingavandudza sei simba remvura rasara.
Kugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwechero chinhu kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, asi zviratidzo uye mwero wekukanganisa zvinosiyana. Semuenzaniso, simba renyukireya rinofanira kugadzirisa nyaya yemarara enyukireya; Kugadzirwa kwesimba remhepo kushoma hakukanganisi zvakanyanya zvakatipoteredza, asi kana kukagadziriswa zvakanyanya, kuchachinja maitiro ekutenderera kwemhepo munzvimbo dzemunharaunda, zvichikanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye kufamba kweshiri dzinotama.
Mhedzisiro yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye munzvimbo dzakatikomberedza iripo, ine mhedzisiro yakanaka neisina kunaka; Mimwe mhedzisiro iri pachena, mimwe iri pachena, mimwe iri pfupi, uye mimwe iri kwenguva refu. Hatigone kuwedzeredza mhedzisiro yakaipa yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, uye hatigoni kufuratira mhedzisiro inogona kukonzerwa nayo. Tinofanira kuita kutarisa nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza, kuenzanisa ongororo, kutsvakurudza kwesainzi, kutaurirana kwakazara, uye kutora matanho ekupindura nemazvo uye kuderedza mhedzisiro yakaipa kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika. Nderupi rudzi rwechiyero chenzvimbo chinofanira kushandiswa kuongorora mhedzisiro yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura panzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza munguva itsva, uye zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvinofanira kugadzirwa sei nesainzi uye zvine musoro? Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo mukuru unofanirwa kupindurwa.
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi pasi rose yakaratidza kuti kukura kwenzizi munyika dzakabudirira kwakaunza mabhenefiti akazara ehupfumi, magariro evanhu, uye zvakatipoteredza. Nzvimbo dzesimba remagetsi reChina - Rwizi rweLancang, Rwizi rweHongshui, Rwizi rweJinsha, Rwizi rweYalong, Rwizi rweDadu, Rwizi rweWujiang, Rwizi rweQingjiang, Rwizi rweYellow, nezvimwewo - dzakashandisa zvakakwana uye zvakarongeka matanho ekuchengetedza nekudzorera zvakatipoteredza, zvichideredza zvinobudirira kukanganisa kwemapurojekiti esimba remagetsi pazvakatipoteredza. Nekuwedzera kwepfungwa dzezvakatipoteredza, mitemo nemitemo yakakodzera muChina ichave yakanaka, matanho ekutarisira achava esainzi uye akazara, uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira zvakatipoteredza icharamba ichifambira mberi.
Kubva muzana remakore rechi21, kuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura kwave kuzadzisa zvizere pfungwa itsva, kutevedzera zvinodiwa zvitsva zve "kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kukosha kwemhando yezvakatipoteredza, kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa online, uye runyorwa rwekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzisina kunaka", uye kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedzwa mukusimudzira nekusimudzira mukudzivirira. Kunyatsoita pfungwa yebudiriro yezvakatipoteredza uye kutungamira kukura kwemhando yepamusoro nekushandiswa kwesimba remvura.
Kuvandudzwa kweMagetsi emvura Kunobatsira Kuvaka Ruzivo Rwezvakatipoteredza
Migumisiro yakaipa yekukura kwesimba remvura panharaunda yerwizi inonyanya kuratidzwa muzvikamu zviviri: chimwe ivhu, iro riri kuunganidzwa kwematangi emvura; Chimwe imhando dzemvura, kunyanya mhando dzehove dzisingawanzoonekwi.
Nezvenyaya dzemadhaka, kungwarira kwakakosha kunofanira kutorwa pakuvaka madhamu nemadhaka munzizi dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwemadhaka. Matanho akawanda anofanira kutorwa kuderedza madhaka anopinda mudhaka uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwaro. Semuenzaniso, nekuita basa rakanaka mukuchengetedza ivhu nemvura kumusoro, madhaka anogona kuderedza kudonha kwemvura uye kukanganiswa kwemvura kuburikidza nekuronga kwesainzi, kutonga kwemvura nemadhaka, kuchengetwa nekuburitswa kwedhaka, uye matanho akasiyana-siyana. Kana dambudziko remadhaka risingagone kugadziriswa, saka madhaka haafanirwe kuvakwa. Kubva pazviteshi zvemagetsi zvakavakwa parizvino, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti dambudziko rese remadhaka mudhaka rinogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza nematanho einjiniya uye asiri einjiniya.
