Mvura ndiyo nheyo yekurarama, musimboti webudiriro, uye tsime rebudiriro. China ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemagetsi emagetsi, inomira pekutanga pasirese maererano nehuwandu hwezviwanikwa. Kubva pakupera kwaChikumi 2022, huwandu hwakaiswa hweyakajairwa hydropower muChina hwasvika 358 miriyoni kilowatts. Chirevo che20th National Congress yeBato reCommunist yeChina chakaratidza zvinodikanwa zve "kuronga kuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza" uye "kusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo yezvakatipoteredza mumativi ese, matunhu, uye maitiro", iyo yakaratidza gwara rekuvandudza nekusimudzira simba remvura. Munyori anokurukura iyo paradigm itsva yekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura kubva pamaonero eecological civilization kuvaka.
Iko kudikanwa kwekugadzirwa kwehydropower
China ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemagetsi emagetsi, iine tekinoroji yekuvandudza tekinoroji inosvika 687 miriyoni kilowatts uye avhareji yegore negore kugadzirwa kwe3 trillion kilowatt maawa, iri pekutanga pasi rose. Hunhu hwakatanhamara hwe hydropower ndeye kuvandudzwa uye kuchena. Nyanzvi yakakurumbira yekugadzira magetsi emvura Academician Pan Jiazheng akamboti, "Chero zuva risati radzima, simba remvura rinogona kuzvarwa patsva gore rega rega." Kuchena kwemagetsi emagetsi emvura kunoratidzwa nekuti haaburitse gasi remhepo, tsvina inosara, kana mvura yakaraswa, uye inenge isingabudisi kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, inova kubvumirana kwakafanana munharaunda yepasirese. Agenda 21 yakatambirwa kumusangano weRio de Janeiro muna 1992 uye gwaro rebudiriro yakagamuchirwa pamusangano weJohannesburg muna 2002 zvese zvinosanganisa zviri pachena magetsi emvura sesimba rinogonekazve. Muna 2018, International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) yakaongorora greenhouse gasi tsoka yeanoda kusvika mazana mashanu reservoirs pasi rese, uye yakaona kuti iyo carbon dioxide inobuda pa kilowatt awa yemagetsi kubva muhydropower mukati mehupenyu hwayo hwaingove magiramu gumi nemasere, yakaderera pane iya kubva kumhepo uye photovoltaic simba rekugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, hydropower ndiyo zvakare yakarebesa kushanda uye yakanyanya kudzoka pakudyara renewable simba sosi. Chiteshi chemagetsi ekutanga pasi rose chave chichishanda kwemakore anopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu, uye chiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba chekutanga chakavakwa muChina chave chichishanda kwemakore zana negumi. Kubva pamaonero ekudzoka kwekudyara, chiyero chekudzoka kwekudyara kwehydropower panguva yehupenyu hwayo hweinjiniya yakakwira se168%. Nekuda kweizvi, nyika dzakabudirira pasi rose dzinoisa pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura. Kuwanda kwakaita hupfumi hwenyika, ndiko kunowedzera huwandu hwekuvandudzwa kwezviwanikwa zvehydropower uye zvirinani mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza munyika.
Kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, nyika huru dzepasirese dzakaronga zvirongwa zvekuita kabhoni. Iyo yakajairika nzira yekushandiswa ndeyekusimbisa zvine simba masosi matsva emagetsi semhepo uye simba rezuva, asi kubatanidzwa kwezvitubu zvesimba idzva, kunyanya mhepo uye simba rezuva, mugedhi remagetsi kuchave nekukanganisa kushanda kwakagadzikana kwesimba remagetsi nekuda kwekushanduka kwayo, kupindirana, uye kusava nechokwadi. Sesimba remagetsi, hydropower ine zvakanakira flexible regulation ye "voltage regulators". Dzimwe nyika dzakaisa patsva basa remagetsi emvura. Australia inotsanangura hydropower sembiru yeremangwana rakavimbika simba masisitimu; United States inokurudzira chirongwa chekusimudzira magetsi emvura; Switzerland, Norway, nedzimwe nyika dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvitsva zvekuvandudza, tsika yakajairika ndeyekusimudza madhamu ekare, kuwedzera huwandu, uye kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwakaiswa. Zvimwe zviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi zvinoisawo mayunitsi anodzoserwa kana kuashandura kuita mayunitsi anochinja anodzoreredzwa, achiita zvese kuedza kushandisa simba remvura kusimudzira kubatanidza uye kushandiswa kwesimba idzva mugridi.
Ecological civilization inotungamira kuvandudzwa kwemhando yepamusoro yehydropower
Hapana kupokana nezvekuvandudzwa kwesainzi kwemagetsi emagetsi emvura, uye nyaya yakakosha ndeyekuti ungavandudza sei simba remvura rasara.
Kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwechero sosi kunogona kuunza matambudziko emusikirwo, asi kuratidzwa uye madhigirii ekukanganisa anosiyana. Somuenzaniso, simba renyukireya rinoda kugadzirisa nyaya yemarara enyukireya; Hushoma hwekuvandudzwa kwesimba remhepo hune simba shoma panharaunda yezvakatipoteredza, asi kana dzikagadziridzwa pamwero mukuru, zvinoshandura mafambiro emuchadenga munzvimbo dzenzvimbo, zvichikanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye kutama kweshiri dzinotama.
Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kwezvakatipoteredza kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kune chinangwa, kune zvese zvakanaka uye zvisingafadzi; Zvimwe zvinokanganisa zviri pachena, zvimwe zviri pachena, zvimwe ndezvenguva pfupi, uye zvimwe ndezvenguva refu. Hatigone kuwedzeredza kuipa kwekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura, uye hatigone kufuratira mhedzisiro yazvingakonzeresa. Isu tinofanirwa kuita ecology yekutarisa nharaunda, kuenzanisa kuongorora, kutsvagisa kwesainzi, kukakavara kwakazara, uye kutora matanho ekupindura nemazvo uye kuderedza mhedzisiro kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika. Ndeupi rudzi rwespatiotemporal chiyero chinofanira kushandiswa kuongorora maitiro ekuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura panharaunda yezvakatipoteredza munguva itsva, uye zviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura zvinofanira kugadzirwa sei nesainzi uye zvine musoro? Uyu ndiwo mubvunzo wakakosha unofanirwa kupindurwa.
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi epasi rose yakaratidza kuti kusimukira kwenzizi munyika dzakabudirira kwakaunza mabhenefiti akazara ehupfumi, magariro, uye zvakatipoteredza. Mabhesi eChina akachena emagetsi emagetsi emvura - Rwizi rweLancang, Rwizi rweHongshui, Rwizi rweJinsha, Rwizi rwaYalong, Rwizi rwaDadu, Rwizi Wujiang, Rwizi rweQingjiang, Rwizi rweYellow, zvichingodaro - dzakaita zvizere uye nehurongwa hwekuchengetedza ecology uye kudzoreredza matanho, nekudzikamisa zvinobudirira kukanganiswa kwemapurojekiti emagetsi emagetsi panharaunda yezvakatipoteredza. Nekudzika kwepfungwa dzezvakatipoteredza, mitemo nemirau yakakodzera muChina ichawedzera kunzwika, nhanho dzekutonga dzichava dzesainzi uye dzakazara, uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza icharamba ichifambira mberi.
Kubva muzana ramakore rechi21, kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura kwakanyatso kuita mazano matsva, kwakatevera zvinodiwa zvitsva zve "ecological protection red line, ecological quality bottom line, resource use online, and negative environment access list", uye yakawana zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedzwa mukusimudzira nekusimudzira mukudzivirira. Kunyatsoita pfungwa yebudiriro yezvipenyu uye kutungamira kusimudzira kwemhando yepamusoro uye kushandiswa kwehydropower.
Hydropower Development Inobatsira Ecological Civilization Kuvaka
Migumisiro yakaipa yekuvandudzwa kwesimba remvura pamvura yenzizi ecology inonyanya kuratidzwa muzvikamu zviviri: imwe ivhu, inova kuunganidzwa kwemvura; Imwe imhando yemvura, kunyanya mhando dzehove dzisingawanzo.
Panyaya dzemashanga, kuchenjerera kunofanirwa kutorwa pakuvaka madhamu nemadhamu munzizi dzine ivhu rakawanda. Matanho akawanda anofanirwa kutorwa kuderedza sediment ichipinda mudhishi uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwayo. Semuenzaniso, nekuita basa rakanaka mukuchengetedza ivhu uye mvura kumusoro kwerwizi, madhamu anogona kuderedza sedimentation uye kunyura kwepasi kuburikidza nehurongwa hwesainzi, mutemo wemvura netsvina, kuchengetedza madhaka uye kubuda, uye matanho akasiyana. Kana dambudziko remarara risingakwanisi kugadziriswa, saka madhamu haafaniri kuvakwa. Kubva pazviteshi zvemagetsi zvakavakwa parizvino, zvinogona kuoneka kuti dambudziko resediment riri mudhamu rinogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza neeinjiniya uye zvisiri zveinjiniya.