Nezvenyaya dzekuchengetedza mhando dzemhuka, kunyanya mhuka dzisingawanzoonekwi, nharaunda yadzo inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekukura kwesimba remvura. Mhando dzepasi dzakadai semiti isingawanzoonekwi dzinogona kutamiswa uye kudzivirirwa; Mhando dzemvura, dzakadai sehove, dzimwe dzine tsika dzekutama. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu nemadhamu emvura kunovhara nzira dzadzo dzekutama, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukunyangarika kwemhando dzemhuka kana kukanganisa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinofanirwa kubatwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Dzimwe mhando dzakajairika, dzakadai sehove dzenguva dzose, dzinogona kuripwa nematanho ekuwedzera. Mhando dzisingawanzoonekwi dzinofanira kuchengetedzwa nematanho akakosha. Kutaura chokwadi, dzimwe mhando dzisingawanzoonekwi dzemvura dziri kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu ari munjodzi, uye simba remvura harisi iro honzeri huru, asi mhedzisiro yekuredza hove kwenguva refu, kudzikira kwehunhu hwemvura, uye kudzikira kwenharaunda yemvura munhoroondo. Kana huwandu hwemhando hukadzikira kusvika pamwero wakati uye husingakwanise kubereka vana, huchanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvakakosha kuita tsvakiridzo uye kushandisa matanho akasiyana-siyana akadai sekubereka nekugadzira nekusunungura mhando dzisingawanzoonekwi kuti uponese mhando dzisingawanzoonekwi.
Kukanganiswa kwesimba remvura panharaunda yezvakatipoteredza kunofanirwa kukosheswa zvikuru, uye matanho anofanira kutorwa zvakanyanya kuti tibvise migumisiro yakaipa. Tinofanira kunzwisisa nyaya iyi nenzira yakarongeka, munhoroondo, nenzira yakarurama, uye nenzira yechokwadi. Kuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura nesainzi hakungodziviriri chete kuchengetedzeka kwenzizi, asiwo kunobatsira mukuvaka budiriro yezvakatipoteredza.
Kukosha Kwezvakatipoteredza Kwaita Kuti Pave Nechinangwa Chitsva Chekuvandudza Magetsi Emvura
Kubva pamusangano weNational Congress weCommunist Party yeChina wechi18, indasitiri yemagetsi emvura yakaramba ichitevedzera pfungwa yekuti "vanhu vanotarisa, vanokoshesa zvakatipoteredza, uye vanosimudzira nharaunda", zvishoma nezvishoma vachigadzira nzira itsva yekuvandudza nharaunda yemagetsi emvura. Sezvambotaurwa, mukuronga kweinjiniya, kugadzira, kuvaka, uye kushanda, kuita tsvakiridzo, kugadzira zvirongwa, uye kuita hurongwa hwekuburitsa kuyerera kwenharaunda, kuronga nguva yenharaunda, kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzehove, kudzoreredza kubatana kwerwizi, uye kuwanda kwehove nekuburitsa kunogona kuderedza zvinobudirira kukanganisa kwekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura, kuvaka, uye kushanda kwenzvimbo dzemvura dzenzizi. Kune madhamu marefu nemadhamu makuru, kana paine dambudziko rekubuda kwemvura mutembiricha yakaderera, matanho einjiniya ekushandisa mvura anowanzo shandiswa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Semuenzaniso, madhamu marefu nemadhamu makuru akadai seJinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, naHuangdeng vese vakasarudza kutora matanho akadai semasuo ematanda akaunganidzwa, madziro ekuchengetedza epamberi, uye madziro emaketeni asingapindi mvura kuti vaderedze kupisa kwemvura kwakaderera. Matanho aya ave maitiro eindasitiri, achigadzira zviyero zveindasitiri uye hunyanzvi.
Kune mhando dzehove dzinotama munzizi, uye nzira dzakadai senzira dzekutakura hove, maelevator ehove, uye "nzira dzehove + maelevator ehove" inzira dzakajairika dzekufambisa hove. Nzira yehove yechiteshi chemagetsi cheZangmu yakaitwa zvakanaka kuburikidza nemakore ekutarisa nekuongorora. Kwete mapurojekiti matsva ekuvaka chete, asiwo kugadziriswa kwemamwe mapurojekiti ekare, uye kuwedzerwa kwenzvimbo dzekufambisa hove. Chirongwa chekuvakazve cheFengman Hydropower Station chakawedzera misungo yehove, nzvimbo dzekuunganidza hove, uye maelevator ehove, zvichivhura Rwizi rweSonghua runodzivisa kufamba kwehove.