Nezve nyaya dzekuchengetedza mhuka, kunyanya zvipenyu zvisingawanzoitiki, nharaunda yavo yekugara inonyanya kukanganiswa nekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura. Zvisikwa zvepanyika zvakadai semiti isingawanzoitiki zvinogona kutamiswa uye kuchengetedzwa; Zvisikwa zvemumvura, zvakadai sehove, dzimwe dzine tsika dzokutama. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu nemadziva kunovharira nzira dzavanofamba nadzo, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kutsakatika kwemarudzi kana kukanganisa kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu. Izvi zvinofanirwa kubatwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo. Mamwe marudzi akajairika, akadai sehove dzenguva dzose, anogona kubhadharwa nematanho ekuwedzera. Zvisikwa zvisingawanzoitiki zvinofanira kuchengetedzwa nematanho anokosha. Nechinangwa kutaura, dzimwe mhuka dzemumvura dzisingawanzo kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu ari mungozi yekutsakatika, uye simba remvura handiri honzeri huru, asi mhedzisiro yenguva refu yekuredza hove, kuderera kwemhando yemvura, uye kuparara kwenzvimbo yemvura munhoroondo. Kana nhamba yemarudzi ikaderera kusvika pamwero wakati uye isingagoni kubereka vana, nomutoo usingadzivisiki ichanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuita tsvagiridzo uye kutora matanho akasiyana-siyana akadai sekugadzira kubereka uye kusunungurwa kuchengetedza zvisingawanzo zvisikwa.
Kukanganisa kwesimba remvura panharaunda yezvakatipoteredza kunofanirwa kukosheswa zvakanyanya, uye matanho anofanirwa kutorwa sezvinobvira kubvisa mhedzisiro yakaipa. Tinofanira kusvika nekunzwisisa nyaya iyi zvakarongeka, nhoroondo, zvakaringana, uye zvine chinangwa. Kuvandudzwa kwesainzi kwemagetsi emvura hakungochengetedze kuchengetedzwa kwenzizi chete, asiwo kunobatsira mukuvakwa kwebudiriro yezvipenyu.
Ecological Priority Inowana Paradigm Itsva yeHydroelectric Development
Kubva 18th National Congress yeBato reCommunist yeChina, indasitiri yemagetsi emvura yakanamatira kune pfungwa ye "kunangana nevanhu, kukoshesa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kukura kwegirinhi", zvishoma nezvishoma vachigadzira paradigm itsva yekusimudzira zvisikwa zvemagetsi emvura. Sezvambotaurwa, mukuita kweinjiniya kuronga, dhizaini, kuvaka, uye kushanda, kuita tsvakiridzo, dhizaini dhizaini, uye hurongwa hwekuita pakuburitswa kwekuyerera, kurongeka kwezvisikwa, kuchengetedza nzvimbo yehove, kudzoreredza kwekubatanidza rwizi, uye kuwanda kwehove nekuburitswa kunogona kudzikisira zvinokonzeresa kukonzeresa kwesimba remvura, kuvaka, uye kushanda kwenzvimbo dzemvura dzenzizi. Kune madhamu akakwirira uye madhamu mahombe, kana paine dambudziko rekuyerera kwemvura yakadzika-tembiricha, akaturikidzana emvura yekudyara chimiro cheinjiniya matanho anowanzo kugamuchirwa kuti arigadzirise. Semuyenzaniso, madhamu marefu nemadhamu mahombe akadai seJinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, neHuangdeng vese vakasarudza kutora matanho akadai semagonhi akaturikidzana, madziro ekuchengeta emberi, uye madziro eketeni asingapindi mvura kudzikamisa tembiricha yemvura. Aya matanho ave maitiro eindasitiri, achigadzira zviyero zveindasitiri uye hunyanzvi hwekuita.
Kune mhando dzehove dzinotama munzizi, uye nzira dzakaita semafambisirwo ehove, zvikwiriso zvehove, uye “maraini ehove + maelevata ehove” ndiwowo maitiro akajairika ekupfuura hove. Iyo hove nzira yeZangmu hydropower station yakaitwa zvakanaka kwazvo kuburikidza nemakore ekutarisisa uye kuongororwa. Kwete mapurojekiti matsva ekuvaka chete, asiwo kugadziridza mamwe mapurojekiti ekare, uye kuwedzerwa kwehove dzinopfuura nzvimbo. Chirongwa chekuvaka patsva cheFengman Hydropower Station chakawedzera misungo yehove, nzvimbo dzekuunganidza hove, uye zvikwiriso zvehove, kuvhura Rwizi rweSonghua runovhara kufamba kwehove.
Panyaya yekupfuya hove nekuburitsa tekinoroji, hurongwa hwehunyanzvi hwakaumbwa hwekuronga, kugadzira, kuvaka, kugadzira uye kushanda kwemidziyo nezvivakwa, pamwe nekutarisa uye kuongorora kuburitswa kwehove kupfuya nekuburitsa zviteshi. Dziviriro yenzvimbo dzinogara hove uye unyanzvi hwokudzorera hwakaitawo kufambira mberi kukuru. Parizvino, dziviriro inoshanda yezvakatipoteredza uye matanho ekudzorera akatorwa mumabhesi makuru emagetsi emvura. Pamusoro pezvo, kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kudzoreredza kwave kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwemamodheru ekukodzera kwezvakatipoteredza pamberi uye mushure mekukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo. Kubva 2012 kusvika 2016, iyo Three Gorges Hydropower Station yakaramba ichiita zviyedzo zvekuronga zvipenyu kusimudzira kuberekeswa kwe "hove ina dzine mukurumbira dzemumba". Kubva ipapo, iyo yakabatana ecological kutumira kweXiluodu, Xiangjiaba, uye Three Gorges Hydropower Station yakaitwa panguva imwe chete gore rega rega. Kupfuura makore ekuenderera mberi kwekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvehove, huwandu hwekubereka kwe "hove ina dzine mukurumbira mudzimba" yakaratidza kuwedzera gore negore, pakati peiyo huwandu hwe "hove ina dzine mukurumbira dzemumba" muchikamu cheRwizi rweYidu kuzasi kweGezhouba kwakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu muna 2012 kusvika pamabhiriyoni matatu muna 2019.
Kudzidzira kwakaratidza kuti nzira dziri pamusoro dzakarongeka uye matanho akagadzira paradigm itsva yekusimudzira zvisikwa zvemagetsi emvura munguva itsva. Kusimukira kwe ecological kwe hydropower hakugone chete kuderedza kana kutobvisa zvinokanganisa nharaunda yenzizi, asi zvakare kusimudzira zvirinani kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nezvakanaka ecological kuvandudzwa kwehydropower. Ikozvino nzvimbo yedhamu yehydropower base ine nharaunda iri nani yepasi pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuno. Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvakaita seErtan neLongyangxia hazvisi zvekushanya zvine mukurumbira chete, asi zvakare zvakadzivirirwa nekudzoreredzwa nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, kukura kwezvinomera, cheni refu dzezvipenyu, uye zvipenyu.
Ecological civilization chinangwa chitsva chekusimudzira nzanga yevanhu mushure mebudiriro yemaindasitiri. Kuvakwa kwebudiriro yezvakatipoteredza kune chekuita nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye remangwana renyika. Takatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ekuomesera zvisungo zvezviwanikwa, kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kushatiswa kwe ecosystem, tinofanira kumisa pfungwa yebudiriro yezvipenyu inoremekedza, inoenderana, uye inochengetedza zvisikwa.
Parizvino, nyika iri kuwedzera mari inobudirira uye kukurumidza kuvakwa kwezvirongwa zvikuru. Mapurojekiti akati wandei emagetsi emagetsi achawedzera basa rawo, kukurumidza kufambira mberi kwebasa, uye kuyedza kuzadzisa mamiriro ekutenderwa uye kutanga mukati meiyo 14th Makore mashanu Chirongwa. Iyo 14th Makore mashanu Chirongwa cheNyika Economic neSocial Development yePeople's Republic of China uye Outline yeChiono Zvinangwa zve2035 zvakajekeswa kuita mapurojekiti makuru akadai seSichuan Tibet Railway, nzira itsva yegungwa regungwa kumadokero, network yenyika yemvura, uye kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi munzvimbo dzepasi dzinosimudzira Rwizi Yarlungsto, nzvimbo huru dzekuchengetedza hutano, ruzhinji rwezvekuchengetedza Zangbo. rubatsiro rwechimbichimbi, kuparadzanisa kukuru kwemvura, kutonga kwemafashamo uye kuderedza njodzi, simba uye gasi kutapurirana Nhamba yezvirongwa zvakakura zvine nheyo dzakasimba, mabasa akawedzerwa, uye zvikomborero zvenguva refu, zvakadai sekufambisa kumuganhu, pedyo nerwizi, uye pamwe chete nemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Isu tinonyatsoziva kuti shanduko yemagetsi inoda hydropower, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kunofanirwawo kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza ecological. Chete nekuisa simbiso huru pakuchengetedza nharaunda ndipo panogona kuwanikwa budiriro yemhando yepamusoro yemagetsi emvura, uye kusimudzira nekushandiswa kwemagetsi emvura kunogona kubatsira mukuvakwa kwebudiriro yezvipenyu.
Iyo paradigm itsva yekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura ichasimudzira kuvandudzwa kwemhando yepamusoro yemagetsi emagetsi munguva itsva. Kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura, tichafambisa kukura kwesimba idzva, kukurumidza kukurumidza kwekuchinja kwesimba reChina, kuvaka hurongwa hwesimba hutsva hwakachena, husina kabhoni, hwakachengeteka uye hunoshanda, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera chikamu chesimba idzva muhurongwa hwemagetsi matsva, kuvaka China yakanaka, uye kupa simba revashandi vehydropower.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-15-2023