Panyaya yekuberekesa nekuburitsa hove, hurongwa hwehunyanzvi hwakaumbwa hwekuronga, kugadzira, kuvaka, kugadzira nekushandisa michina nenzvimbo, pamwe nekutarisa nekuongorora mhedzisiro yekuburitsa hove munzvimbo dzekuberekesa nekuburitsa hove. Tekinoroji dzekuchengetedza nekudzorera hove dzakaitawo kufambira mberi kukuru. Parizvino, matanho ekudzivirira nekudzorera ezvakatipoteredza anoshanda zvakanaka akatorwa munzvimbo huru dzemvura dzerwizi. Pamusoro pezvo, kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwekuchengetedzwa nekudzorera ezvakatipoteredza kwakaitwa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa mamodheru ekukodzera ezvakatipoteredza pamberi uye mushure mekukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo. Kubva muna 2012 kusvika 2016, Three Gorges Hydropower Station yakaramba ichiita kuyedza kuronga ezvakatipoteredza kukurudzira kubereka "hove ina dzakakurumbira dzemumba". Kubva ipapo, kutumirwa kweXiluodu, Xiangjiaba, neThree Gorges Hydropower Station kwave kuchiitwa panguva imwe chete gore rega rega. Kuburikidza nemakore ekuchengetedza nharaunda nekuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa zvehove, huwandu hwekubereka hwe "hove ina dzakakurumbira dzemumba" hwaratidza kuwedzera gore negore, pakati pahwo huwandu hwekubereka hwe "hove ina dzakakurumbira dzemumba" muchikamu cheRwizi rweYidu pasi peGezhouba hwakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu muna 2012 kusvika mabhiriyoni matatu muna 2019.
Maitiro ekushanda akaratidza kuti nzira dzakarongeka uye matanho ari pamusoro apa akagadzira nzira itsva yekuvandudza simba remvura munguva itsva. Kuvandudza simba remvura hakungogone kuderedza kana kubvisa migumisiro yakaipa panharaunda yenzizi, asiwo kukurudzira zviri nani kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda kuburikidza nekuvandudza simba remvura. Nzvimbo iripo yesimba remvura ine nzvimbo iri nani kupfuura dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuno. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvakaita seErtan neLongyangxia hazvisi nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzevashanyi chete, asi zvakare zvakachengetedzwa uye zvadzorerwa nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekunze emuno, kukura kwezvirimwa, cheni dzehupenyu dzakareba, uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Hunhu hwezvakatipoteredza chinangwa chitsva chekusimudzira nzanga yevanhu mushure mebudiriro yemaindasitiri. Kuvakwa kwebudiriro yezvakatipoteredza kune chekuita nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye remangwana renyika. Takatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekuomesesa zviwanikwa, kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, tinofanira kutanga pfungwa yebudiriro yezvakatipoteredza inoremekedza, inoenderana, uye inodzivirira zvisikwa.
Parizvino, nyika iri kuwedzera mari inobudirira uye ichikurumidzisa kuvaka mapurojekiti makuru. Mapurojekiti akawanda emagetsi emvura achawedzera simba rebasa rawo, achakurumidzisa kufambira mberi kwebasa, uye achaedza kuzadzisa zvinodiwa kuti abvumidzwe uye atange kushanda mukati menguva yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu chegumi nemana. Chirongwa cheMakore Mashanu cheNyika cheKubudirira Kwehupfumi Nemagariro evanhu chePeople's Republic of China neChirongwa cheZvinangwa zveChiono cha2035 zvakaiswa pachena kuti zviite mapurojekiti makuru akadai seSichuan Tibet Railway, nzira itsva yegungwa kumadokero, network yemvura yenyika, uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeRwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo, zvinosimudzira nzvimbo huru dzekutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuchengetedzwa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza nekugadziriswazve, rutsigiro rwehutano hweveruzhinji, kuderedzwa kukuru kwemvura, kudzora mafashamo nekuderedza njodzi, kufambiswa kwemagetsi negasi. Mapurojekiti mazhinji makuru ane hwaro hwakasimba, mabasa akawedzerwa, uye mabhenefiti enguva refu, akadai sekufambisa pamuganhu, parwizi, uye pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Tinoziva zvakanaka kuti kushandurwa kwesimba kunoda simba remvura, uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura kunofanirawo kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kubudirira kwesimba remvura kunogona kuitwa chete kana tikanyanya kukoshesa kuchengetedza nharaunda, uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura kunogona kubatsira mukuvaka budiriro yenharaunda.
Nzira itsva yekuvandudza simba remvura ichasimudzirawo kukura kwesimba remvura munguva itsva. Kuburikidza nekuvandudza simba remvura, tichatungamira kukura kukuru kwesimba idzva, kukurumidzisa kufambira mberi kwekuchinja kwesimba reChina, kuvaka sisitimu itsva yesimba yakachena, isina kabhoni yakawanda, yakachengeteka uye inoshanda zvakanaka, kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma huwandu hwesimba idzva musisitimu itsva yesimba, kuvaka China yakanaka, uye kupa simba revashandi vesimba remvura.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-15-2023
